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Animal Nutrition
flash cards to study topics from Animal Nutrition, AVS 305
227
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 3
09/29/2013

Additional Veterinary Medicine Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Major Minerals
Definition

Calcium

Phosphorus

Magnesium

Sodium

Chloride

Potassium

Term

Iron

Copper

Iodine

Selenium

Chromium

Maganese

Molybdenum

Zinc

Fluoride

Cobalt

Definition
Term
Function of Ca
Definition

Bone Structure

Nerve Function

Blood Clotting

Muscle Contraction

Cellular Metabolism

Term
Function of Phosphorus
Definition

Phospholipids

Component of DNA & RNA & ATP

Protein Synthesis

Energy Metabolism

Maintenance of blood pH

Forms of hydroxyapatite

Term
Function of Sodium
Definition

Acid-Base and Osmotic balance of body fluids

Major Cation of extracellular fluid

Term
Function of Sodium and Chloride
Definition

Electrolytes

Fluid Balance

 

Term
Function of Chloride
Definition

HCl production

Removal of Carbon Dioxide

Immune Function

Term
Chlorine
Definition

Acid-base & Osmotic regulation

HCl and chloride salts in gastric secretions

Term
Sulfur
Definition
Component of Amino Acids
Term
Functions of Magnesium
Definition

Associated with Ca and P

70% of Mg in skeleton

Enzyme activation

Term
Function of Potassium
Definition

Regulation of osmotic and acid-base balance

Major cation of intracellular fluid

cofactor for several reactions in carbohydrates metabolism

Term
Function of Potassium
Definition

Electrolyte

Maintains fluid balance

Muscle function

Nerve function

Energy Metabolism

Term
Function of Iron
Definition

Oxygen transport via hemoglobin

Essential component of many enzymes

Immune function

Brain function

Term
Function of Copper
Definition

Cofactor for metalloenzymes in redox reactions

Essential for normal absorption, transport and mobilization of iron and hemoglobin synthesis

Integral component of many enzymes

Term
Function of Iodine
Definition

Essential for thyroid hormones

Regulates energy metabolism, growth, development

Term
Function of Selenium
Definition
Protects cells from autooxidative damage
Term
Function of Chromium
Definition

Regulates insulin

Growth and development

Ergogenic aid

Term
Function of Manganese
Definition

Cofactor for metalloenzymes

Energy metabolism

Cofactor for superoxide dismutase

Term
Function of Molybdenum
Definition

Redox reactions

Cofactor for several enzymes

detoxifying drugs in liver

Term
Function of Zinc
Definition

Cofactor in RNA synthesis

Stabilizes proteins that regulate gene expression

Antioxidant

Stabilizes cell membranes

Term
Function of Fluoride
Definition

Part of bone and teeth matrix

Stimulates maturation of osteoblasts

Can decrease bacteria in mouth

Term
Function of Cobalt and B12
Definition

Essential coenzyme for propionate metabolism

DNA synthesis

Bacterial Synthesis of methionine

Term
Fat Soluble Vitamins
Definition

A

D2

D3

E

K

Term
Water Soluble Vitamins
Definition

B complex

B1

B2

B3

B5

B6

B7

B12

C

Term

Function of Thiamin (B1)

 

 

Definition

ATP production

Synthesis of DNA and RNA

Noncoenzyme Roles (Neurotransmitter production)

Term
Function of Riboflavin
Definition

Coenzyme!

