Calcium

Phosphorus

Magnesium

Sodium

Chloride

Potassium

Iron

Copper

Iodine

Selenium

Chromium

Maganese

Molybdenum

Zinc

Fluoride

Cobalt

Bone Structure

Nerve Function

Blood Clotting

Muscle Contraction

Cellular Metabolism

Phospholipids

Component of DNA & RNA & ATP

Protein Synthesis

Energy Metabolism

Maintenance of blood pH

Forms of hydroxyapatite

Acid-Base and Osmotic balance of body fluids

Major Cation of extracellular fluid

Electrolytes

Fluid Balance

HCl production

Removal of Carbon Dioxide

Immune Function

Acid-base & Osmotic regulation

HCl and chloride salts in gastric secretions

Associated with Ca and P

70% of Mg in skeleton

Enzyme activation

Regulation of osmotic and acid-base balance

Major cation of intracellular fluid

cofactor for several reactions in carbohydrates metabolism

Electrolyte

Maintains fluid balance

Muscle function

Nerve function

Energy Metabolism

Oxygen transport via hemoglobin

Essential component of many enzymes

Immune function

Brain function

Cofactor for metalloenzymes in redox reactions

Essential for normal absorption, transport and mobilization of iron and hemoglobin synthesis

Integral component of many enzymes

Essential for thyroid hormones

Regulates energy metabolism, growth, development

Regulates insulin

Growth and development

Ergogenic aid

Cofactor for metalloenzymes

Energy metabolism

Cofactor for superoxide dismutase

Redox reactions

Cofactor for several enzymes

detoxifying drugs in liver

Cofactor in RNA synthesis

Stabilizes proteins that regulate gene expression

Antioxidant

Stabilizes cell membranes

Part of bone and teeth matrix

Stimulates maturation of osteoblasts

Can decrease bacteria in mouth

Essential coenzyme for propionate metabolism

DNA synthesis

Bacterial Synthesis of methionine

A

D2

D3

E

K

B complex

B1

B2

B3

B5

B6

B7

B12

C

Function of Thiamin (B1)

ATP production

Synthesis of DNA and RNA

Noncoenzyme Roles (Neurotransmitter production)

Coenzyme!

Energy Metabolism

Redox reaction

Formation of ATP, water, carbon dioxide

B-oxidation

Converts vitamin A & folate to active forms, typtophan to niacin

Forms vitamin B6 & K

Conenzyme catalyze redox reaction related to energy metabolism

Synthesize fatty acids, cholesterol, steroid hormones, & DNA

Metabolizes vitamin C & folate

Use of glucose, amino acids, & fatty acids for ATP production

Synthesizes:

1. heme
2. cholesterol
3. bile salts
4. phospholipids
5. fatty acids
6. steroid hormones

PLP coenzyme to metabolism

Synthesis of nonessential amino acids

Produces non-protein substances

Catalyzes carboxylation reactions

Use of Amino Acids & Fatty Acids in citric acid cycle for synthesis of fatty acids

Gene expression

Normal growth & development

Purines & Pyrimidines

Coenzyme invovled in transfer of single-carbon groups to form organic substances

Coenzyme that catalyzes

1. Production of succinyl Coa
2. Conversion of homocysteine to methionine

Antioxidant

Accepts & donates electrons

Involved in a variety of redox reactions

Synthesizes phospholipids & acetylcholine

Componnent of cell membranes & lipoproteins

Muscle control

Structural role (phospholipids)

Metabolic reactions

Cell differentiation

Maintaining healthy immune system

Building strong bones

Vision

Regulation of 

1. Blood calcium concentration
2. Gene expression
3. Cell differentiation

Cancer

Cataracts

Heart Disease

One that the body is unable to make or can't make in adequate quantities

Must be consumed in diet

Ones that the body can make in large enough quantities

Not necessary to consume in the diet

Meat

Poultry

Fish

Eggs

Dairy

Legumes

Nuts

Soy

Complete protein & protein is bioavaible

(Animal Sources!)

