Term
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Definition
| -minimum alveolar concentration |
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Term
| The lower the MAC value of inhalant anesthetic, the less or more potent it is? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the MAC of isoflurane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the MAC of sevoflurane? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long does it take for a change in Iso to affect the patient? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the 10, 10, 20 rule? |
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Definition
-10% of BW is blood
-if dog uses 10% of that blood volume, then push fluids
-if dog loses 20% of blood volume, then push colloid bolus (1 hr worth) |
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Term
| What is the minimum flow rate of a non-rebreathing machine? |
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Definition
-1.5 L/min
-b/c not enough resistance to open bidirectional valves |
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Term
| What is the minimum flow rate of a rebreathing machine? |
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Definition
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Term
| When do we take the catheter out? |
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Definition
| -hemodynamically stable: normal HR and RR, normal CRT, conscious |
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Term
| What is the significance of red mucus membranes? White? Blue? |
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Definition
-shock
-hemorrhage
-cyanotc |
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Term
| How long will it take a dog to bleed out from an error made during spay/neuter? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the signs of pain upon waking? |
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Definition
-vocalization
-tachycardia
-tachypnea
-change in posture
-change in mentation
-response to palpation
-/+ refusal to eat |
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Term
| When do we get concerned about a drop in BP? |
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Definition
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Term
| If the BP is below 60 mmHg, what are your three options? |
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Definition
-push fluids: bolus
-dec isoflurane
-ephedrine
-Dobutamine CRI |
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Term
| What stimulates the body to breathe? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do we monitor the CNS system during anesthesia? |
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Definition
| -corneal/palpebral/PLR reflexes, deep pain, jaw tone |
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Term
| How do we treat hypercapnea? |
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Definition
-place on ventilator: 10-20 mL/kg tidal volume
-oxygenate
-dec anesthetic depth |
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Term
| What is the range of EtCO2 in the cat? Dog? |
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Definition
-Dog: 35-45 mmHg
-Cat: 25-35 mmHg |
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Term
| What are the four most painful points in spay/neuter? |
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Definition
-towel clamps
-stretching/breaking down of the suspensory ligamnet/manipulation of the testicles
-ligating the body of the uterus and the uterine aa
-suturing the dermis |
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Term
| Why do we give a breath (positive pressure ventilation) once every 5 mins? |
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Definition
-to open alveolar dead space:expand lungs fully and make sure surfactant does get stuck together, thus inc alveolar dead space
-MUST cose pop off valve |
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Term
| What is dead space? What are the three types? |
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Definition
-any air/space not participating in gas exchange
-Anatomical, mechanical, and alveolar dead space |
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Term
| Why would you put an animal on mechanical ventilation? |
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Definition
| -EtCO2 is consistently elevated, or you are having to breathe for them |
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Term
| How do you calculate the tidal volume? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Is air in the bellow or around it? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is it called when an animal is breathing around the bellows? |
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Definition
-bucking the vent
-means they are taking voluntary breaths |
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|
Term
Hydromorphone:
a) class
b) purpose
c) side effect |
|
Definition
a) full mu agonist
b) sedative, analgesic
c) hypotension, panting, bradycardia, hyperthermia in cats |
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Term
| At what point in surgery do you give HYdromorphone? |
|
Definition
-give about 30 min before end of surgery
-don't give if BP is already low |
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Term
Carprofen:
a) class
b) purpose
c) side effect |
|
Definition
a) NSAID: preferental COX2 inh
b) anti-inflammatory, may improve analgesia
c) GI ulceration, nephropathy |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a) reversal agent for alpha 2 agonists like Dexmedatomidine and Xylazine |
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Term
|
Definition
-Telazol
-Butorphanol
-Dexmedetomidine |
|
|
Term
Telazol:
a) what's in it?
b) adverse effects?