Energy Metabolism

Redox reaction

Formation of ATP, water, carbon dioxide

B-oxidation

Converts vitamin A & folate to active forms, typtophan to niacin

Forms vitamin B6 & K

Term
Function of Niacin
Definition

Conenzyme catalyze redox reaction related to energy metabolism

Synthesize fatty acids, cholesterol, steroid hormones, & DNA

Metabolizes vitamin C & folate

Term
Function of Pantothenic Acid
Definition

Use of glucose, amino acids, & fatty acids for ATP production

Synthesizes:

          1. heme
          2. cholesterol
          3. bile salts
          4. phospholipids
          5. fatty acids
          6. steroid hormones
Term
Function of Vitamin B6
Definition

PLP coenzyme to metabolism

Synthesis of nonessential amino acids

Produces non-protein substances

Term
Functions of Biotin
Definition

Catalyzes carboxylation reactions

Use of Amino Acids & Fatty Acids in citric acid cycle for synthesis of fatty acids

Gene expression

Term
Function of Folate
Definition

Normal growth & development

Purines & Pyrimidines

Coenzyme invovled in transfer of single-carbon groups to form organic substances

Term
Function of Vitamin B12
Definition

Coenzyme that catalyzes

        1. Production of succinyl Coa
        2. Conversion of homocysteine to methionine
Term
Function of Vitamin C
Definition

Antioxidant

Accepts & donates electrons

Involved in a variety of redox reactions

Term
Function of Choline
Definition

Synthesizes phospholipids & acetylcholine

Componnent of cell membranes & lipoproteins

Muscle control

Structural role (phospholipids)

Metabolic reactions

Term
Function of Carnitine
Definition
Assists fatty acids to cross membranes
Term
Functions of Vitamin A
Definition

Cell differentiation

Maintaining healthy immune system

Building strong bones

Vision

Term
Function of Carotenoids
Definition
Influences immune system
Term
Functions of Vitamin D
Definition

Regulation of 

        1. Blood calcium concentration
        2. Gene expression
        3. Cell differentiation
Term
Vitamin E helps with what diseases?
Definition

Cancer

Cataracts

Heart Disease

Term
Vitamin K binds...
Definition
Calcium
Term
Proteins are made out of
Definition
Amino Acids
Term
Amino Acid Basic structure is...
Definition
[image]
Term
Proteins are classified based on..
Definition
Number of Amino Acids
Term
Essential Amino Acids
Definition
Indispensable amino acids
Term
Nonessential Amino Acids
Definition
Dispensable Amino Acids
Term
Define Essential Amino acid
Definition

One that the body is unable to make or can't make in adequate quantities

Must be consumed in diet

Term
Define Nonessential Amino Acids
Definition

Ones that the body can make in large enough quantities

Not necessary to consume in the diet

Term
Define conditionally essential Amino Acids
Definition
One that can become essential in certain physiological conditions
Term
Main food sources of essential amino acids
Definition

Meat

Poultry

Fish

Eggs

Dairy

Legumes

Nuts

Soy

Term
Define Complete Proteins
Definition
Contain adequate amounts of all essential amino acids
Term
Define Incomplete Proteins
Definition
Low amounts of 1 or more essential amino acids
Term
Define High-quality Protein Source
Definition

Complete protein & protein is bioavaible

(Animal Sources!)

Term
Define Low-quality protein source
Definition

Incomplete proteins &/or protein is not bioavailable

(plant sources!) 

(Legumes are the exception)

Term
What are the three steps of Protein Synthesis?
Definition
        1. Cell Signaling
        2. Transcription
        3. Translation
Term
Describe Cell Signaling
Definition

Cell receives a signal that tells it to make up a protein

Up-regulation: "turning on" protein-synthesis

Down-regulation: "turning off"

Term
Describe Transcription
Definition
Process by which mRNA (messenger RNA) is made using DNA as a template
Term
Describe Translation
Definition

Process by which amino acids are linked together via peptide bonds on ribosomes

Uses mRNA & tRNA (transfer RNA)

Term
What is the primary structure of Proteins
Definition
Number & sequence of amino acids in single polypetide chain
Term
Protein synthesis cannot proceed without
Definition
An adequate supply of all amino acids
Term
Why is the primary structure of a protein important?
Definition

