Shared Flashcard Set

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The Integument
Major Body Systems - Round One
89
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 2
04/17/2013

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Cards

Term
What are the six main functions of the skin?
Definition

- Protection

- Production

- Sensory

- Storage

- Thermoregulation

- Communication

Term
Define: Integument
Definition
The external covering of the body, which includes the Skin, Hair, Footpads and Claws
Term
Name three substances that are secreted directly onto the skins surface
Definition

Sebum

Sweat 

Milk

Pheromones

Term
What do nerve receptors in the skin detect?
Definition

- Temperature

- Pressure

- Touch

- Pain

- Pruritus

Term
How does the skin provide protection?
Definition
Physical - Protecting the internal structures from the external environment

Biological - Pigmented areas protect againest UV damage

Chemical - Sebaceous Glands secrete antiseptic sebum
Term
What does ultraviolet light convert, and what is the end production of the conversion?
Definition
UV Light converts 7-dihydrocholesterol into active Vitamin D
Term
Why is Vitamin D so important?
Definition
It increases the uptake and metabolism of dietary Calcium
Term
What is stored under the skin?
Definition
Fat is stored under the skin as a means of energy storage and to add a thermal insulating layer
Term
What factors effect the deposition of fat under the skin?
Definition
Age
Diet
Fitness
Environmental Temperatures
Term
If a animal is cold, how does the body warm itself back up?
Definition
Vasoconstriction - Diverting blood flow away from the surface of the skin

Erect hairs trapping a layer of insulating air
Term
If a animal is hot, how does the body cool itself down?
Definition
Vasodilitation - Diverting the blood to the surface of the skin

