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Ankle & Foot
anatomy and muscle functions of ankle and foot
152
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
06/17/2012

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Term
How many bones in the ankle/foot
Definition
26
Term
How many large muscles in ankle/foot?
Definition
19
Term
Poor foot mechanics lead to what?
Definition
foot discomfort
Term
There's no substitute for adequate muscular development, strength, and what?
Definition
proper foot mechanics
Term
The articular surface of the distal tibia is called?
Definition
plafond
Term
Distal tibia is shaped how?
Definition
saddle shaped
Term
Distal is shaped how in AP direction
Definition
Concave
Term
How is distal tibia shaped in ML direction?
Definition
Convex
Term
what bears 90%of ankle load?
Definition
Distal Tibia
Term
lateral aspect of distal tibia articulates with what?
Definition
the fibula
Term
prominent projection on the inferior and medial aspect of the tibia
Definition
medial malleolus
Term
the lateral surface of the medial malleolus articulates with the medial aspect of what?
Definition
the talus
Term
part of distal tibia that is non-weight bearing
Definition
medial malleolus
Term
medial malleolus acts as what?
Definition
a pulley
Term
Tom, Dick, and Nervous Harry
Definition
Tibialis posterior
flexor Digitorum
tibial Artery
tibial Nerve
flexor Hallucis longus
Term
distal end of the tibia is rotated how in the transverse plane wrt proximal end of the tibia
Definition
externally
Term
normal ranges of lateral (external) tibial torsion
Definition
20-40degrees
Term
lateral malleolus is located where?
Definition
distal fibula
Term
orientated laterally and inferiorly of the distal fibula and allows some weight bearing
Definition
lateral malleolous
Term
lateral malleolus is the pulley for what?
Definition
posterior tendons
-peroneus brevis
-peroneus longus
Term
what allows for considerable mobility of the foot and maintains stability for WB and abulation?
Definition
tarsal bones
Term
bone that joins foot to the leg
Definition
talus
Term
trochlea of the talus is also called the
Definition
talar dome
Term
trochlea is shaped how in the AP direction
Definition
Concave
Term
Trochlea is shaped how in the ML direction
Definition
Convex
Term
which aspect of talus is slightly wider
Definition
anterior
Term
which ridge of the talus is slightly wider?
Definition
lateral
Term
what explains the motion of the ankle?
Definition
asymmetry
Term
"Heel bone"
Definition
Calcaneous
Term
Largest of the tarsal bones, sustains large impact forces at heel contact during gait
Definition
calcaneous
Term
calcaneous provides a long moment arm for what?
Definition
achilles tendon
Term
Navicular is shaped how?
Definition
crescent-shaped
Term
navicular bone has a concave posterior surface that is congruent with what?
Definition
the head of the talus
Term
navicular has how many anterior facets?
Definition
3
Term
lateral surface of the navicular may be nonarticular or may have what/
Definition
a small facet for articulation with the cuboid
Term
the posterior surface of this bone is slightly curved for saddle-shaped facet of calcaneus
Definition
cuboid
Term
how many anterior facets of the cuboid?
Definition
2
Term
the medial facetof the cuboid is for articulation of what?
Definition
lateral cuneiform
Term
How many cuneiform bones are there and what do they form?
Definition
transverse arch
Term
which metatarsal is the shortest and thickest?
Definition
metatarsal of the great toe
Term
sesamoid bones at the head of the great toe provide what?
Definition
mechanical advantages for muwcles
Term
5th metatarsal projects how?
Definition
inferiorly
Term
5th metatarsal provides attachment for what?
Definition
peroneus brevis tendon
Term
proximal tibiofibular joint is what type of joint?
Definition
gliding
Term
this joint is supported by synovial joint capsule, reinforced by anterior and posterior ligaments to the head of the fibula and functions with the distal tibiofibular joint
Definition
proximal tibiofibular joint
Term
this joint is a fibrous, syndesmosis joint
Definition
distal tibiofibular joint
Term
this joint is primarily supported by interosseous ligament
Definition
distal tibiofibular joint
Term
the secondary supports for the distal tibiofibular joint are
Definition
-Anterior tibiofibular ligament
-Posterior tibiofibular ligament
-Interosseous membrane
Term
distal tibiofibular joint forms the what for the talus?
