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ANP chapter 5 -
A&P chapter 5-
150
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
10/08/2012

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Term
what are the three types of muscle?
Definition
smooth,
cardiac,
skeletal
Term
where are cardiac muscles found?
Definition
only in the heart, they are striated, do not fatique
Term
where are smooth muscles found?
Definition
blood vessels, bronchial tubes, bladder,intentsines, reproduction organs
Term
what are striated muscles?
Definition
look striped
contract under voluntary control
found in cardiac and skeletal muscles.
Term
what is the development of stem cells called?
Definition
myoblasts
Term
what is hyperplasia?
Definition
is when myoblasts fuse to form mature muscle fiber cells
Term
what is sarcolemma cell membrane
Definition
it tunnels into all parts of the fiber; the tunnels are called t-tubules.
Term
what is contained in the sarcoplasm?
Definition
myofibrils- are thread like proteins that contract.
sarcoplasm- tubes that store cat ++ ions
mitochondria- genterates ATP
myoglobin- stores O2 for the musle
Term
what are fascicles?
Definition
100 bundles of fibers wrapped into funtional bundles.
Term
endomysium is?
Definition
connective tissue sheathe that covers and insulates each fiber.
Term
the perimysium is connective tissue that wraps arround a group of fascile. true of false
Definition
false. wraps arround each fascicle.
Term
epimysium is?
Definition
tough strong connective tissue that wraps around bundles of fasicile that form the muscle.
Term
what kind of tissue are tendons?
Definition
connecitve tissue
Term
what do somatic neurons do?
Definition
they transmit signals to fibers.
Term
the three components of the neuromusclar junction what are they?
Definition
axon tip= where the syntpic bulb meets the fiber
motor end plate= the part of the sarcolmema opposite the synatpitc bulb
synaptic cleft= place between the axon and muscles where chemical synapse occurs.
Term
each myofribril contains 2 types of myofilaments, what are they?
Definition
thick filaments- composed of the protein myosin.
thin filaments- composed af actin, troponin, and tropomyosin.
Term
how do muscle contractions occur?
Definition
when a thick and thin filament slide over each other.
Term
what are the three parts of a motor unit?
Definition
somatic motor neuron, motor end plate, synaptic cleft.
Term
what are the three ways ATP is produced?
Definition
mithochondra production
glycolysis
creatine phosphate (unique in muscles)
Term
what muscle cells contract fast?
Definition
anaerobic
Term
what cell muscles contract slow and for long periods of time>
Definition
aerobic
Term
are smooth muscles short or long?
Definition
short and more rounder
Term
what is the axial part the the skeleton
Definition
the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum
Term
how many bones are in the skull
Definition
22
Term
what is the large hole at the base of the skill called.
Definition
foraman magnum
Term
what are the 4 regions of the spine
Definition
cervical (c7)
thoracic (c12)
lumbar (5)
sacrum (5)
coccyx (4) fused into one tailbone
Term
how many pair of ribs are there?
Definition
12 pair so 24 total.
1-7 true ribs
8-10 share coastal cartilage with #7 ribs
11-12 are floating ribs
Term
what is the longest and heaviest bone in the body?
Definition
femur
Term
is the fibula weight bearing
Definition
NO is it on the lateral side of the leg
Term
what is the orgin part of the bone
Definition
is the anchor point for movement
Term
what do cross joints do?
Definition
help stablize the joint,
help move those joints
Term
what is the insertion?
Definition
attachmenmt that moves part of the body
Term
what is a bundle of axons called?
Definition
a nerve
Term
what is an example of afferend?
what is an example of efferend?
Definition
from hand to brain
from brain to hand
Term
what is it called when nerves end and fan out?
Definition
cauda equina
Term
what are the three functions of the nerves system?
Definition
1. sensation
2. integration
3. reaction
Term
what are the two types of cells found in the CNS?
Definition
1. neurons- the main functional cells of the nerves system that carry out the electrical signal (100 billion)
2. Neuroglia- supporting cells that do not carry signals (30 trillion)
Term
what makes the Schwann cell
Definition
round cells
Term
grey cells make up the body or the myelin?
Definition
grey cells are the body and the white is the mylein
Term
does the brain have more white matter or gray?
Definition
white
Term
the cerebrum has how many hemispheres?
Definition
2
Term
ridges in in cerebellum are called?
Definition
gyros
Term
groves in the cerebellum are called?
Definition
sulcus
Term
what connects the two hemispheres?
Definition
the corpus callosum.
Term
the inner part of the brain is
Definition
the white matter that trasmits signals between the hemisphere and to the rest of the brain ande the body
Term
Very deep grooves in the cerbrum are called
Definition
fissures
Term
the fissures divide the brain in 4 sections, what are they
Definition
F frontal lobe
P Parietal lobe
O Occipatal lobes
T Temporal lobes
Term
where is the primary motor cortex?