Panting
Term
How does the hair provide visual communication?
Definition
Hackles - the hairs down the spine rise to warn of possible aggression
Term
What causes pigmentation of the skin?
Definition
Melanocytes which produce Melanin
Term
What does Pigmentation provide?
Definition
Protection from the sun
Camouflage Protection
Individuality
Term
Where is the skin thickest?
Definition
Over the dorsal and lateral surfaces
Term
Where is the skin thinnest?
Definition
Over the Ventral and Medial limbs
Term
Name four cells which are found in the epidermis
Definition
Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Merkel Cells
Langerhan Cells
Term
What are the key features of Keratinocytes?
Definition
Tough
Fibrous
Contain keratin protein that is waterproof
Term
Where are Keratinocytes located?
Definition
The basement membrane of the epidermis
Term
Describe the process of Keratinisation
Definition
Keratinocytes are well nourised by the blood supply found in the underlying dermis, when these cells divide by mitosis, the daughter cells produced push the older cells towards the outer layers of the epidermis and away from the nutrient supply of the dermis.
Term
In keratinisation what happens when the older cells are travelling towards the superficial layer of the skin?
Definition
They fill with keratohyaline granules
Lose their nuclei, cytosol and organelles
Term
Where will you find Melanocytes?
Definition
The deepest epidermal layer
Term
Within Melanocytes where is Melanin found?
Definition
In the membrane bound granules called melanosomes
Term
Where are Langerhan Cells produced and where do they migrate to?
Definition
They are produced in the bone marrow and they migrate to the epidermis of the skin
Term
Where can you find Merkel Cells?
Definition
They are found in small numbers at the epidermal-dermal junction
Term
What are the five layers of the epidermis?
Definition
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Germinativum
Stratified Squamous epithelium
Term
What is happening to the cells in the Startum Germinativum layer of the epidermis?
Definition
The cells are dividing rapidly to replace the ones being shed
Term
What is happening to the cells in the Startum Granulosum layer of the epidermis?
Definition
The cells have started to flatten and keratinisation has begun.
Term
What is happening to the cells in the Startum Luciderm layer of the epidermis?
Definition
The cells begin to lose their nuclei
Term
What is happening to the cells in the Startum Corneum layer of the epidermis?
Definition
The cells are dead and have no nucleus
Term
What is the Dermis made up of?
Definition
Fibrous and Elastic Connective Tissue
Term
What is contained withing the Dermis?
Definition
Blood and Lymph Vessels
Sensory Nerve Recptors
Hair Follicles
Glands
Muscles
Immune Cells
Term
What are the two layers of the Dermis?
Definition
The Papillary Layer
The Reticular Layer
Term
What is the other name for the Hypodermis?
Definition
The Subcutis
Term
What does the Hypodermis consist of?
Definition
Loose Areolar tissue (Fat)
Term
Name additional structures with form part of the integument?
Definition
Hair
Claws
Feathers
Beaks
Horns
Antlers
Hooves
Foot Pads
Spines
Term
Name some modified skin structures
Definition
Nasal Skin
Scrotal skin
Ear canal
Footpads
Claw
Hair
Term
What is the rostal part of the nose called in cats, sheep, pigs and dogs?
Definition
Planum Nasale
Term
What is the rostal part of the nose called in the cow and horse?
Definition
Planum Nasobiale
Term
What is the Rhinarium covered by?
Definition
Thickened, Hairless and Pigmented skin
Term
The Rhinarium has a unique patter like a finger print, true or false?
Definition
True
Term
What are the functions of the footpads?
Definition
To protect the underlying joints
Term
What are the footpads covered by?
Definition
Thick, Pigmented, Keratinised, Hairless Epidermis
Term
What is different about the dermis in footpads
Definition
They are thickened and contain fatty tissue to make the digital cushion, which is very vascular
Term
Where do claws grow from?
Definition
The coronary border
Term
Where will you find the coronary border?
Definition
Underneath the claw fold
Term
What does a claw consist of?
Definition
Two hard laterally compressed walls with a ventral wall between them, which is filled with the sole
Term
Where does the quick lay and what is contained within it?
Definition
It lies at the base of the claw and contains blood capillaries and nerve fibres
Term
What is the term used when breeds have double dew claws?
Definition
Polydactyly
Term
What controls the growth of hair?
Definition
The environment
Nutrition
Hormones
Term
Where does hair emerge from on the surface of the skin?
Definition
The skin is covered in scale like folds, the hair emerges from between the scales
Term
How many hairs is there usually per scale?
Definition
3
Term
Where does hair grow from?
Definition
A hair follicle which develops from the epidermal cells
Term
What forms around the dermal papilla?
Definition
A hair cone
Term
What happens as the hair grows up through the skin layers?
Definition
The cells at the point of the cone die
Term
What forms when the cells at the point of the hair cone die?
Definition
A hair follicle is formed
Term
When does hair stop growing?
Definition
When the hair becomes detached from the follicle
Term
What are the three layers which make up the hair follicle wall?
Definition
Internal epithelial root sheath
Outer epithelial root sheath
Dermal/connective tissue root sheath
Term
What are the three types of hair?
Definition
Guard Hairs
Wool Hairs
Vibrissae
Term
How is hair formed?
Definition
Hair is formedin concentric circles, the innermost layer is called the medulla and the cortex surrounds the medulla, a single layer of cells which come from the papilla form the hair structure known as the cuticle
Term
What are the qualities of Guard Hairs?
Definition
Thick, Long and Stiff
Term
What do Guard Hairs form?
Definition
The outer protective coat
Term
The Guard Hairs lie close to the skin, true or false?
Definition
True
Term
How many guard hairs grow from each follicle?
Definition
One
Term
How do the guard hair get raised?
Definition
By the strand of smooth muscle called the arrector pili muscle
Term
What are the qualities of Wool Hairs?
Definition
Thin, Soft, Short and Numerous
Term
What do they provide to the animal?
Definition
A insulating layer
Term
When do dogs moult the most heavily?
Definition
Spring and Autumn
Term
When do cats moult the most heavily?
Definition
Spring
Term
When do horse moult the most heavily?
Definition
Spring
Term
What are the four stages of hair growth?
Definition
Anagen
Catgen
Telogen
Return to Anagen
Term
What are Vibrissae?
Definition
Tactile Hairs- Whiskers and Cila
Term
What are the qualities of Vibrissae?
Definition
Long, Single, Thick, Sensory Functions
Term
Where do Vibrissae orginate from?
Definition
Follicles deep in the epidermis
Term
What do Sebaceous Glands produce?
Definition
Sebum
Term
What is the function of Sebum?
Definition
Forms a thin waterproof layer over the skin
Helps control bacterial growth
Term
Where are sebaceous glands found?
Definition
In the Dermis
Term
What are sudoriferous glands otherwise known as?
Definition
Sweat Glands
Term
Sudoriferous Glands are coiled glands, true or false?
Definition
True
Term
What are the two types of Sudoriferous Gland?
Definition
Eccrine Sweat Glands
Apocrine Sweat Glands
Term
Where are Aprocrine Sweat Glands found and what do they produce?
Definition
They are located in the ear canal and they produce cerumen (ear wax)
Term
Mammary Glands are modified sweat glands, true or false?
Definition
True
Term
How may teats does a bitch usually have?
Definition
5 pairs
Term
How may teats does a Queen usually have?
Definition
4 pairs
Term
Which modified sweat glands located in the external ear canal secrete cerumen (ear wax)?
Definition
Ceruminous Glands
Term
Which glands are modified Sebaceous Glands, and produce pheromones and pungent discharge?
Definition
Anal Glands and Circumanal Glands
Term
Where are the circumoral glands located?
Definition
On the lips of a cat
Term
Where are meibomian glands found
Definition
They are found in the eyes
Term
Where do the meibomian glands open onto and what do they produce?
Definition
They open on the inside of the eyelid and produce a fatty component of the tear film for lubrication
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