Term
| what are the three types of muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are cardiac muscles found? |
|
Definition
| only in the heart, they are striated, do not fatique |
|
|
Term
| where are smooth muscles found? |
|
Definition
| blood vessels, bronchial tubes, bladder,intentsines, reproduction organs |
|
|
Term
| what are striated muscles? |
|
Definition
look striped
contract under voluntary control
found in cardiac and skeletal muscles. |
|
|
Term
| what is the development of stem cells called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is when myoblasts fuse to form mature muscle fiber cells |
|
|
Term
| what is sarcolemma cell membrane |
|
Definition
| it tunnels into all parts of the fiber; the tunnels are called t-tubules. |
|
|
Term
| what is contained in the sarcoplasm? |
|
Definition
myofibrils- are thread like proteins that contract.
sarcoplasm- tubes that store cat ++ ions
mitochondria- genterates ATP
myoglobin- stores O2 for the musle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 100 bundles of fibers wrapped into funtional bundles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connective tissue sheathe that covers and insulates each fiber. |
|
|
Term
| the perimysium is connective tissue that wraps arround a group of fascile. true of false |
|
Definition
| false. wraps arround each fascicle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tough strong connective tissue that wraps around bundles of fasicile that form the muscle. |
|
|
Term
| what kind of tissue are tendons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do somatic neurons do? |
|
Definition
| they transmit signals to fibers. |
|
|
Term
| the three components of the neuromusclar junction what are they? |
|
Definition
axon tip= where the syntpic bulb meets the fiber
motor end plate= the part of the sarcolmema opposite the synatpitc bulb
synaptic cleft= place between the axon and muscles where chemical synapse occurs. |
|
|
Term
| each myofribril contains 2 types of myofilaments, what are they? |
|
Definition
thick filaments- composed of the protein myosin.
thin filaments- composed af actin, troponin, and tropomyosin. |
|
|
Term
| how do muscle contractions occur? |
|
Definition
| when a thick and thin filament slide over each other. |
|
|
Term
| what are the three parts of a motor unit? |
|
Definition
| somatic motor neuron, motor end plate, synaptic cleft. |
|
|
Term
| what are the three ways ATP is produced? |
|
Definition
mithochondra production
glycolysis
creatine phosphate (unique in muscles) |
|
|
Term
| what muscle cells contract fast? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cell muscles contract slow and for long periods of time> |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are smooth muscles short or long? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the axial part the the skeleton |
|
Definition
| the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum |
|
|
Term
| how many bones are in the skull |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the large hole at the base of the skill called. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 regions of the spine |
|
Definition
cervical (c7)
thoracic (c12)
lumbar (5)
sacrum (5)
coccyx (4) fused into one tailbone |
|
|
Term
| how many pair of ribs are there? |
|
Definition
12 pair so 24 total.
1-7 true ribs
8-10 share coastal cartilage with #7 ribs
11-12 are floating ribs |
|
|
Term
| what is the longest and heaviest bone in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is the fibula weight bearing |
|
Definition
| NO is it on the lateral side of the leg |
|
|
Term
| what is the orgin part of the bone |
|
Definition
| is the anchor point for movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
help stablize the joint,
help move those joints |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attachmenmt that moves part of the body |
|
|
Term
| what is a bundle of axons called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what is an example of afferend?