c) how is it reversed? |
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Definition
a) Tiletamine = dissociative, pdc sedation, cognitive repairment & Zolazepam= benzodiazepine, central acting muscle relaxant, anti-convulsant
b) respiratory depression
c) reverse with Flumazenil |
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|
Term
Butorphanol:
a) class
b) purpose
c) adverse effects
d) how is it reversed? |
|
Definition
a) opioid agonist/antagonst, kappa agonist, mu antagonist
b) sedation and analgesia
c) resp depression, bradycardia
d) reverse w/ Naloxone |
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|
Term
Dexmedetomidine:
a)class
b) prupose
c) adverse effects
d) how is it reversed/ |
|
Definition
a) alpha 2- agonist
b) sedative w/ good sedation, moderate analgesia
c) Bradycardia
d) reverse w/ atipamezole, yohimbine, tolazoline |
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|
Term
Propofol:
a) class
b) purpose
c) adverse effects
d) how is it reversed? |
|
Definition
a) sedative hypnotic
b) onset w/in seconds but only lasts for 10 mins
c) apnea, transient hypotension
d) cannot be reversed |
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|
Term
Glycopyrolate:
a) class
b) purpose
c) adverse effects |
|
Definition
a) anticholinergic
b) reduces secretions and vagal effect, treates heart stuff (sinus bradycardia, sinoatrial arrest, incomplete AV block)
c) mydriasis, tachycardia, SLUDD signs |
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|
Term
Atropine:
a) class
b) purpose
c) adverse effects |
|
Definition
a) anticholinergic
b) used to treat bradycardia
c) dilates pupil, inh PLR |
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Term
| What are the 4 logical things you want to know about any drug in practice? |
|
Definition
-what does it do
-what arethe side effects
-can I give more if I need to
-can I reverse it |
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Term
| What are the 4 groups of benzodiazapines? |
|
Definition
-in the tranquilizer-sedative group, also includes phenothiazines and alpha-2 agonists
-Diazepam, Midazolam, Zolazepam
-centrally-acting mm relaxant, no analgesia
anticonvulsant, resp dep
-CV friendly
-REVERSAL: flumenazil |
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|
Term
| How do you determine the depth of anesthesia? |
|
Definition
-jaw plasticity
-loss of palpebral reflex
-eye position: ventral (unless using ketamine or atropine) |
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Term
| If your patient has low body temp, what can you do? |
|
Definition
-give warm fluids
-turn on bear hugger if it's not on
-turn down oxygen flow rate (air is cold) |
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Term
| What are the best two machines to have in practice? |
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Definition
| -capnograph and ventilator |
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|
Term
| What do we use to euthanize animals? How does it cause death? |
|
Definition
-Sodium pentobarbital, causes death via hypoxia
-IV is best route, intracardiac only if in aneshtetic plane
-check for death: less of heartbeat, beathing, corneal reflex |
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Term
| Trace the gas flow through the anesthesa machine. |
|
Definition
| -tank (thru regulator) => flowmeter => vaporizer =? common gas outlet into inspiratory limb (1-2ay valve) => patient => out expiratory breathing tube and valve, => reservoir bag => through absorber canister |
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|
Term
| What are the four types of crystalloids we use? |
|
Definition
-plasmalyte
-normosol
-0.9% NaCl
-LRS |
|
|
Term
| What are the four types of coloids we can use? |
|
Definition
-plasma
-blood
-hetastarch
-dextran |
|
|
Term
| What are the two organs we are most concerned with if perfusion or lach there of is an issue? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does "dose-dependent" mean? |
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Definition
| -effects vary with amount given |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-they are anti-inflammatory
-no analgesia |
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|
Term
| What three major systems do we focus on monitoring during aneshtesia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What tests/reflexes can be done on the eye that will gie us info about the CNS? |
|
Definition
-PLR: should be present but dec!
-[a;[ebra; ref;ex
-crneal relex: last thing to go when we euthanize |
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|
Term
| What are the advantages of the non-rebreathing system? |
|
Definition
-good for patients that don't generate enough resistance to open bi-directional valves
-less drag on ET tube
-Disadvantage: higher cost to keep higher flow rate |
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|
Term
| What are the thee "hypo's" that we are concerned with when we have a pediatric patient? |
|
Definition
-hypotension
-hypothermia
-hypoglycemia |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of opiooids? |
|
Definition
-resp depression, bradycardia, dysphoria (cats), hyperthermia in cats
-reverse with naloxone |
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|
Term
| What are the durations of the major opioids? |
|
Definition
-Morphine: 4-5h
-Hydromorhpone: 3-4h
-Fentanyl: 20-30 min
-Buprenorphine: 20 min IV, 1h IM
-Burotphanol: analgesia 30 min, desation up to 1h |
|
|
Term
| What does an IV catheter do for us? |
|
Definition
| -gives us access to th eCV system |
|
|
Term
| What are the following three capnograph patterns? |
|
Definition
-obstructive (ET tube is most common site of obstruction)
-rebreathing
-leak |
|
|
Term
| Where is the junior surgery crash cart located? |
|
Definition
| -along the wall where the tech desk is |
|
|
Term
| What items do you thinkg should be in the crash cart? |
|
Definition
-needles
-drugs
-syringes
0drug dosage charts
-CPR flow chart |
|
|
Term
| What does SLUDD stand for? |
|
Definition
-Salivation
-Lacrimation
Urination
-Defecation
-Digestive secretions |
|
|
Term
| Why is gycopyrrolate used as a premed? |
|
Definition
| -bradycardia protective and minimizes secretions |
|
|
Term
| What are the shock organs in a dog? In a cat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the dog fluid shock dose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When would you transfuse a dog? |
|
Definition
| -if they lose mroe htan 20% of blood volume |
|
|
Term
| How do you read a capnograph? |
|
Definition
-when line comes up it/s expiration
-when it dives down it's inspiration
-you want it to be a sharp drop, diagonal dec indicates a leak |
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|
Term
| What are the three goals of anesthesia? |
|
Definition
-unconsciousness
-amnesia
-immobility: but relaxed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal arterial BP? |
|
Definition
-Systolic: 120 mmHg
-diastolic: 80 mmHg
-MAP: 62 mmHg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal EtCO2 for dogs? Cats? |
|
Definition
|
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