Term
| What are the six main functions of the skin? |
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Definition
- Protection
- Production
- Sensory
- Storage
- Thermoregulation
- Communication |
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Term
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Definition
| The external covering of the body, which includes the Skin, Hair, Footpads and Claws |
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Term
| Name three substances that are secreted directly onto the skins surface |
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Definition
Sebum
SweatÂ
Milk
Pheromones |
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Term
| What do nerve receptors in the skin detect? |
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Definition
- Temperature
- Pressure
- Touch
- Pain
- Pruritus |
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Term
| How does the skin provide protection? |
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Definition
Physical - Protecting the internal structures from the external environment
Biological - Pigmented areas protect againest UV damage
Chemical - Sebaceous Glands secrete antiseptic sebum |
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Term
| What does ultraviolet light convert, and what is the end production of the conversion? |
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Definition
| UV Light converts 7-dihydrocholesterol into active Vitamin D |
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Term
| Why is Vitamin D so important? |
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Definition
| It increases the uptake and metabolism of dietary Calcium |
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Term
| What is stored under the skin? |
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Definition
| Fat is stored under the skin as a means of energy storage and to add a thermal insulating layer |
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Term
| What factors effect the deposition of fat under the skin? |
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Definition
Age
Diet
Fitness
Environmental Temperatures |
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Term
| If a animal is cold, how does the body warm itself back up? |
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Definition
Vasoconstriction - Diverting blood flow away from the surface of the skin
Erect hairs trapping a layer of insulating air |
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Term
| If a animal is hot, how does the body cool itself down? |
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Definition
Vasodilitation - Diverting the blood to the surface of the skin
Panting |
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Term
| How does the hair provide visual communication? |
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Definition
| Hackles - the hairs down the spine rise to warn of possible aggression |
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Term
| What causes pigmentation of the skin? |
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Definition
| Melanocytes which produce Melanin |
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Term
| What does Pigmentation provide? |
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Definition
Protection from the sun
Camouflage Protection
Individuality |
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Term
| Where is the skin thickest? |
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Definition
| Over the dorsal and lateral surfaces |
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Term
| Where is the skin thinnest? |
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Definition
| Over the Ventral and Medial limbs |
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Term
| Name four cells which are found in the epidermis |
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Definition
Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Merkel Cells
Langerhan Cells |
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Term
| What are the key features of Keratinocytes? |
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Definition
Tough
Fibrous
Contain keratin protein that is waterproof |
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Term
| Where are Keratinocytes located? |
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Definition
| The basement membrane of the epidermis |
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Term
| Describe the process of Keratinisation |
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Definition
| Keratinocytes are well nourised by the blood supply found in the underlying dermis, when these cells divide by mitosis, the daughter cells produced push the older cells towards the outer layers of the epidermis and away from the nutrient supply of the dermis. |
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Term
| In keratinisation what happens when the older cells are travelling towards the superficial layer of the skin? |
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Definition
They fill with keratohyaline granules
Lose their nuclei, cytosol and organelles |
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Term
| Where will you find Melanocytes? |
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Definition
| The deepest epidermal layer |
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Term
| Within Melanocytes where is Melanin found? |
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Definition
| In the membrane bound granules called melanosomes |
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Term
| Where are Langerhan Cells produced and where do they migrate to? |
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Definition
| They are produced in the bone marrow and they migrate to the epidermis of the skin |
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Term
| Where can you find Merkel Cells? |
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Definition
| They are found in small numbers at the epidermal-dermal junction |
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Term
| What are the five layers of the epidermis? |
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Definition
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Germinativum
Stratified Squamous epithelium |
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Term
| What is happening to the cells in the Startum Germinativum layer of the epidermis? |
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Definition
| The cells are dividing rapidly to replace the ones being shed |
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Term
| What is happening to the cells in the Startum Granulosum layer of the epidermis? |
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Definition
| The cells have started to flatten and keratinisation has begun. |
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Term
| What is happening to the cells in the Startum Luciderm layer of the epidermis? |
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Definition
| The cells begin to lose their nuclei |
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Term
| What is happening to the cells in the Startum Corneum layer of the epidermis? |
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Definition
| The cells are dead and have no nucleus |
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Term
| What is the Dermis made up of? |
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Definition
| Fibrous and Elastic Connective Tissue |
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Term
| What is contained withing the Dermis? |
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Definition
Blood and Lymph Vessels
Sensory Nerve Recptors
Hair Follicles
Glands
Muscles
Immune Cells |
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Term
| What are the two layers of the Dermis? |
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Definition
The Papillary Layer
The Reticular Layer |
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Term
| What is the other name for the Hypodermis? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does the Hypodermis consist of? |
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Definition
| Loose Areolar tissue (Fat) |
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Term
| Name additional structures with form part of the integument? |