Incomplete proteins &/or protein is not bioavailable

(plant sources!) 

(Legumes are the exception)

1. Cell Signaling
2. Transcription
3. Translation

Cell receives a signal that tells it to make up a protein

Up-regulation: "turning on" protein-synthesis

Down-regulation: "turning off"

Process by which amino acids are linked together via peptide bonds on ribosomes

Uses mRNA & tRNA (transfer RNA)

Critical to proteins' function

Determines chemical and physical characteristics

a-helix

b-folded sheet

Interactive folding of several polypetide chains together to form a "single" function protein

A protein's final shape

Amyloidoses (Prions)

• Alzheimer & Creutzfeldt-Jakob

Cystic fibrosis

Sickle cell anemia

cancers

Amyloidoses (Prions)

• Alzheimer & Creutzfeldt-Jakob

Cystic fibrosis

Sickle cell anemia

cancers

Principal organic chemical constituents of body organs and soft tissues

Immune factors (antibodies)

Fluid balance

Acid-base balance

Transport

Source of energy and glucose

Collagen (bone and skin)

Keratin (hair and nails)

Motor Proteins (make muscles work!)

Proteins that catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions w/o being used up or destroyed in the process

Anabolic (putting things together) and catabolic (breaking things down) functions

Proteins that transport substances in the blood

Lipoproteins transport lipids

Hemoglobin transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

Can also transport materials across cell membranes

Fats are solid at room temperature

Oils are liquid at room temperature

Provide essential fatty acids for body functions

Energy Production

Insulation

Protection

Low levels of insulin during hypoglycemia

Exercise

Physiological Stress

Occurs when body's supply of glucose becomes limited

Creates ketones

C=O

Used by the brain, heart, skeletal muscle, and kidneys

Spares protein

Insulates body

Protects internal organs

Chain of carbon atoms

Double bonds

Chemical properties

(long chains are solid at room temp. and are more stable than short chains)

Solubility in water

(short chains are more soluble)

1. Alpha (a)
• Based on positions & types of double bonds relative to the carboxylic (a) end of the fatty acid
2. Omega (w)
• Fatty acids categorized into groups based on where the first double bond is located relative to methyl (w) end

The physical nature of a fatty acid

The melting point lowers

Substrates to make Eicosanoids (signaling molecules)

Inflammation

Dilation of blood vessels

During Infancy

To Improve Reproduction

cis-9, cis-12 18:2

18 carbons, 2 cis double bonds, w-6 fatty acid

Makes arachidonic acid

cis-9, cis-12, cis-15 18:3

18 carbons, 3 cis double bonds, w-3 fatty acid

EPA & DHA (Fish oil, fatty fish and seafood)

Arachidonic acid ( variety of plant and animal foods)

1. Irritated & flaky skin
2. Gastrointestinal problems
3. Compromised immune system
4. Slow growth for children

1. Shortening
2. Margarine
3. Crackers
4. Pastries
5. Bakery Products

A major components of cell membranes

Play roles in digestion, absorption, transport of lipids, cellular metabolism

Act as biologically active compounds

Amphipathic (contains both polar and non polar portions)

Lipid with distinctive multiring structure 

Cholesterol

Sterol found in animal foods and made in body

Substrate for the synthesis of bile acids and steroids

Component of cell membranes

Sterol made of a cholesterol molecule bonded to a fatty acid

Component of cell membranes

True or False:

water is the most abundant molecule in the body

Chemical reactions

Temp control

Protection

Solvent

Lubricant

Blood,

Saliva,

GI secretions

When it delievers nutrients,

When it removes wastes

Digestive juices,

mucus,

sweat,

reproductive fluids

Eyes,

Spinal cord,

Uterus

Genotype

Age

Enviromental factors

Feed quality and quantity

Physiological state

Form of simple diffusion

Semipermeable membrane allows passive movement of water, but not ions

>310 mOs/liter 

Red blood cells will shrink

<280 mOs/liter

red blood cells will swell and burst

Free drinking water

In or on feed (dry vs. wet feeds)

