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ANIS- Reprod.& Urinary
ANIS- Reprod.& Urinary
182
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
04/26/2009

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Term
What body systems are involved in excretion? What is excreted from each?
Definition
urinary-urine, respiratory- carbon dioxide, digestive-feces, integumentary-sweat
Term
What are the jobs of the urinary system?
Definition
excrete metabolic wastes, regulates fluid, electrolytes and blood pH, and blood pressure, Produces hormones
Term
Hormone produced in the kidney and helps regulate calcium?
Definition
Calcitriol
Term
Hormone produced in the kidney that regulates RBC formation?
Definition
Erythropoietin
Term
Microscopic filtering units of kidneys compoased of renal tubules and a blood supply?
Definition
nephron
Term
Called function units- make most of urine?
Definition
nephron
Term
Where is the nephron located?
Definition
Mostly in the renal cortex with some tubules extending into renal pyramids of medulla
Term
Filtration happens in what direction?
Definition
from the glomerulus to the Bowman's capsule
Term
Reabsorption happens in what direction?
Definition
from renal tubules to blood of peritubilar capillaries
Term
Secretion happens in what direction?
Definition
blood of peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules
Term
What 3 processes are required for urine formation?
Definition
filtration-> tubular reabsorption-> tubular secretion
Term
Fluid in capsular space is called?
Definition
filtrate
Term
Filtrate contains what substances that must be eliminated in the urine?
Definition
wastes- urea, uric acid
Term
Filtrate contains what substances that must be kept?
Definition
water, organic nutrients and electrolytes
Term
What does RBF stand for? What is it?
Definition
renal blood flow- amount of blood flow through the kidneys in 1 minute.
Term
How much blood flows through the kidneys in 1 minute?
Definition
1200 mL/minute
Term
What does GFR stand for? What is it?
Definition
Glomerular filtration rate- Amount of filtrate formed in one minute
Term
How much filtrate forms in 1 minute?
Definition
105-125 mL/minute
Term
How much RBF becomes filtrate?
Definition
10%
Term
Most reabsorption takes place in the?
Definition
proximal convoluted tubule
Term
Water is reabsorbed by?
Definition
osmosis
Term
Solutes are reabsorbed by?
Definition
diffusion, active/co/counter transport, and pinocytosis
Term
What is Tm?
Definition
how much of a substance (the good stuff) in mL the nephron can reabsorb in a minute.
Term
When Tm is exceeded, what happens?
Definition
substance shows up in the urine
Term
What does RT stand for? What is it?
Definition
Renal Threshold- the maximun blood concentration when a substance appears in the urine when Tm is exceeded.
Term
What could cause RT of glucose to be exceeded?
Definition
a high blood sugar
Term
Name some solutes that move from the blood of the nephron capillaries into the filtrate? Why?
Definition
potassium, ammonium, hydrogen and bicarbonate ions- regulates pH and electrolytes
Term
Each day we lose - how much water? Laregly through?
Definition
about as much as we gain- urine
Term
How much filtrate do we reabsorb in a day?
Definition
150-180 L
Term
How much urine do we lose in a day?
Definition
1-2 L
Term
WHat are the 2 types of water reabsorption?
Definition
obligatory and facultative
Term
Where does obligatory water reabsorption happen in the body?
Definition
in the proximal convoluted tubule and descending loop of Henle
Term
Where does facultative water reabsorption take place in the body?
Definition
in the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct
Term
Which type of water reabsorption is more constant?
Definition
obligatory
Term
Which type of water reabsorption is is controlled by hormones, particularly ADH?
Definition
facultative
Term
Where is ADH made and what secretes it?
Definition
made in the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary secretes it
Term
How much (%) is reabsorbed in the PCT?
Definition
65%
Term
How much (%) is reabsorbed in the descending limbs of Henle?
Definition
15%
Term
How much (%) is reabsorbed in the ascending limb of Henle?
Definition
none
Term
How much (%) is reabsorbed in the DCT?
Definition
10-15%
Term
How much (%) is reabsorbed in the CD?
Definition
whats left over
Term
When would our kidneys concentrate our urine?
Definition
when water loss exceeds water gain (dehydration)
Term
How does our kidneys concentrate our urine?
Definition
by increasing facultative water reabsorption
Term
When our urine is concentrated what does it look like?
Definition
darker and less volume
Term
When our urine is diluteded what does it look like?
Definition
lighter colored and more volume
Term
When would our kidneys dilute our urine?
Definition
when water gain exceeds water loss
Term
How does our kidneys dilute our urine?
Definition
decreasing facultative water reabsorption
Term
List the steps in concentration of urine.
Definition
1. as water exceeds gain, hypothalamus stimulates ADH from posterior pituitary
2. ADH makes the cells of the DCT and CD more permeable to water
3. more water leaves DCT and CD and enters concentrated IF and blood of
pyramid
4. concentrated IF and blood take more water out of filtrate and concentrate the urine.