what is an example of efferend? |
|
Definition
from hand to brain
from brain to hand |
|
|
Term
| what is it called when nerves end and fan out? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three functions of the nerves system? |
|
Definition
1. sensation
2. integration
3. reaction |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of cells found in the CNS? |
|
Definition
1. neurons- the main functional cells of the nerves system that carry out the electrical signal (100 billion)
2. Neuroglia- supporting cells that do not carry signals (30 trillion) |
|
|
Term
| what makes the Schwann cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| grey cells make up the body or the myelin? |
|
Definition
| grey cells are the body and the white is the mylein |
|
|
Term
| does the brain have more white matter or gray? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the cerebrum has how many hemispheres? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ridges in in cerebellum are called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| groves in the cerebellum are called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what connects the two hemispheres? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the inner part of the brain is |
|
Definition
| the white matter that trasmits signals between the hemisphere and to the rest of the brain ande the body |
|
|
Term
| Very deep grooves in the cerbrum are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the fissures divide the brain in 4 sections, what are they |
|
Definition
F frontal lobe
P Parietal lobe
O Occipatal lobes
T Temporal lobes |
|
|
Term
| where is the primary motor cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the cortex interpet the sensory inputs> |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| motor areas are in the ???? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the left brain control |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the breain understands language and speak? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is in the Limbic Systems? |
|
Definition
Hippocampus- lasting memories
Amygdala-central point of emotions, tenderness, rage
Cingualate gyrus- emotional content
Mamillary body- emotional content, especially for odors |
|
|
Term
| What is different about the Basal Nuclie that it does not do that it should for a person with Parkinson's Disease? |
|
Definition
| does not produce dopamine but it should. |
|
|
Term
| What is in the Diencephalon? |
|
Definition
Thalamus relay station
hypothalamuis regulates pituitary gland, hunger, body temp, sex drive
pineal gland- sleep and wake cycles |
|
|
Term
| what part of the brain senses body position? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the lowest part of the brain? |
|
Definition
the brain stem that controls Cardiovascular (regulates the rate and force of heart beats), Respiratory rythm (maintains breathing rate),
reticular activating system (controls wakefulness, general awarness coughing others) |
|
|
Term
| how many cranial nerves exit the cranium? |
|
Definition
| 12 (just like 12 pair of ribs) |
|
|
Term
| How are cranial nerves classified/ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of protections of the CNS sys |
|
Definition
dura matter-outer layer
arachnoid mater- middle layer
subarachonid later- abosorbs cerebrospinal fluid
pia matter- closed layer to brain |
|
|
Term
| How are cranial nerves classified? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the blood brain barrier? |
|
Definition
| capillars in the brain that have tight junctins that try and keep all other substances from entering brain tissue. |
|
|
Term
| spinal cord has how many primary functions? |
|
Definition
2
1. acts as a pathway from PNS to brain
2. reflexes |
|
|
Term
| the gray matter in the spinal cord contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the dorsal horn in the spinal cord contain axons that are going to the brain? T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the spinal nerves plexuses? |
|
Definition
Cervical plexus
Brachial Plexus
Lumabar plexus
Sacral Plexus |
|
|
Term
| name the four antaomical componets of the the limbic system? |
|
Definition
hippocampus
amyggdala,
cingualte gyrus
mamillary body |
|
|
Term
| small nodes in the PNS are called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bundles of axons that are gathered together are called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| multiple fasicles are gathered to from a nerve which is sheated by a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functional divisions of perpheral nervouse system> |
|
Definition
somatic (voluntary conscious)
autonomic (invouluntary unconscious) |
|
|
Term
| What happens with the parasympathetic division? |
|
Definition
| rest an digest state, increase blood flow to digestive tract, airway bronchi constrict. |
|
|
Term
| what happens in the sympathpathetic division? |
|
Definition
| increases blood pressure, dilated pupils, dilates bronchi. |
|
|
Term
| how many neurons are necessary inthe somatic and autonomic divisions of the PNS to connect the CNS to target tissue? |
|
Definition
| one in the somatic; two inthe autonomic. |
|
|
Term
| somatic reflexes are examples of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| autonomic reflexes are examples of |
|
Definition
| salivation at sight of tasty food. |
|
|
Term
| what is the defintion of sensing? |
|
Definition
| the detection of a stimulus by a sensory receptor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the consciouse awareness of the signal. |
|
|
Term
| what are the three groups of senses? |
|
Definition
visceral- detect changes our environment.