Definition
the frontal lobes
Term
where does the cortex interpet the sensory inputs>
Definition
the Homunculus
Term
motor areas are in the ????
Definition
frontal lobe
Term
what does the left brain control
Definition
right side of the body
Term
what part of the breain understands language and speak?
Definition
the Wernicke's area
Term
What is in the Limbic Systems?
Definition
Hippocampus- lasting memories
Amygdala-central point of emotions, tenderness, rage
Cingualate gyrus- emotional content
Mamillary body- emotional content, especially for odors
Term
What is different about the Basal Nuclie that it does not do that it should for a person with Parkinson's Disease?
Definition
does not produce dopamine but it should.
Term
What is in the Diencephalon?
Definition
Thalamus relay station
hypothalamuis regulates pituitary gland, hunger, body temp, sex drive
pineal gland- sleep and wake cycles
Term
what part of the brain senses body position?
Definition
cerebellum
Term
what is the lowest part of the brain?
Definition
the brain stem that controls Cardiovascular (regulates the rate and force of heart beats), Respiratory rythm (maintains breathing rate),
reticular activating system (controls wakefulness, general awarness coughing others)
Term
how many cranial nerves exit the cranium?
Definition
12 (just like 12 pair of ribs)
Term
How are cranial nerves classified/
Definition
sensory, motor, or mixed
Term
what are the layers of protections of the CNS sys
Definition
dura matter-outer layer
arachnoid mater- middle layer
subarachonid later- abosorbs cerebrospinal fluid
pia matter- closed layer to brain
Term
How are cranial nerves classified?
Definition
sensory, motor, or mixed
Term
what is the blood brain barrier?
Definition
capillars in the brain that have tight junctins that try and keep all other substances from entering brain tissue.
Term
spinal cord has how many primary functions?
Definition
2
1. acts as a pathway from PNS to brain
2. reflexes
Term
the gray matter in the spinal cord contain
Definition
CSF
Term
the dorsal horn in the spinal cord contain axons that are going to the brain? T or F
Definition
T
Term
What are the spinal nerves plexuses?
Definition
Cervical plexus
Brachial Plexus
Lumabar plexus
Sacral Plexus
Term
name the four antaomical componets of the the limbic system?
Definition
hippocampus
amyggdala,
cingualte gyrus
mamillary body
Term
small nodes in the PNS are called?
Definition
ganglia
Term
bundles of axons that are gathered together are called?
Definition
fascicles
Term
multiple fasicles are gathered to from a nerve which is sheated by a
Definition
fibrous epineurium
Term
What are the functional divisions of perpheral nervouse system>
Definition
somatic (voluntary conscious)
autonomic (invouluntary unconscious)
Term
What happens with the parasympathetic division?
Definition
rest an digest state, increase blood flow to digestive tract, airway bronchi constrict.
Term
what happens in the sympathpathetic division?
Definition
increases blood pressure, dilated pupils, dilates bronchi.
Term
how many neurons are necessary inthe somatic and autonomic divisions of the PNS to connect the CNS to target tissue?
Definition
one in the somatic; two inthe autonomic.
Term
somatic reflexes are examples of
Definition
knee jerk reflex
Term
autonomic reflexes are examples of
Definition
salivation at sight of tasty food.
Term
what is the defintion of sensing?
Definition
the detection of a stimulus by a sensory receptor.
Term
definition of sensation?
Definition
the consciouse awareness of the signal.
Term
what are the three groups of senses?
Definition
visceral- detect changes our environment.
somatic- detection mechansisms, widely disturbuted in the skin and muslce bones and touch
special senses- vision, smell, tastem, hearing and equilibrium.
Term
somatic senses are
Definition
tactile senses.
Term
what is nonciception?
Definition
pain detection
Term
what is stereognosia
Definition
identify shapens in contact with skin
Term
graphesthesia
Definition
recognize writing on skin
Term
what are the five types of tactile skin receptors
Definition
free sensory nerve ending. (detect touch and pain, heat)
Merkel Receptors (pressure and texture)
Meisnner Corpuscies- (hairless skin, light touch)
Pacininan Courpuscies- (detect vibrations located deep in the skin)
Ruffini- (stretching sense)
Term
what do free senory detect
Definition
pain, temperature, touch
Term
Merkel Receptors adapt fast to pressure. True or false
Definition
adapt slowly to pressure and texture.
Term
what do Ruffini corpuscle receptors do?
Definition
indentify grasped of objects, they are located in the dermis
Term
are thermal receptors free nerve ending or not>
Definition
yes they are the warmer the faster the rate
Term
where are meissner corpuscies found?
Definition
spots where there is no hair, lips, palms, soles, genitalia
Term
how many types of pain are there and what are tehy
Definition
2 types fast and slow
Term
how is fast pain carried
Definition
myelinated neurons that carrey rapid signals to the cortex
Term
how is slow pain carried
Definition
unmyleninated neurons
Term
what is pain relief called
Definition
analgesia
Term
what is deadened nerves called
Definition
anesthesia
Term
what are sketetal muscle proceptors called?
