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ANP1106 Midterm I
Section 1 The Integumentary System (Chapter 5)
44
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
01/30/2011

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Term
layers of epidermis
Definition
deepest to most shallow

stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum
Term
stratum basale
Definition
deepest layer of epidermis
attached to dermis
young keratinocytes- high mitotic index
some Merkel cells
Term
stratum basale
Definition
deepest layer of epidermis
attached to dermis
young keratinocytes- high mitotic index
some Merkel cells
Term
stratum spinosum
Definition
second deepest

web of keratin filaments attached to desmosomes
have melanin and Lagerhans cells
Term
stratum granulosum
Definition
middle layer

cells flatten
nuclei and organelles begin to disintegrate
accumulate keratohyaline and lamellated granules
Term
stratum lucidum
Definition
second closest to surface, ONLY IN THICK SKIN

no nourishment from capillaries
clear, flat and dead keratinocytes
keratohyaline granules parallel
Term
stratum corneum
Definition
closest to surface

thickest later
dead cells filled with keratin fibrils
strong, protective, waterproof
Term
types of epidermal cells
Definition
1. keratinocytes
2. melanocytes
3. Langerhans cells
4. Merkel cells
Term
keratinocytes
Definition
produce keratin
lifespan is 1-1.5 months
Term
melanocytes
Definition
produce melanin
deepest layer of epidermis
melanin protects nuclei from UV rays
Term
Langerhans cells
Definition
epidermal dendritic cells
migrate to epidermis from bone marrow
macrophages-- activate immune system
Term
Merkel cells
Definition
tactile cells
at epidermis/dermis boundary
have disc-like sensory nerve ending-- touch receptors
Term
layers of dermis
Definition
papillary layer and reticular layer
Term
layers of dermis
Definition
papillary layer and reticular layer
Term
papillary layer
Definition
thin, superficial
no flat boundary
interwoven CT fibers
interspersed blood vessels
dermal papillae indent overlying epidermis (overlie dermal ridges on hands and soles of feet)
Term
reticular layer
Definition
deeper, thick and sturdier layer
dense irregular CT
lots of parallel arrays of collagen
source of cleavage/tension lines
Term
what causes stretch marks (striae)
Definition
dermis tearing
Term
what happens when you get a blister?
Definition
epidermis separates from dermis due to repetitive friction
Term
what are flexure lines, where are they found?
Definition
dermis tightly connected to joins, typically found near joints
Term
hypodermis
Definition
anchors skin to underlying structures with ability to slide
acts as shock absorber and insulation; stores fat
- made of areolar CT with blood vessels and adipose tissue
Term
pigments contributing to skin colour
Definition
melanin
carotene
hemoglobin
Term
melanin
Definition
only pigment made in the skin
dependent on skin type and relative amount and keratinocyte retention of pigment (how long melanin remains before being recycled)
Term
carotene
Definition
yellow to orange found in plant products
deposits in keratinocytes (especially stratum corneum) and hypodermis
- can denature proteins causing aging related changes
Term
hemoglobin
Definition
from capillary circulation, gives skin pinkish hue
Term
cyanosis
Definition
blood and skin of caucasians appears blue due to poorly oxygenated hemoglobin
Term
accessory structures of skin
Definition
1. hair and hair follicles
2. nails
3. sweat glands
Term
hair and hair follicles (structure and function)
Definition
structure: hard keratin (durable, doesn't flake)
function: sense, guard head (physical trauma, heat loss, sun), shields eyes and filters particles from inhaled air
Term
hair shaft
Definition
shape determines if hair is straight or curly
- round = straight
- oval = wavy
- flatter = kinky

3 parts:
- medulla: large cells separated by air spaces
-cortex: several layers of flattened keratinocytes, pigment
- cuticle: single layer of overlapping cells
Term
split ends
Definition
cuticle wearing away at tip allowing keratin fibrins in cortex and medulla to frizz out
Term
hair turning grey or white
Definition
decreased melanin production and replacement of melanin by air bubbles
Term
structure of hair
Definition
shaft: projects from skin
root: embedded in skin (contained within hair follicle)
bulb: explanded deep end of follicle (has papilla and root hair plexus)
follicle: outer CT root sheath and inner epithelial root sheath; hair matrix
arrector pilli muscle: 1 per follicle, contract to pull hair up
sebaceous gland: holocrine glad that secretes sebum (oily- lubrication and waterproofing; bactericidal)
Term
whitehead
Definition
oily fluid leaving sebaceous glad gets blocked
Term
blackhead
Definition
whitehead oxidizes when left for long and appears black
Term
acne
Definition
more bacterial
Term
velus hair vs. terminal hair
Definition
velus-- lacks medulla, finer; body hair of women and children

terminal hair-- on head and pubic region
Term
hirsuitism
Definition
excessive hair growth
Term
average rate of hair growth
Definition
2-5 mm per week
Term
alopecia
Definition
thinning of hair
follicles remaining dormant for long periods of time
Term
nails (structure and function)
Definition
structure: hard keratin, scale like modification of epidermis

function: protection and useful tool
Term
sweat glands (2 types)
Definition
-merocrine: more common; palms, soles of feed, forehead; simple coiled tubular glnds with pore @ surface

- apocrine: axillary (armpit) and anogenital areas; larger, ducts empty into hair follicles; sweat also has fatty substances and proteins causing BO when decomposed by skin bacteria
Term
what is sweat?
Definition
fluid w/ salts, hypotonic fluid
Term
major functions of skin
Definition
1. protection: 3 types of barriers-- chemical (secretions and melanin), physical (barrier to trauma and bacterial invasion) and biological (Langerhands cells and macrophages)

2. excretion (some N containing wastes)
3. body temp (sweating 0.5-12 L of fluid/day, vasoconstriction)
4. cutaneous sensation
5. metabolic (production of vit D w/ sun exposure)
6. blood reservoir (5% of blood associated w/ skin)
Term
concerns of burns
Definition
dehydration and infection
Term
degrees of burns
Definition
first: only epidermis
second: epidermis and upper dermis
third: entire thickness of skin, 10% of body with third degree very hard to recover (low potential for repair, can do skin graft but big concern for rejection)
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