Term
What hormone increases salt reabsorption thus helping in urine concentration?
Definition
aldosterone
Term
List the steps in dilution of urine.
Definition
1. as water gain exceeds water loss hypothalamus stops secreting ADH
2. DCT and CD become less permeable to water
3. less water is reabsorbed
4. more water stays in filtrate and urine
5. adrenal cortex decreases aldosterone secretion, helps dilute urine
6. diluted urine
Term
Urine is composed of? (%'s)
Definition
95% water and 5% solutes
Term
What are some of the solutes in the urine?
Definition
electrolytes, nitrogenous wastes such as urea, creatinine, and uric acid
Term
Urea comes from?
Definition
protein metabolism
Term
Creatinine comes from?
Definition
muscle metabolism
Term
Uric acid comes from?
Definition
nucleic acid metabolism
Term
Name the (4) characteristics of urine.
Definition
color, turbidity, specific gravity, and pH
Term
Cloudy urine- various causes such as infection.
Definition
turbidity
Term
What is specific gravity?
Definition
concentration
Term
What is the average pH? the range?
Definition
6 4-8
Term
Inflammation of the nephrons and kidney tubules.
Definition
glomerulonephritis
Term
rapid or a progressive (chronic) loss of kidney function- many causes.
Definition
acute and chronic renal failure
Term
Artificial removal of wastes due to kidney failure.
Definition
hemodialysis (kidney dialysis)
Term
kidney stones
Definition
Renal Calculi
Term
Incurable, kidney disease in which cysts form in kidney, and destroy it.
Definition
Polycystic Disease
Term
What are gametes?
Definition
collective term for sperm and egg
Term
Fertilization produces _______ cell called a __________.
Definition
1 zygote
Term
Collective term for testes and ovaries?
Definition
gonads
Term
Gonads produce ______________ and secrete _________ ______________.
Definition
gametes/sex hormones
Term
The testis contains compartments called? How many?
Definition
lobules/200-300
Term
Where is sperm formed?
Definition
seminiferous tubules
Term
Sperm formation is called?
Definition
spermatogenesis
Term
Seminiferous tubules contain sperm forming cells called? They become?
Definition
spermatocytes/sperm
Term
Cells that support sperm and secrete substances important to sperm formation?
Definition
nurse cells
Term
_________ ____________ are ______________ _______________cells between tubules secrete testosterone.
Definition
Leudig cells/interstitial cells
Term
Cell division to produce gametes is called?
Definition
meiosis
Term
Each spermatocyte undergoes ______________, forms ______ sperm, each with ____ chromosomes.
Definition
meiosis/4/23
Term
Describe what the sperm looks like and each part's role.
Definition
1. head- contains DNA and enzymes for penetrating egg
2. Midpiece- contains mitochondria to form ATP
3. Tail- flagellum to move
Term
In the male- gonadotropin is secreted by the? into the?
Definition
hypothalamus/anterior pituitary
Term
Male hormones- Anterior pituitary secretes?
Definition
FSH and LH
Term
Male hormones- FSH causes ________ _______ to secrete __________.
Definition
Sertoli cells/ABP
Term
Male hormones-LH causes __________ _________ to secret ____________.
Definition
interstitial fluid/testosterone
Term
Male hormones-ATP and testosterone stimulate ________________.
Definition
spermatogenesis
Term
Male hormones is controlled by ____________ feedback.
Definition
negative
Term
Semen is a mixture of?
Definition
sperm and seminal fluid
Term
Seminal fluid in sperm comes from?
Definition
60% seminal vesicles and 30% prostate
Term
Sperm contains?
Definition
nutrients, clotting proteins and an antibiotic to protect sperm
Term
How much volume is a typical ejaculation?
Definition
2.5 to 5 mL
Term
Normal sperm count?
Definition
50-150 million/mL
Term
An erection is a ______________ reflex.
Definition
parasympathetic
Term
What physically happens to cause an erection?
Definition
arterioles dilate->blood enters the penis compressing veins, penis engorged with blood
Term
Ejaculation is stimulated by the ______________ branch of the ANS.
Definition
sympathetic
Term
What are the jobs of estrogen?
Definition
growth and repair of uteran lining, regulation of monthly cycle, female sexual characteristics, maintenance of bones and muscles
Term
Potential egg cells are called? Egg cells are called? Process called?
Definition
oogonia/oocytes/Mitosis
Term
WHat are the stages of follicular development?
Definition
1. Primordial follicle
2. Primary follicle
3. Secondary follicle
4. Mature Follicle
Term
After ovulation, empty follicale becomes a?
Definition
corpus luteum
Term
The corpus luteum secretes?