Definition
muscle spindles
Term
what are golgi tendons?
Definition
are collagen strands within tendons near the point where tehy merge with muscle fibers.( they warn against potential muscle damage)
Term
what sense taste
Definition
gustation
Term
how many types of papollae are there
Definition
3
1. vallate papillae largest taste buds
2. fungiform papillae- most common tast buds
3. filiform papillae- touch but no taste
Term
what senses smell
Definition
olfaction
Term
how many parts of the
Definition
Term
what are the three interconnected organs of the ear
Definition
external ear
middle ear
inner ear
Term
what is the outer part of the ear called
Definition
pinnea
Term
what is ear wax called?
Definition
Cerumen
Term
what does the middle ear contain
Definition
trympanic membrane
malleus
then the oval window of the inner war by the movements of the three middle ear ossicles ( malleus, incus and the stapes)
Term
what is the inner ear called?
Definition
labyrinth
Term
the inner ear is divided to the???
Definition
cichiea for hearing and the vestibular apparatus for balance.
Term
The vestibular appartus detects what?
Definition
equilibrum, speeding up, slowing down, linear (in a straight line), rotating
Term
the eyes have what kind of receptors
Definition
photoreceptors
Term
what gland of the eyes make tears
Definition
lacrimal glands
Term
The vestibular appartus detects what?
Definition
equilibrum, speeding up, slowing down, linear (in a straight line), rotating
Term
what are the three tissue layers that form the globe
Definition
fibrous tunic
vascular tunic
neural tunic
Term
what is the water fluid screted by the ciliary glag in the eye
Definition
Aqueous Humor
Term
What does the Aqueous Humor do?
Definition
supplies nutrients to the lense and cornea and also helps maintain intraocular pressure.
Term
what does the Vitreous humor do?
Definition
fills large champer of the eye, helps keep the retina against the choroid, contains 99%water 1% collagen
Term
what does refraction mean and where does it happen
Definition
the bending of light,
it happens mostly in the cornea
Term
where does light enter the eye
Definition
in the cornea, and it does NOT have blood vessels
Term
what is the scelera
Definition
the white part of the eye
Term
what is the Choroid
Definition
it provides nutrients to the eye, and contains melanocytes that help absorb the extra light.
Term
what is the iris
Definition
thin pigmented disc between the cornea and the lense.
Term
what is the Ciliary body
Definition
is the doughnut shape ring of the musclar tissue that adjust shapes in the shape (thickness) of the lens
Term
where does teh sharpest vision occur
Definition
center of the retina
Term
what is myopia
Definition
nearsightness
Term
what is hyperopsia
Definition
farsightness
Term
what is astigmatism
Definition
irregular curvature of the cornea
Term
what is prebyopia
Definition
is when the lenses become less flexible with age, you lose close vision
Term
the lateral part of the eyes go to what hemisphere?
Definition
same side the eye is one. medial part of the eyes sees te opposite
Term
where side of the body is the heart more on.
Definition
left
Term
where is the apex of the heart and where is the base.
Definition
opposite what you think, base is top, apezx is bottom
Term
what is the point of maxium impulse called
Definition
apical impulse
Term
what are the three layers of teh heart wall?
Definition
epicardum (thin outer lining)
myocardium (fibrous skeleton of the heart)
endocardium (smooth thin inner lining of the chambers and valves of the heart)
Term
what are the four chambers of the heart/
Definition
right atrium/ right ventricle
left atrium/ left ventricle
Term
what are the two ventricles seperated by?
Definition
interver
Term
what seperates the ventricles
Definition
the interventricalar septum
Term
what valve is on the left side of the heart.
Definition
mitral valve
Term
what valve is on the right side
Definition
tricuspid valve
Term
how often does the average heart beat?
Definition
1 once a second.
Term
what side of the heart pumps into the pulamonary circuit?
Definition
right side
Term
what side pumps blood to the rest of the body
Definition
left side
Term
what ancohors the heart valves to the papillary muscles?
Definition
Chordae Tendineae
Term
what keeps the blood from going back into the atriums/
Definition
AV valves
Term
what is Semilunar Valves?
Definition
the aortic valve and the pulmonary valve.
Term
what is it called when the opening of the valves is to small.
Definition
stenosis
Term
what is it called when the valve leaks and there is back flow?
Definition
Insufficiency
Term
what is the amout of normal stroke volume?
Definition
70 mL
Term
what is the high number on the blood pressure?
Definition
systole. the low number is diastole
Term
what happens at the bundle of his?
Definition
it is where the atia is connected to the ventricles.
Term
what do the Purkinje Fibers do?
Definition
depolarize the contractile cells of both the ventrilicles
Term
what is the "P" wave?
Definition
depolarization of the SA node and atria.
Term
what happens during the QRS complex?
Definition
ventricular depolarization
Term
what is the "t" wave?
Definition
ventricles repolarization
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