Metabolic water from nutrient oxidation

Urine

Feces

Evaporation (lungs during respiration, sweat from the skin)

Physiological state (pregnancy and lactation)

Dry matter intake

Physiological state

Ambient temp

Genotype

Na with Ca and Mg

Carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides and sulfates (sulfates more harmful than chlorides)

1. Cognitive function
2. Motor control & ability to do aerobic exercise
3. Short- & Long-term memory
4. Attention span
5. Ability to maintain core temp

1. Urinary tract infections
2. fatigue

Diverse group of compounds produced mainly by plants

Made up of varying number of sugar units

Energy

DNA & RNA framework

Structure

Linked to proteins or lipids

Single-sugar units that consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in the ration 1:2:1

Cylic or ring structures

About 70 known monosaccharides

"Blood Sugar"

Most abundant monosaccharide in body

Provides a source of energy (ATP) to cells

Synthesizes other compounds in body

AKA Levulose

Naturally occuring monosaccharide found in honey, fruits & vegetables

Sweetest monosaccharide

Contained in few foods in it's free state

Couples with glucose to make lactose

Converted to glucose to use for energy

Consist of 2 monosaccharides bonded together

Contain glycosidic bonds

Glucose + Galactose

Source: milk

Glucose + Fructose

Source: sugar cane and table sugar

Glucose + Glucose

Source: beer and infant formula

False,

Causes bloating, cramps and gas

> or = 10 monosaccharides

Most are made up of hundreds of monosaccharides

Animal polysaccharide for glucose storage

Found in the liver and skeletal muscle

Dissolves and thickens in water often creating a gel or colloid

Pectin

Does not dissolve in fiber but does hydrate

Cellulose, bran

Non-polysaccharide insoluble fiber that's embedded in the structural part of a plant

It limits digestibility

The sum of processes in which an animal or plant takes in food and utilizes it for growth, tissue replacement, repair or elaboration of products

Involves various chemicals and physiological activities which transform food into body components

True or False:

America has shifted from more infectious diseases to more chronic diseases

Heart Disease

Arthritis

Cancer

Diabetes

Stroke

Tobacco use

Lack of physical exercise

Range of poor diet habits

Provide a source of energy

Provide Structure

Regulate chemical reactions in the body

Fiber

Phytochemicals ("plant chemicals")

Zoonutrients ("animal nutrients")

probiotics

prebiotics

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Vitamins

Minerals

Water

Regulate body processes

Promote growth and development

Protect body from damaging effects of toxic compounds

Build and maintain tissues

Assist in using energy from other nutrients

Assist in disease prevention and treatment

Substances that naturally occur in the Earth

All inorganic substances in the body besides water

16 minerals are considered essential nutrients

NOT used directly for energy

ARE involved in energy producing reactions

A substance that contains carbon-carbon bonds or hydrogen-carbon bonds

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins

A substance that does not contain carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds

Water, minerals

Maintenance

Tissue Growth

Storage

A nutrient the body can use to produce ATP

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins

A unit of measure used to measure the amount of energy in food

The more calories the more ATP 

Way energy content of food is typically expressed

1,000 calories

Individual feeding

Quantitive feces collection, seperate from urine

Adequate number of animals (use >5)

Adequate sampling period (>7 days)

Minimal disruption of feed intake

Measure energy balance

Same requirements as digestibility trial plus loss of nutrients in urine

Also requires measurement of energy losses to the atmosphere (heat, methane)

performance

The ratio of feed intake to level of production, known as the feed:gain ratio (growing animals) or feed:milk ratio (lactating animals)

What is the more nutritious part of a plant?

Leaves or Stems?

Cereal grain (starch rich)

Oilseed (protein and lipid rich)

Forages

Grains

Roots and tubers

Byproducts

Maturity or growth stage

Leaf:stem ratio

Species and cultivars

Processing