Critical to proteins' function

Determines chemical and physical characteristics

Term
Define secondary structure of Protein
Definition
Folding of a protein because of hydrogen bonds that form between elements of the amino acid back bone
Term
What are the common patterns of a protein's secondary structure?
Definition

a-helix

b-folded sheet

Term
Define a protein's tertiary structure
Definition
Three dimensional folding and coiling of polypetide into globular 3-D structure
Term
Define Quaternary Structure of protein
Definition

Interactive folding of several polypetide chains together to form a "single" function protein

A protein's final shape

Term
What are disease of improper protein folding?
Definition

Amyloidoses (Prions)

        • Alzheimer & Creutzfeldt-Jakob

Cystic fibrosis

Sickle cell anemia

cancers

Term
What are disease of improper protein folding?
Definition

Amyloidoses (Prions)

        • Alzheimer & Creutzfeldt-Jakob

Cystic fibrosis

Sickle cell anemia

cancers

Term
What determines a proteins nutritional value?
Definition
It's primary structure (i.e amino acid composition)
Term
What are the main biological functions of proteins?
Definition

Principal organic chemical constituents of body organs and soft tissues

Immune factors (antibodies)

Fluid balance

Acid-base balance

Transport

Source of energy and glucose

Term
What are the three main structural proteins?
Definition

Collagen (bone and skin)

Keratin (hair and nails)

Motor Proteins (make muscles work!)

Term
Define Enzymes
Definition

Proteins that catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions w/o being used up or destroyed in the process

Anabolic (putting things together) and catabolic (breaking things down) functions

Term
Define Hormones
Definition
Chemical messengers that are made in one part of the body but act on cells in other parts of the body
Term
Define Antibodies
Definition
Proteins that attack and inactivate bacteria and viruses that cause infection
Term
Describe Fluid Balance
Definition
When proteins in the blood help maintain appropriate fluid levels n the vascular system.
Term
Define Transport Proteins
Definition

Proteins that transport substances in the blood

 

Lipoproteins transport lipids

 

Hemoglobin transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

 

Can also transport materials across cell membranes

Term
When are proteins a source of energy?
Definition
Proteins are the last to be used for energy, occurs in starvation and low carbohydrate diets
Term
Define Lipids
Definition
Organic substances that are relatively insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents
Term
What's the difference between fats and oils
Definition

Fats are solid at room temperature

 

Oils are liquid at room temperature

Term
Monoglycerides are...
Definition
Lipids made of a glycerol bonded to 1 fatty acid
Term
Diglycerides are..
Definition
Lipids made of a glycerol and 2 fatty acids
Term
Triglycerides are..
Definition
Lipids made of a glycerol bonded to 3 fatty acids
Term
What are the functions of Mono-,Di- and Triglycerides?
Definition
Source of energy (ATP), insulation, and protection
Term
All glycerol molecules are connected to fatty acids by..
Definition
An ester linkage
Term
Functions of Triglycerides
Definition

Provide essential fatty acids for body functions

 

Energy Production

 

Insulation

 

Protection

Term
1 gram of fatty acids yields..
Definition
9 kcal
Term
Define lipolysis
Definition
Breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids & glycerol
Term
What stimulates lipolysis
Definition

Low levels of insulin during hypoglycemia

 

Exercise

 

Physiological Stress

Term
Define Ketogenesis
Definition

Occurs when body's supply of glucose becomes limited

 

Creates ketones

 

C=O

Term
Ketones that are produced are..
Definition

Used by the brain, heart, skeletal muscle, and kidneys

 

Spares protein

Term
Define Adipocyte
Definition
Specialized cell that is apart of adipose tissue
Term
Subcutaneous adipose tissue...
Definition
is found directly under the skin
Term
Visceral Adipose tissue...
Definition
surrounds the vital organs
Term
Describe the process of synthesis of fatty acids & triglycerides
Definition
An excess of energy makes insulin stimulate the triglyceride storage which starts lipogenesis
Term
Function of Adipose Tissue
Definition

Insulates body

 

