Term
| define "general anesthesia" |
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Definition
| state of reversible unconsciousness, analgesia, amnesia, and decreased or absent reflexes |
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Term
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Definition
| "without a breath;" holding the breath; temporary cessation of breathing |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid, rhythmic, repetitious involuntary eye movements |
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Term
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Definition
| drug-induced sleep from which the P is easily aroused |
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Term
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Definition
| sleeplike state from which P can be aroused with sufficient stimuli eg pain |
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Term
| define "balanced anesthesia" |
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Definition
| using 2+ drugs/anesthetics in combination to maximize benefits but not disadvantages of individual components |
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Term
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Definition
-hypoventilation
-hypotension
-hypothermia
-hypoxemia
-hypovolemia |
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Term
| What is "hypoventilation"? |
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Definition
| Breathing at an abnormally slow rate, results in hypercapnea (PaCO2 > 45 mmHg) |
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Term
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Definition
| Abnormally low blood pressure (MAP < 70 mmHg) |
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Term
| There is no palpable pulse when MAP is... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Abnormally low body temperature (< 99F or > 2F decrease) |
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Term
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Definition
| aka hypoxia; abnormally low O2 in the blood (PaO2 < 60 mmHg) |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease in intravascular fluid volume, ie loss of blood volume |
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Term
| Hypovolemia is a indicator of... |
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Definition
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Term
| PaO2 / PaCO2 stands for... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| When and how do you measure PaCO2? |
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Definition
| during surgery, draw blood |
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Term
| Does the value of EtCO2 = PaCO2? |
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Definition
| yes, because CO2 diffuses so well |
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Term
| Does the value of SpO2 = PaO2? |
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Definition
| no, SpO2 is a % and PaO2 is in mmHg |
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Term
| 4 traits of Ether from PP? |
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Definition
-prolonged recovery
-irritating to MM
-flammable and explosive
-relatively slow evaporation |
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Term
| 5 Advantages of inhalant gases: |
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Definition
-rapid diffusion (in blood quickly, blows off quickly)
-better control of anesthetic depth than injectables
-less metabolized than injectables
-delivered with O2
-good muscle relaxation |
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Term
| 3 Disadvantages of inhalant gases: |
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Definition
-expensive equipment
-increased knowledge and skill required
-health risks of exposure |
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Term
| 4 Health risks of inhalant gases: |
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Definition
-pregnant women
-liver/kidneys from chronic exposure
-complacency
-nausea, headaches, ataxia |
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Term
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Definition
| Minimum Alveolar Concentration |
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Term
| MAC indicates the ___ of an inhalant gas. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the lowest concentration of gas anesthetic within the alveoli that prevents movement in 50% of patients when pain is induced |
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Term
| Higher solubility = ____ potency |
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Definition
| higher solubility = higher potency |
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Term
| higher solubility (in blood) = ____ MAC |
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Definition
| higher solubility = lower MAC |
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Term
| higher potency = ____ MAC |
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Definition
| higher potency = lower MAC |
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Term
| ___ MAC numbers have a greater margin of safety. |
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Definition
| higher MAC numbers have a greater margin of safety |
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Term
| How does MAC affect % on the anesthetic machine dial? |
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Definition
| Higher MAC gases require higher % given to the patient. Dials used to go to 7%, but Sevoflurane needed 8%. |
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Term
| Most patients are maintained under anesthesia at _____ % gas. |
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Definition
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Term
| 95-98% of patients are maintained at _____ x MAC. |
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Definition
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Term
| Anesthetic gases that are less soluble in blood will hit the brain ____ and blow off ____. |
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Definition
| less blood-soluble = hit faster, blow off faster |
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Term
| Newer gases have become more or less lipophilic? |
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Definition
| less- new gases are more water/blood-soluble |
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Term
| 4 things that decrease the MAC: |
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Definition
-premeds
-local blocks
-hypothermia
-hypothyroidism |
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Term
| 3 things that increase the MAC: |
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Definition
-anxiety
-pain
-thyrotoxicosis |
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Term
| Another term for hyperthyroidism? |
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Definition
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Term
| The "flurane" gases are considered what class of anesthetic? (chemically) |
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Definition
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Term
| Gas halogens have __ or __ in the molecule. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which is more flammable: halogenated, or non-halogenated? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the gas halogens covered in class: |
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Definition
-methoxyflurane
-halothane
-isoflurane
-sevoflurane |
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Term
| Advantages of Isoflurane compared to Sevoflurane: |
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Definition
-Iso is cheaper
-use less of it
-longer recovery (can finish stitching up, doing nails, etc) |
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Term
| Difference in recovery times for Iso and Sevo? |
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Definition
Iso ~12-15 min
Sevo ~4-5 min |
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Term
| Which gas halogen is the most nephrotoxic? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which gas halogen is the most hepatotoxic? |
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Definition
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Term
| What gas halogen uses a non-precision vaporizer? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which gas anesthetic may not be available for purchase in the US, but is still used by some exotic vets? |
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Definition
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Term
| Recovery time for methoxyflurane if used on its own? |
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Definition
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Term