Definition
mortise (cavity)
Term
articulations between the talus and the tibia and fibular and is supported by synovial joint capsule and collateral ligaments
Definition
talocrural (ankle) joint
Term
Lateral collateral ligaments of the talocrural joints
Definition
-anterior tibiofibular
-posterior tibiofibular
-anterior talofibular
-posterior talofibular
-cacaneofibular (most common injured)
Term
Medial collateral ligaments of the talocrural joint
Definition
-tibiospring
-tibionavicular
-posterior tibiotalar
Term
types of ankles sprain
Definition
lateral
medial
syndesmotic
Term
ICR (center of rotation) moves how during plantarflexion, dorsiflexion, inversion, and eversion?
Definition
Plantarflexion: Posteriorly
Dorsiflexion: Anteriorly
Inversion: Medially
Eversion: Laterally
Term
Ankle PF/DF is accompanied by what?
Definition
Talar rotation
Fibular glide and rotaiont
Term
this axis of the talocrural joint runs medial to lateral and is oriented posterior and inferior
Definition
oblique joint axis
Term
in the oblique joint axis, when the foot rotates upward, also called pronation?
Definition
ankle dorsiflexes
abducts
everts
Term
int he oblique joint axis, when the foot rotates downward also called supination
Definition
ankle plantarflexes
adducts, and inverts
Term
During supination, the foot will have what in the arch?
Definition
high arch
Term
During pronation, the foot will have what in the arch?
Definition
arch will flatten
Term
articulation of the talus and calcaneus and acts to translate motion of the tibia to the foot or vise versa
Definition
subtalar joint
Term
the oblique axis of the subtalar joint has motions that consist of what?
Definition
pronation and supination
Term
inversion and eversion occurs at the Subtalar joint when ...?
Definition
if the STJ axis lies closer to the long axis of the foot
Term
abduction and adduction occurst at the subtalar joint when...?
Definition
if the STJ axis lies closer to long axis of the leg
Term
what are the transverse tarsal joints?
Definition
talonavicular joint
calcaneocuboid joint
Term
what are the articulations of the talonavicular joint?
Definition
talus and navicular
Term
what type of joint is the calcaneocuboid joint and what are the articulations?
Definition
-saddle joint
-articulation with calcaneus and cuboid
Term
what are the two axes of motion for the transvers tarsal joint
Definition
longitudinal and oblique
Term
Axis of the transverse tarsal joint that is similar to the STJ axis and contributes more to inversion and eversion
Definition
Longitudinal axis
Term
axis that contributes more to plantarflexion and dorsiflexion of the transverse tarsal joint
Definition
oblique axis
Term
articulation between navicular and cuneiform, cuboid and lateral cuneiform, and the cuneiform bones themselves
Definition
Distal intertarsal joints
Term
joints that have very limited movement in the foot and contributes to pronation and supination
Definition
distal intertarsal joints
Term
of the tarsometatarsal and intermetatarsal joints, which is more mobile?
Definition
tarsometatarsal joint of the great toe
Term
joint that has primarily S plane of motion and is very limited F & T plane of motion
Definition
Tarsometatarsal joint of the great toe
Term
2nd tarsometatarsal joint is more limited than which?
Definition
1st
Term
mobility increases in which tarsometatarsal joints?
Definition
3rd-5th
Term
metatarsophalangeal joints ware what type of joints?
Definition
condyloid joints (bi-axial)
Term
Turf Toe
Definition
Metatarsophalangeal joints
Term
Interphalangeal joints are what type of joints?
Definition
hinge joints
Term
provides stabilization to the plantar surface and helps maintain shape of the foot
Definition
plantar fascia
Term
Plantar fascia extends from calcaneal tuberosity to
Definition
-the skin
-metatarsals
-phalanges
-intervening ligaments
Term
thick, deep portion of plantar fascia and is 2x as strong as strongest ligament of the foot
Definition
plantar aponeurosis
Term
strongest ligament of the foot
Definition
deltoid ligament
Term
plantar fascia rotates the calcaneus toward the ground and lowers the arch and stretches the aponeurosis during what movement
Definition
plantarflexion
Term
plantar fascia pulls on distal end of aponeurosis creating tension during what movement/
Definition
hyperextension of the toes
Term
the plantar fascia causes an individual to roll over the foot, results in hyperextension of toes and plantarflexion, aponeurosis is pulled taut, and stabilizes the foot as it bears the load of the body during what?