Definition
progesterone
Term
White scare left after corpus luteum degenerates?
Definition
corpus albicans
Term
Up to 2 million oocytes are present at birth, 40,000 remain at puberty, but only about ______ mature in a woman's life?
Definition
400
Term
Steps in ovarian cycle.
Definition
1. growth of ovarian follicles.
2. matureation of oocyte
3. ovulation
4. growth of corpus luteum
5. secretion of hormones
Term
What hormone controls the female reproductive cycle?
Definition
GnRH
Term
Female Hormones- GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete?
Definition
FSH and LH
Term
Hormone that controls monthly changes in the ovary?
Definition
FSH and LH
Term
Hormone that controls menstrual cycle?
Definition
estrogen and progesterone
Term
Menstration phase is when?
Definition
first few days of a 28 day cycle
Term
Your menses is the endometrium discharging, caused by the decline in what hormone?
Definition
progesterone
Term
What are the phases of the uterine (menstrual) cycle?
Definition
1. Menstration
2. Proliferative
3. Secretory
Term
What happens during the proliferatory phase?
Definition
estrogen levels rise, endometrium grows
Term
WHat happens during secretory phase?
Definition
corpus luteum secretes progesterone, progesterone stimulates the endometrium to get thicker, increases blood supply there, growth of endometrial glands- endometrium is now able to support the embryo
Term
at the end of a woman's cycle, if there is no pregnancy, what happens?
Definition
higher levels of progesterone cause negative feedback, LH is inhibited, corpus luteum atrophies to corpus albicans, hormone levels decline, endometrium discharged
Term
LH normally maintains corpus luteum, but LH in pregnancy LH is inhibited by ______________ _______________ levels so therefore _____________ maintains it
Definition
high progesterone/HcG
Term
The corpus luteum secretes?
Definition
progesterone
Term
Sperm reaches the oocyte in the ___________ of the uterine tube.
Definition
ampulla
Term
Fertilization occurs how long after ovulation?
Definition
within 24 hours
Term
Zygote reaches the uterus about _______ days after ovulation.
Definition
4-7
Term
hCG stands for?
Definition
human chorionic gonadotropin
Term
__________ takes the place of __________ in maintaining the corpus luteum.
Definition
hCG/LH
Term
Corpus luteum degenerates in the __________ month of pregnancy.
Definition
3-4
Term
After the corpus luteum degenerates, what produces progesterone and estrogens and maintains the endometrium.
Definition
placenta
Term
Milk-secreting mammary glands are modified ___________ __________.
Definition
sweat glands
Term
Milk goes through the mammary ducts into ____________ _____________.
Definition
lactiferous sinuses
Term
______________ _____________ suspend breast from fascia of pectoral muscles.
Definition
Suspensory ligaments
Term
PRH stands for?
Definition
prolactin releasing hormone
Term
WHat secretes PRH?
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
PRH stimunlates anterior pituitary to secrete _____________.
Definition
prolactin
Term
WHat does prolactin do?
Definition
causes milk production and secretion from mammary glands
Term
Nursing stimulates _______________ to produce _____________.
Definition
hypothalamus/oxytocin
Term
Oxytocin is secreted from the?
Definition
posterior pituitary
Term
Absence of menstration due to hormone imbalance, extreme weight loss or low body fat
Definition
amenorrhea
Term
pain associated with menstration, severe enough to prevent normal functioning, uterine tumors, ovarian cysts, endometriosis
Definition
dysmenorrhea
Term
Excessive amount of duration or intermenstraul, fibroid tumors or hormonal imbalance
Definition
abnormal uterine bleeding
Term
What is a hysterectomy?
Definition
surgical removal of uterus
Term
Reasons for hysterectomy?
Definition
endometriosis, ovarian cysts, excessive bleeding, cancer of cervix, uterus or ovaries
Term
What is a complete hysterectomy?
Definition
removes uterus and cervix
Term
What is a radial hysterectomy?
Definition
removes uterus, tubes, ovaries, part of vagina, pelvic lymph nodes, and supporting ligaments
Term
Removal of prepuce? When?
Definition
circumcision/3-4 days after birth
Term
Why do they do circumcisions?
Definition
possibly lowers UTIs, cancer, and STDs
Term
Most common cancer in age group 20-35, begins as a problem with spermatogenic cells within the seminiferous tubules, sign is a mass within the testis.
Definition
testicular cancer
Term
2 inch long tunnel passing through the 3 muscles of the anterior abdominal wall.
Definition
inguinal canal
Term
loop of intestin protruding through deep ring
Definition
indirect hernia
Term
loop of intestine pushes through posterior wall of inguinal canal
Definition
direct hernia
Term
leading male cancer death
Definition
prostate cancer
Term
PSA stands for?
Definition
prostate specific antigen
Term
Growth of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus.