Protects internal organs

Term
Fatty acid consists of...
Definition

Chain of carbon atoms

 

Double bonds

 

 

Term
A short-chain fatty acid...
Definition
has less than 8 carbons
Term
A medium chain fatty acid
Definition
Has 8 to 12 carbons
Term
A long chain fatty acid...
Definition
Has more than 12 carbons
Term
The length of a fatty acid chain affects
Definition

Chemical properties

(long chains are solid at room temp. and are more stable than short chains)

 

Solubility in water

(short chains are more soluble)

Term
Define a Saturated Fatty Acid
Definition
Has zero double bonds, only single carbon-carbon bonds
Term
Define an Unsaturated fatty acid
Definition
A fatty acid with double bonds
Term
Define a monounsaturated fatty acid
Definition
Has only one double bond
Term
Define a Polyunsaturated
Definition
Has more than 2 double bonds
Term
What are the two fatty acid nomenclatures?
Definition
    1. Alpha (a)
      • Based on positions & types of double bonds relative to the carboxylic (a) end of the fatty acid
    2. Omega (w)
      • Fatty acids categorized into groups based on where the first double bond is located relative to methyl (w) end
Term
What does the number of double bonds in a fatty acid influence?
Definition

The physical nature of a fatty acid

 

The melting point lowers

Term
Define a CIS fatty acid
Definition
A CIS double bond is when the hydrogen atoms are positioned on the same side of the double bond
Term
Define a Trans fatty acid
Definition
A trans double bond is where the hydrogen atoms are on opposite sides of the double bond
Term
Define a Omega-3 fatty acid
Definition
First double bond is between the 3rd and 4th carbons from the W end
Term
Define Omega-6 fatty acids
Definition
First double bond is between the 6th and 7th carbons from the W end
Term
Essential Fatty Acids...
Definition
are not produced in the body
Term
Functions of Essential Fatty Acids
Definition

Substrates to make Eicosanoids (signaling molecules)

 

Inflammation

 

Dilation of blood vessels

Term
When do fatty acids become conditionally essential fatty acids?
Definition

During Infancy

 

To Improve Reproduction

Term
Describe a Linoleic Acid
Definition

cis-9, cis-12 18:2

 

18 carbons, 2 cis double bonds, w-6 fatty acid

Makes arachidonic acid

Term
Describe Linolenic acid
Definition

cis-9, cis-12, cis-15 18:3

 

18 carbons, 3 cis double bonds, w-3 fatty acid

 

 

Term
What are food sources for Linoleic acid
Definition
Nuts and seeds
Term
What are Linolenic acid food sources
Definition
Oils (soybean, safflower, corn, flaxseed)
Term
What are food sources of longer-chain fatty acid sources
Definition

EPA & DHA (Fish oil, fatty fish and seafood)

 

Arachidonic acid ( variety of plant and animal foods)

Term
Signs of essential fatty acid deficiency
Definition
      1. Irritated & flaky skin
      2. Gastrointestinal problems
      3. Compromised immune system
      4. Slow growth for children
Term
Food sources for Trans Fatty Acids
Definition
      1. Shortening
      2. Margarine
      3. Crackers
      4. Pastries
      5. Bakery Products
Term
Describe Phospholipids
Definition

A major components of cell membranes

 

Play roles in digestion, absorption, transport of lipids, cellular metabolism

 

Act as biologically active compounds

 

Amphipathic (contains both polar and non polar portions)

Term
Sources of Phospholipids:
Definition
Found naturally in most foods
Term
Define Sterols
Definition

Lipid with distinctive multiring structure 

 

Cholesterol

Term
Define Sterol ester
Definition
Chemical compound of a sterol molecule bonded to a fatty acid via ester linkage
Term
Describe Cholesterol
Definition

Sterol found in animal foods and made in body

 

Substrate for the synthesis of bile acids and steroids

 