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Definition
Hair
Claws
Feathers
Beaks
Horns
Antlers
Hooves
Foot Pads
Spines |
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Term
| Name some modified skin structures |
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Definition
Nasal Skin
Scrotal skin
Ear canal
Footpads
Claw
Hair |
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Term
| What is the rostal part of the nose called in cats, sheep, pigs and dogs? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the rostal part of the nose called in the cow and horse? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Rhinarium covered by? |
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Definition
| Thickened, Hairless and Pigmented skin |
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Term
| The Rhinarium has a unique patter like a finger print, true or false? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the functions of the footpads? |
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Definition
| To protect the underlying joints |
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Term
| What are the footpads covered by? |
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Definition
| Thick, Pigmented, Keratinised, Hairless Epidermis |
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Term
| What is different about the dermis in footpads |
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Definition
| They are thickened and contain fatty tissue to make the digital cushion, which is very vascular |
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|
Term
| Where do claws grow from? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Where will you find the coronary border? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a claw consist of? |
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Definition
| Two hard laterally compressed walls with a ventral wall between them, which is filled with the sole |
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Term
| Where does the quick lay and what is contained within it? |
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Definition
| It lies at the base of the claw and contains blood capillaries and nerve fibres |
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Term
| What is the term used when breeds have double dew claws? |
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Definition
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Term
| What controls the growth of hair? |
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Definition
The environment
Nutrition
Hormones |
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Term
| Where does hair emerge from on the surface of the skin? |
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Definition
| The skin is covered in scale like folds, the hair emerges from between the scales |
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|
Term
| How many hairs is there usually per scale? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does hair grow from? |
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Definition
| A hair follicle which develops from the epidermal cells |
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Term
| What forms around the dermal papilla? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What happens as the hair grows up through the skin layers? |
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Definition
| The cells at the point of the cone die |
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Term
| What forms when the cells at the point of the hair cone die? |
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Definition
| A hair follicle is formed |
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|
Term
| When does hair stop growing? |
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Definition
| When the hair becomes detached from the follicle |
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Term
| What are the three layers which make up the hair follicle wall? |
|
Definition
Internal epithelial root sheath
Outer epithelial root sheath
Dermal/connective tissue root sheath |
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|
Term
| What are the three types of hair? |
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Definition
Guard Hairs
Wool Hairs
Vibrissae |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Hair is formedin concentric circles, the innermost layer is called the medulla and the cortex surrounds the medulla, a single layer of cells which come from the papilla form the hair structure known as the cuticle |
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|
Term
| What are the qualities of Guard Hairs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do Guard Hairs form? |
|
Definition
| The outer protective coat |
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|
Term
| The Guard Hairs lie close to the skin, true or false? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many guard hairs grow from each follicle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do the guard hair get raised? |
|
Definition
| By the strand of smooth muscle called the arrector pili muscle |
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|
Term
| What are the qualities of Wool Hairs? |
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Definition
| Thin, Soft, Short and Numerous |
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|
Term
| What do they provide to the animal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do dogs moult the most heavily? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| When do cats moult the most heavily? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do horse moult the most heavily? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four stages of hair growth? |
|
Definition
Anagen
Catgen
Telogen
Return to Anagen |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Tactile Hairs- Whiskers and Cila |
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|
Term
| What are the qualities of Vibrissae? |
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Definition
| Long, Single, Thick, Sensory Functions |
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|
Term
| Where do Vibrissae orginate from? |
|
Definition
| Follicles deep in the epidermis |
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|
Term
| What do Sebaceous Glands produce? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Sebum? |
|
Definition
Forms a thin waterproof layer over the skin
Helps control bacterial growth |
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|
Term
| Where are sebaceous glands found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are sudoriferous glands otherwise known as? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Sudoriferous Glands are coiled glands, true or false? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of Sudoriferous Gland? |
|
Definition
Eccrine Sweat Glands
Apocrine Sweat Glands |
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Term
| Where are Aprocrine Sweat Glands found and what do they produce? |
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Definition
| They are located in the ear canal and they produce cerumen (ear wax) |
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|
Term
| Mammary Glands are modified sweat glands, true or false? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How may teats does a bitch usually have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How may teats does a Queen usually have? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which modified sweat glands located in the external ear canal secrete cerumen (ear wax)? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which glands are modified Sebaceous Glands, and produce pheromones and pungent discharge? |
|
Definition
| Anal Glands and Circumanal Glands |
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|
Term
| Where are the circumoral glands located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are meibomian glands found |
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Definition
| They are found in the eyes |
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|
Term
| Where do the meibomian glands open onto and what do they produce? |
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Definition
| They open on the inside of the eyelid and produce a fatty component of the tear film for lubrication |
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