Definition
pushoff of the gait
Term
this arch includes the calcaneus, talus, navicular, medical cuneiform, and the 1st metatarsal
Definition
medial longitudinal arch
Term
this arch includes the calcaneus, cuboid, and the 5th metatarsal
Definition
lateral longitudinal arch
Term
this arch includes the cuboid and cuneiforms
Definition
transverse arch
Term
arches of the foot protects nerves, blood vessels, and muscle on what form compression during weight bearing
Definition
the plantar surface
Term
absorbs shock during impact, stores and releases mechanical energy to improve effeciency of the foot
Definition
arches
Term
dimished medial longitudinal arch..."flat foot"
Definition
Pes Planus
Term
abnormally high medial longitudinal arch
Definition
Pes Cavus
Term
Movements of foots
Definition
-Dorsiflexion
-Plantarflexion
-Eversion
-Inversion
-Pronation
-Supination
Term
Pronation of the foot is a combination of?
Definition
ankle dorsiflexion
subtalar eversion
forefoot abduction (toe-out)
Term
Supination of the foot is a combo of?
Definition
ankle plantarflexion
subtalar inversion
forefoot adduction (toe-in)
Term
how many muscle compartments of the foot
Definition
4
Term
4 compartments of the leg and what they do
Definition
Anterior compartment - dorsiflexors
Lateral compartment - evertors
Superficial posterior compartment -plantarflexors
Deep posterior compartment - plantarflexors & invertors (tom, dick and harry)
Term
Plantar flexors
Definition
-Gastroc
-Flexor digitorum longus
-Flexor Hallucis longus
-Peroneus (fibularis) longus
-Peroneus (fibularis) brevis
-Plantaris
-Soleus
-Tibialis Posterior
Term
Dorsiflexors
Definition
-tibialis anterior
-peroneus (fibularis) tertius
-extensor digitorum longus
-extensor hallucis longus
Term
Evertors
Definition
-peroneus (fibularis) longus
-peroneus (fibularis) brevis
-peroneus (fibularis) tertius
-extensor digitorum longs
Term
Invertors
Definition
-tibialis anterior
-tibialis posterior
-flexor digitorum longus
-flexor hallucis longus
Term
Anterior compartment of leg
Definition
Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallucis longus
Extensor digitorum longus
Peroneus (fibularis) tertius
Term
Lateral compartment of leg
Definition
Peroneus (fibularis) longus
Peroneus (fibularis) brevis
Term
Deep posterior compartment of leg
Definition
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Tibialis posterior
Term
Superficial posterior compartment
Definition
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Term
Medial and lateral heads of gastrocnemius originate where?
Definition
femoral condyles
Term
Primary function of gastroc
Definition
Ankle plantarflexion
Term
along with plantarflexion, helps with knee flexion
Definition
Gastroc
Term
Primary function of soleus
Definition
ankle plantar flexion
Term
Primary function of Peroneus longus (fibularis) muscle
Definition
Foot eversion
Forefoot abduction
Term
along with foot eversion and forefoot abduction, also assists with ankle plantarflexion
Definition
Peroneus longus (fibularis) muscle
Term
Primary function of Peroneus Brevis (fibularis) muscle
Definition
Foot eversion
Term
Along with foot eversion, also assists with ankle plantarflexion
Definition
Pernoeus brevis (fibularis) muscle
Term
Primary function of Peroneus Tertius (fibularis) muscle
Definition
Ankle dorsifleion
Foot eversion
Term
Primary function of Extensor digitorum longus muscle
Definition
-Extension of 4 lesser toes at MTP, PIP, DIP
-Foot eversion
Term
Along with extension of 4 lesser toes at MTP, PIP, and DIP joints, and foot eversion, also involved with ankle dorsiflexion
Definition
Extensor digitorum longus
Term
Primary function of Extensor Hallucis longus
Definition
-Extension of great toe at MTP, and IP joints
-Forefoot adduction
Term
along with extension of great toe at MTP, and IP joints and forefoot adduction, assists with ankle dorsiflexion, and weak foot inversion
Definition
Extensor hallucis longus
Term