| Gas halogen with the longest induction and recovery times? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is methoxyflurane more soluble in water/blood or lipids? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which gas halogen is the most metabolized by the body? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Ventricular Premature Contraction |
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Term
| VPCs are associated with which inhalant? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when halothane is mixed with epi or barbiturates, or hypoxia |
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Term
| Which gas halogen can cause malignant hyperthermia? In what species? |
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Definition
| halothane- humans, pigs, dogs (esp. dobes) |
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Term
| "Malignant hyperthermia" is...? |
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Definition
| life-threatening increase in body temperature |
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Term
| Which gas halogen has a strong, irritating odor? |
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Definition
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Term
| Nitrous Oxide is abbreviated ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which anesthetic gas does not have a general anesthetic effect? |
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Definition
| N2O because MAC is too high (not water-soluble) |
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Term
| In the tank, N2O is in what state? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which inhalant does not need a vaporizer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What color is a N2O flowmeter? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the "second gas effect"? |
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Definition
| N2O lowers the amount of anesthetic gas used to get the same effect |
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Term
| What is "diffusion hypoxia"? |
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Definition
| When stopping N2O, it displaces O2 from the lungs |
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Term
| How to prevent diffusion hypoxia? |
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Definition
| Give 100% O2 for ~10 min after stopping N2O |
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Term
| When using N2O, the O2 flow rate should be ___ that of N2O. |
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Definition
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Term
| Gas halogen with the longest induction and recovery times? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is methoxyflurane more soluble in water/blood or lipids? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which gas halogen is the most metabolized by the body? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Ventricular Premature Contraction |
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Term
| VPCs are associated with which inhalant? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when halothane is mixed with epi or barbiturates, or hypoxia |
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Term
| Which gas halogen can cause malignant hyperthermia? In what species? |
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Definition
| halothane- humans, pigs, dogs (esp. dobes) |
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Term
| "Malignant hyperthermia" is...? |
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Definition
| life-threatening increase in body temperature |
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Term
| Which gas halogen has a strong, irritating odor? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Nitrous Oxide is abbreviated ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which anesthetic gas does not have a general anesthetic effect? |
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Definition
| N2O because MAC is too high (not water-soluble) |
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Term
| In the tank, N2O is in what state? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which inhalant does not need a vaporizer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What color is a N2O flowmeter? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the "second gas effect"? |
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Definition
| N2O lowers the amount of anesthetic gas used to get the same effect |
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Term
| What is "diffusion hypoxia"? |
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Definition
| When stopping N2O, it displaces O2 from the lungs |
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Term
| How to prevent diffusion hypoxia? |
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Definition
| Give 100% O2 for ~10 min after stopping N2O |
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Term
| When using N2O, the O2 flow rate should be ___ that of N2O. |
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Definition
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Term
| What species are more sensitive to opioids? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cats require a lower dose of ____ but are more resistant to ____. |
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Definition
| cats need less lidocaine, are more resistant to phenothiazine tranqs |
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Term
| Acepromazine is in what class of drug? |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ have a rougher recovery from gas anesthetics. |
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Definition
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Term
| Avoid anticholinergics in ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are ruminants at risk of aspiration? |
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Definition
| they can regurgitate at any time |
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Term
| ___ are more sensitive to xylazine, needing 1/10th the dose of ___, and are more prone to ___. |
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Definition
| Ruminants, require 1/10 dose of horse, prone to bloat |
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Term
| ___ and ___ tend to have more airway secretions. |
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Definition
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Term
| Smaller animals are more at risk of hypoxia and hypercarbia because... |
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Definition
| more dead space in breathing tubes |
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Term
| The most commonly used injectable anesthetic in all species is... |
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Definition
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Term
| Dogs may seizure if ____ is not combined with a ____. |
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Definition
| dogs may seizure if ketamine not combined with sedative (like Valium) |
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Term
| Cats can tolerate a ____ agent like ___ on its own. |
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Definition
| dissociative agent like ketamine |
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Term
| Larger animals are more prone to what conditions when anesthetized? |
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Definition
| dependent atelectasis and pressure necrosis |
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Term
| What breeds are more sensitive to barbiturates? |
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Definition
| sighthounds (eg greyhound) |
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Term
| What breeds are more sensitive to acepromazine? More resistant? |
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Definition
sensitive = boxers, lg breeds
resistant = terriers |
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Term
| What challenge might we face as techs when prepping a brachiocephalic breed? |
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Definition
-harder to intubate
-may need smaller ET tube |
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Term
| What type of horse is more sensitive to sedatives? |
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Definition
| draft (big guys like Clydesdale) |
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Term
| Stallions may develop what condition if acepromazine is used? |
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Definition
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Term
| What drug should be avoided in cows and sheep? When and why? |
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Definition
| xylazine, in late pregnancy it can cause uterine contractions ==> abortion |
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