Component of cell membranes

Term
Describe Cholesteryl Ester
Definition

Sterol made of a cholesterol molecule bonded to a fatty acid

 

Component of cell membranes

Term
Cholesterol is made from...
Definition
glucose + fatty acids
Term

True or False:

 

water is the most abundant molecule in the body

Definition
True
Term
Is water a macro or micro nutrient?
Definition
macro-nutrient
Term
What percent of body water loss will cause death?
Definition
10-15%
Term
Functions of water
Definition

Chemical reactions

 

Temp control

 

Protection

 

Solvent

 

Lubricant

Term
Define Hydrolysis
Definition
Chemical bonds in a molecule are broken by addition of water molecule
Term
Define Condensation
Definition
Chemical reactions that produce water
Term
Define specific heat
Definition
Amount of energy it takes to increase temp of 1 gram of substance to 1 degree C
Term
When is water a solvent?
Definition

Blood,

Saliva,

GI secretions

Term
When is water a transport medium?
Definition

When it delievers nutrients,

 

When it removes wastes

Term
When is water a lubricant?
Definition

Digestive juices,

 

mucus,

 

sweat,

 

reproductive fluids

Term
When is water a protector?
Definition

Eyes,

 

Spinal cord,

 

Uterus

Term
What are factors that affect body water?
Definition

Genotype

 

Age

 

Enviromental factors

 

Feed quality and quantity

 

Physiological state

Term
Total body water content is _____ related to body fat content
Definition
Inversely related
Term
Water content of lean body tissues is relatively constant at
Definition
70-75%
Term
30-40% of total body water is in...
Definition
extracellular fluid
Term
60-70% of total body water is...
Definition
in intracellular fluid
Term
Describe Osmosis
Definition

Form of simple diffusion

 

Semipermeable membrane allows passive movement of water, but not ions

Term
Define Isotonic (in terms of body osmotic pressure)
Definition
300 mOs/liter is standard for blood, cells and interstitial fluid
Term
Define Hypertonic
Definition

>310 mOs/liter 

 

Red blood cells will shrink

Term
Define Hypotonic
Definition

<280 mOs/liter

 

red blood cells will swell and burst

Term
Body water turnover is __________  related to body water content
Definition
directly related
Term
Sources of body water
Definition

Free drinking water

 

In or on feed (dry vs. wet feeds)

 

Metabolic water from nutrient oxidation

Term
Water Losses in the body
Definition

Urine

 

Feces

 

Evaporation (lungs during respiration, sweat from the skin)

 

Physiological state (pregnancy and lactation)

Term
Factors that affect water requirements
Definition

Dry matter intake

 

Physiological state

 

Ambient temp

 

Genotype

Term
Most abundant salts in saline water
Definition

Na with Ca and Mg

 

Carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides and sulfates (sulfates more harmful than chlorides)

Term
Dehydration decreases
Definition
      1. Cognitive function
      2. Motor control & ability to do aerobic exercise
      3. Short- & Long-term memory
      4. Attention span
      5. Ability to maintain core temp
Term
Dehydration increases
Definition
      1. Urinary tract infections
      2. fatigue
Term
Describe Carbohydrates
Definition

Diverse group of compounds produced mainly by plants

 

Made up of varying number of sugar units

Term
Carbohydrates provide __ k/cal per gram
Definition
4
Term
What are the roles of carbohydrates?
Definition

Energy

 

DNA & RNA framework

 

Structure

 

Linked to proteins or lipids

Term
What are the two simple carbohydrates?
Definition
Monosacharrides and Disaccharides
Term
What are two complex carbohydrates?
Definition
Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides
Term
Describe monosaccharides
Definition

Single-sugar units that consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in the ration 1:2:1

 

Cylic or ring structures

 

About 70 known monosaccharides

Term
Describe Photosynthesis
Definition
Enables chlorophyll-containing plants to combine carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight to produce glucose
Term
Describe Glucose
Definition

"Blood Sugar"

 