Definition
endometriosis
Term
2nd leading cause of cancer death in US 1 in 8 women affected.
Definition
breast cancer
Term
Most common cause of gynecological deaths excluding breast cancer. Difficult to detect before metastasizes.
Definition
ovarian cancer
Term
Starts as cervical dysplasia (change in shape, growth, and number of cells). Detected in Pap smear.
Definition
cervical cancer
Term
bacteria, asymptomatic, leads to sterility from scar tissue formation
Definition
chlamydia
Term
bacteria, discharge common, blindness if newborn is infected during delivery.
Definition
gonorrhea
Term
bacteria, painless sores, 2nd stage all organs involved, 3rd stage organ degeneration is apparent
Definition
syphilis
Term
virus, incurable, painful blisters
Definition
genital herpes
Term
More ADH means less _________.
Definition
urine
Term
True or False. The function of the glomerulus is tubular reabsorption.
Definition
False
Term
Tubular reabsorption enables the kidney to keep vital substances such as glucose,amino acids, vitamins and electrolytes by transporting them from the?
Definition
filtrate into the blood
Term
Which of the following is considered a urinary waste product?
(A) glucose
(B) sodium chloride
(C) urea
(D) water
Definition
(C) urea
Term
Turbid urine may be an indicator of a kidney infection.
(A) true
(B) false
Definition
(A) true
Term
65% of the filtrates water is recovered in the PCT by _________ reabsorption.
Definition
obligatory
Term
Which of the following are required for urine formation?
(A) glomerular filtration and tubular secretion only
(B) glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption only
(C) glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion
(D) tubular reabsorption only
(E) none of these
Definition
(C) glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion
Term
Which of the following statements about tubular reabsorption and secretion is correct?
(A) Tubular reabsorption adds materials to the filtrate from the blood; tubular secretion removes substances from the filtrate into the blood.
(B) Tubular reabsorption adds materials to the filtrate from the blood; tubular secretion also adds materials to the filtrate from the blood.
(C) Tubular reabsorption removes substances from the filtrate into the blood;tubular secretion adds materials to the filtrate from the blood.
(D) Tubular reabsorption removes substances from the filtrate into the blood;tubular secretion also removes substances from the filtrate into the blood.
Definition
(C) Tubular reabsorption removes substances from the filtrate into the blood;tubular secretion adds materials to the filtrate from the blood.
Term
The higher its specific gravity, the more dilute the urine.
(A) true
(B) false
Definition
(B) false
Term
Which tube transports filtrate down through the renal pyramid?
(A) urethra
(B) collecting duct
(C) glomerulus
(D) ureter
(E) none of these
Definition
(B) collecting duct
Term
The major calyx drains urine into a larger space called ____________.
Definition
the renal pelvis
Term
The bulbous structure that surrounds the glomerulus and receives filtrate from it is called the?
Definition
Bowman’s capsule
Term
Urine drains from the ureters into the?
Definition
urinary bladder
Term
Give the name of the part of the kidney that contains most parts of the nephrons.
Definition
cortex
Term
What is the direction of tubular secretion?
Definition
It goes from the blood to the filtrate.
Term
A substance that causes increased urination (water loss) is called a?
Definition
diuretic.
Term
Which major layer of the kidney contains the renal pyramids and columns?
Definition
medulla
Term
The testes are located in the scrotum because __________________.
Definition
sperm production requires the testes to be cooler than body
Term
Which of the following hormones stimulates the secretion of testosterone by
the interstitial cells of the testes?
Definition
(A) LH
Term
The neck of the human uterus is the __________________.
Definition
cervix
Term
Which of the following hormones stimulates milk ejection (milk letdown)?
Definition
oxytocin
Term
. The largest component of the seminal fluid is secreted by the ________________.
Definition
seminal vesicles
Term
The tube passing through the corpus spongiosum is the __________.
Definition
urethra
Term
Which follicle releases an egg (secondary oöcyte) during ovulation.
Definition
Graafian follicle
Term
After ovulation the follicle becomes a ___________________.
Definition
corpus luteum
Term
Which part of the uterus is discharged during menses (menstruation)?
Definition
functional layer of endometrium
Term
The seminiferous tubules and the interstitial cells are located in testicular
compartments called ______________________.
Definition
lobules
Term
At the base of the bladder, the male urethra is encircled by the
________________________.
Definition
prostate
Term
Ovulation occurs on approximately the ______ day of the menstrual cycle.
Definition
14th
Term
What stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH?
Definition
GnRH
Term
Which of the gonadotropic hormones acts on the supporting cells of the
seminiferous tubules to cause the secretion of ABP (Androgen Binding Protein)?
Definition
FSH
Term
What maintains the corpus luteum during the first part of pregnancy?
Definition
human chorionic gonadotropin
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