somatic- detection mechansisms, widely disturbuted in the skin and muslce bones and touch
special senses- vision, smell, tastem, hearing and equilibrium. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| identify shapens in contact with skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| recognize writing on skin |
|
|
Term
| what are the five types of tactile skin receptors |
|
Definition
free sensory nerve ending. (detect touch and pain, heat)
Merkel Receptors (pressure and texture)
Meisnner Corpuscies- (hairless skin, light touch)
Pacininan Courpuscies- (detect vibrations located deep in the skin)
Ruffini- (stretching sense) |
|
|
Term
| what do free senory detect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Merkel Receptors adapt fast to pressure. True or false |
|
Definition
| adapt slowly to pressure and texture. |
|
|
Term
| what do Ruffini corpuscle receptors do? |
|
Definition
| indentify grasped of objects, they are located in the dermis |
|
|
Term
| are thermal receptors free nerve ending or not> |
|
Definition
| yes they are the warmer the faster the rate |
|
|
Term
| where are meissner corpuscies found? |
|
Definition
| spots where there is no hair, lips, palms, soles, genitalia |
|
|
Term
| how many types of pain are there and what are tehy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| myelinated neurons that carrey rapid signals to the cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is pain relief called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is deadened nerves called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are sketetal muscle proceptors called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are collagen strands within tendons near the point where tehy merge with muscle fibers.( they warn against potential muscle damage) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many types of papollae are there |
|
Definition
3
1. vallate papillae largest taste buds
2. fungiform papillae- most common tast buds
3. filiform papillae- touch but no taste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three interconnected organs of the ear |
|
Definition
external ear
middle ear
inner ear |
|
|
Term
| what is the outer part of the ear called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the middle ear contain |
|
Definition
trympanic membrane
malleus
then the oval window of the inner war by the movements of the three middle ear ossicles ( malleus, incus and the stapes) |
|
|
Term
| what is the inner ear called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the inner ear is divided to the??? |
|
Definition
| cichiea for hearing and the vestibular apparatus for balance. |
|
|
Term
| The vestibular appartus detects what? |
|
Definition
| equilibrum, speeding up, slowing down, linear (in a straight line), rotating |
|
|
Term
| the eyes have what kind of receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what gland of the eyes make tears |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The vestibular appartus detects what? |
|
Definition
| equilibrum, speeding up, slowing down, linear (in a straight line), rotating |
|
|
Term
| what are the three tissue layers that form the globe |
|
Definition
fibrous tunic
vascular tunic
neural tunic |
|
|
Term
| what is the water fluid screted by the ciliary glag in the eye |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the Aqueous Humor do? |
|
Definition
| supplies nutrients to the lense and cornea and also helps maintain intraocular pressure. |
|
|
Term
| what does the Vitreous humor do? |
|
Definition
| fills large champer of the eye, helps keep the retina against the choroid, contains 99%water 1% collagen |
|
|
Term
| what does refraction mean and where does it happen |
|
Definition
the bending of light,
it happens mostly in the cornea |
|
|
Term
| where does light enter the eye |
|
Definition
| in the cornea, and it does NOT have blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the white part of the eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it provides nutrients to the eye, and contains melanocytes that help absorb the extra light. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin pigmented disc between the cornea and the lense. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the doughnut shape ring of the musclar tissue that adjust shapes in the shape (thickness) of the lens |
|
|
Term
| where does teh sharpest vision occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| irregular curvature of the cornea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is when the lenses become less flexible with age, you lose close vision |
|
|
Term
| the lateral part of the eyes go to what hemisphere? |
|
Definition
| same side the eye is one. medial part of the eyes sees te opposite |
|
|
Term
| where side of the body is the heart more on. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the apex of the heart and where is the base. |
|
Definition
| opposite what you think, base is top, apezx is bottom |
|
|
Term
| what is the point of maxium impulse called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three layers of teh heart wall? |
|
Definition
epicardum (thin outer lining)
myocardium (fibrous skeleton of the heart)
endocardium (smooth thin inner lining of the chambers and valves of the heart) |
|
|
Term
| what are the four chambers of the heart/ |
|
Definition
right atrium/ right ventricle
left atrium/ left ventricle |
|
|
Term
| what are the two ventricles seperated by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what seperates the ventricles |
|
Definition
| the interventricalar septum |
|
|
Term
| what valve is on the left side of the heart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what valve is on the right side |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how often does the average heart beat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what side of the heart pumps into the pulamonary circuit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what side pumps blood to the rest of the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what ancohors the heart valves to the papillary muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what keeps the blood from going back into the atriums/ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is Semilunar Valves? |
|
Definition
| the aortic valve and the pulmonary valve. |
|
|
Term
| what is it called when the opening of the valves is to small. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is it called when the valve leaks and there is back flow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the amout of normal stroke volume? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the high number on the blood pressure? |
|
Definition
| systole. the low number is diastole |
|
|
Term
| what happens at the bundle of his? |
|
Definition
| it is where the atia is connected to the ventricles. |
|
|
Term
| what do the Purkinje Fibers do? |
|
Definition
| depolarize the contractile cells of both the ventrilicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| depolarization of the SA node and atria. |
|
|
Term
| what happens during the QRS complex? |
|
Definition
| ventricular depolarization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ventricles repolarization |
|
|