Most abundant monosaccharide in body

 

Provides a source of energy (ATP) to cells

 

Synthesizes other compounds in body

Term
Describe Fructose
Definition

AKA Levulose

 

Naturally occuring monosaccharide found in honey, fruits & vegetables

 

Sweetest monosaccharide

Term
Describe Galactose
Definition

Contained in few foods in it's free state

 

Couples with glucose to make lactose

 

Converted to glucose to use for energy

Term
Describe Disaccharides
Definition

Consist of 2 monosaccharides bonded together

 

Contain glycosidic bonds

Term
Describe Lactose
Definition

Glucose + Galactose

 

Source: milk

Term
Describe sucrose
Definition

Glucose + Fructose

 

Source: sugar cane and table sugar

 

Term
Describe Maltose
Definition

Glucose + Glucose

 

Source: beer and infant formula

Term
Define Oligosaccharides
Definition
3-10 monosaccharides
Term
True or False: Humans have the enzymes to digest Oligosaccharides?
Definition

False,

Causes bloating, cramps and gas

Term
Define Polysaccharides
Definition

> or = 10 monosaccharides

 

Most are made up of hundreds of monosaccharides

Term
Describe Starch
Definition
Plant polysaccharide for glucose storage
Term
Describe Glycogen
Definition

Animal polysaccharide for glucose storage

 

Found in the liver and skeletal muscle

Term
Why does Glycogen have so many branching points?
Definition
Allows rapid breakdown for glucose to be released
Term
Define Dietary Fiber
Definition
Group of plant polysaccharides that are not digested/absorbed by the human small intestine but are broken apart by bacterial cellulases to yield glucose
Term
What are the two types of dietary fiber?
Definition
Soluable fiber and insoluble fiber
Term
Describe Soluble fiber
Definition

Dissolves and thickens in water often creating a gel or colloid

 

Pectin

Term
Define insoluble fiber
Definition

Does not dissolve in fiber but does hydrate

 

Cellulose, bran

Term
You can find pectin in..
Definition
the cell walls of fruits and fleshy roots
Term
Describe Lignin
Definition

Non-polysaccharide insoluble fiber that's embedded in the structural part of a plant

 

It limits digestibility

Term
Definition of Nutrition
Definition

The sum of processes in which an animal or plant takes in food and utilizes it for growth, tissue replacement, repair or elaboration of products

 

Involves various chemicals and physiological activities which transform food into body components

Term
Define Rate
Definition
Measure of something within a specific period of time
Term
What are morbidity rates?
Definition
Number of illnesses in a given period of time
Term
What are mortality rates?
Definition
Number of deaths in a given period of time
Term
Define incidence
Definition
Number of people who are newly diagnosed with the disease in a given period of time
Term
Define prevalance
Definition
Total number of people with a particular disease in a given period of time
Term
Life expectancy is the average number of...
Definition
years of life remaining to a person at a certain age
Term
An Infection Disease is one that..
Definition
caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites and are contagious
Term
Chronic Disease is a disease that..
Definition
is a noninfectious illness that develops slowly and persists for a long time
Term

True or False:

 

America has shifted from more infectious diseases to more chronic diseases

Definition
True
Term
Types of Chronic Diseases?
Definition

Heart Disease

Arthritis

Cancer

Diabetes

Stroke

Term
What are risk factors?
Definition
Lifestyle and enviromental factors along with genetic characteristics that are related to a person's health and risk of developing a chronic disease
Term
What are the top 3 risk factors associated with heart disease, stroke and cancer?
Definition

Tobacco use

 

Lack of physical exercise

 

Range of poor diet habits

Term
As Society has adopted a more industrialized life style theres been a shift from...
Definition
under-nutrition to overnutrition/ unbalanced nutrition
Term
Define nutrient
Definition
Substance in food used by the body to serve one or more purpose
Term
What are the purposes of nutrients?
Definition

Provide a source of energy

 

Provide Structure

 