Primary function of Tibialis anterior muscle
Definition
ankle dorsiflexion
foot inversion
Term
Primary function of Tibialis posterior
Definition
Foot eversion
Term
along with foot eversion, assists with ankle plantarflexion
Definition
Tibialis posterior muscle
Term
Primary function of Flexor digitorum longus muscle
Definition
Flexion of 4 lesser toes at MTP, PIP, and DIP joints
Term
along with flexion of 4 lesser toes, also assists with ankle plantarflexion and foot inversion
Definition
flexor digitorum longus muscle
Term
Primary function of Flexor Hallucis longus
Definition
-Flexion of great toe at MTP, and IP joints
-forefoot adduction
Term
along with flexion of great toe and forefoot adduction, assists with ankle plantarflexion and foot inversion
Definition
Flexor hallucis longus
Term
Ankle dorsal Flexion muscles:
Definition
PRIMARY:
Tibialis anterior
Peroneus tertius
SECONDARY:
Extensor hallucis longus
Extensor digitorum longus
Term
Ankle plantarflexion
Definition
gastroc
soleus
flexor digitorum longus
flexor hallucis longus
peroneus longus
peroneus brevis
plantaris
Term
transverse tarsal & subtalar inversion
Definition
-tibialis anterior
-tibialis posterior
-flexor digitorum longus
-flexor hallucis longus
Term
Transverse tarsal & subtalar eversion
Definition
-Extensor digitorum longus
-Peroneus longus
-Peroneus brevis
-Peroneus tertius
Term
Toe flexors
Definition
-flexor hallucis longus
-flexor digitorum longus
Term
Toe extensors
Definition
Extensor hallucis longus
Extensor digitorum longus
Term
4 plantar compartments of the intrinsic muscles of the foot
Definition
-Superficial layer
-2nd layer
-3rd layer
-Deep layer
Term
intrinsic muscles divided into which 5 areas
Definition
4 plantar compartments
dorsal layer
Term
Superficial layer of intrinsic muscles include what?
Definition
abductor hallucis
flexor digitorum brevis
abductor digiti minimi
Term
Second layer of intrinsic muscle include what?
Definition
Quadratus plantae
Lumbricales (4)
Term
Third layer of intrinsic muscle include what?
Definition
Flexor hallicus brevis
Adductor hallucis
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Term
Deep layer of intrinsic muscles of the foot include?
Definition
Plantar interossei (3)
Dorsal interossei (4)
Term
Dorsal layer of the intrinsic muscles include?
Definition
Extensor digitorum brevis
Term
4 muscles that act on the great toe
Definition
Abductor hallucis
Adductor hallucis
Flexor hallucis brevis
Extensor digitorum brevis
Term
Function of abductor hallucis
Definition
-abduction of great toe
-assist flexor hallucis brevis in flexing great toe at MTP joint
Term
Function of adductor hallucis
Definition
adduction & flexion of MTP joint of great toe
Term
Function of flexor hallucis brevis
Definition
flexion of MTP joint of great toe
Term
Function of extensor digitorum brevis
Definition
-extension of great toe at MTP joint
-extension of MTP, PIP, & DIP joints of 3 medial lesser toes
Term
Function of the 4 lumbricales of the foot
Definition
flexion of the lesser toes at MTP joints
Term
Function of the 3 plantar interossei
Definition
Adduction fo the MTP joints of 3 lateral lesser toes
Term
Function of the 4 dorsal interossei
Definition
-Adduction of the MTP joint of 2nd toe
-Abduction of the MTP joints of the lesser toes
-Flexion of MTP joints of the lesser 4 toes
-Extension of the DIP & PIP joints of the lesser 4 toes
Term
Function of the Quadratus Plantae
Definition
flexion of the DIP joints of the lesser toes
Term
Function of the flexor digitorum brevis
Definition
flexion of the MTP and PIP joints of the lesser toes
Term
Which two muscles act ONLY on the pink toe
Definition
Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digit minimi brevis
Term
Function of the Abductor digiti minimi
Definition
Abduction and flexion of the MTP joint of the little toe
Term
Function of the flexor digiti minimi brevis
Definition
flexion of the MTP joint of the little toe
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