Regulate chemical reactions in the body

Term
Define functional foods
Definition
Other substances in foods that influence health but are not "nutrients"
Term
List the functional foods
Definition

Fiber

 

Phytochemicals ("plant chemicals")

 

Zoonutrients ("animal nutrients")

 

probiotics

 

prebiotics

Term
What are the classes of nutrients
Definition

Carbohydrates

 

Lipids

 

Proteins

 

Vitamins

 

Minerals

 

Water

Term
What are the major functions of Vitamins?
Definition

Regulate body processes

 

Promote growth and development

 

Protect body from damaging effects of toxic compounds

 

Build and maintain tissues

 

Assist in using energy from other nutrients

 

Assist in disease prevention and treatment

Term
Describe Minerals
Definition

Substances that naturally occur in the Earth

 

All inorganic substances in the body besides water

 

16 minerals are considered essential nutrients

 

NOT used directly for energy

 

ARE involved in energy producing reactions

Term
Define an essential nutrient
Definition
A substance that must be obtained in the diet because the body either can't make enough or any of that nutrient
Term
Define a nonessential nutrient
Definition
A nutrient that the body can make adequate amounts of on it's own.
Term
Define Organic compounds
Definition

A substance that contains carbon-carbon bonds or hydrogen-carbon bonds

 

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins

Term
Define Inorganic compounds
Definition

A substance that does not contain carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds

 

Water, minerals

Term
What is a source of energy?
Definition
Heat combustion
Term
The body uses energy for
Definition

Maintenance

 

Tissue Growth

 

Storage

Term
Energy is...
Definition
The capacity of a physical body to do work
Term
Define Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Definition
Chemical used by the body when it needs to perform work
Term
Define energy yielding nutrients
Definition

A nutrient the body can use to produce ATP

 

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins

Term
What is a Calorie?
Definition

A unit of measure used to measure the amount of energy in food

 

The more calories the more ATP 

Term
What is a kilocalorie (kcal)?
Definition

Way energy content of food is typically expressed

 

1,000 calories

Term
What are phytochemicals?
Definition
Health promoting compounds found in plants
Term
Describe nutrient density
Definition
Content of specific nutrient per unit of weight
Term
Describe digestibility
Definition
Ability of animal to digest and absorb nutrients
Term
Apparent digestibility (%) =
Definition
((dietary intake - fecal output)/dietary intake) X 100
Term
Digestibility is the single most important determinant of...
Definition
nutriant availability in feeds and therefore or their feeding value
Term
What are the requirements of a digestibility trial?
Definition

Individual feeding

Quantitive feces collection, seperate from urine

Adequate number of animals (use >5)

Adequate sampling period (>7 days)

Minimal disruption of feed intake

Term
Describe a Balance Trial
Definition

Measure energy balance

 

Same requirements as digestibility trial plus loss of nutrients in urine

 

Also requires measurement of energy losses to the atmosphere (heat, methane)

Term
Describe a production trial
Definition
Requires simple measurement of product response to known feed or nutrient intake.
Term
Efficiancy of feed utilization is an important criterion of animal...
Definition

performance

 

The ratio of feed intake to level of production, known as the feed:gain ratio (growing animals) or feed:milk ratio (lactating animals)

Term

What is the more nutritious part of a plant?

Leaves or Stems?

Definition
Leaves, higher in non-structural carbohydrates (starch) and proteins plus lower in structural carbohydrates (cell wall)
Term
What are the two types of fruit?
Definition

Cereal grain (starch rich)

 

Oilseed (protein and lipid rich)

Term
Roots are usually unimportant except..
Definition
Sugar beets and waste potatoes
Term
What are the classes of plant feeds?
Definition

Forages

 

Grains

 

Roots and tubers

 

Byproducts

Term
Factors that affect Nutritive Value
Definition

Maturity or growth stage

 

Leaf:stem ratio

 

Species and cultivars

 

Processing

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