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Definition
| no membrane; structural support and enzyme activity to amino acids to form protein; rough ER (protein synthesis); smooth ER (lipid synthesis) |
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| stack of flattened, membranous sacs; modifies, packages, and delivers proteins |
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| membranous sacs; store substances; transport material around cell |
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| membranous sacs w/ inner partitions; ATP generated |
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Definition
| garbage enzyme-containing sacs; digest worn out cell parts or unwanted substances |
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| Two rod-like centrioles; produce cilia and flagella; distributes chromosomes during cell division |
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Definition
| short hair-like projections; propel substances on cell surface |
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Definition
| Long tail-like projection; provides mobility to sperm |
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Term
| Microfilaments/microtubules |
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Definition
| thin rods and tubules; support cytoplasm; allows for movement of organelles |
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Definition
| Dense collection of RNA and proteins; site of ribosome production |
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Definition
| Fibers of DNA and proteins; stores info for synthesis of proteins |
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Definition
composed of phospholipids, proteins, carbs, other lipids
transport in/out of cell
small, uncharged particles pass through
selectively permeable
cholesterol stabilizes membrane |
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Definition
| receptors, pores, channels and carriers, enzymes (chemical reactions can occur) CAMS (cell adhesion molecules) self-markers |
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Definition
no cell energy; simple diffusion; O, CO2 and lipid-soluble substances (Ions go through protein, phospholipids too charged)
facilitated diffusion, osmosis, filtration |
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Term
| simple/facilitated diffusion |
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Definition
| movement of substance from regions high to low concentration; diffusion across membrane w/ help of a channel or carrier molecule, glucose/amino acid (protein may change shape to become carrier pore) |
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Definition
| movement of water through selectively permeable membrane from high to low; water follows salt |
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Definition
| Water moves towards solutions of greater osmotic pressure; isotonic same osmotic pressure |
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Definition
| makes cell shrink; higher osmotic pressure |
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Definition
| make cell burst; lower osmotic pressure |
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Definition
| require cell energy; endocytosis, exocytosis, transcytosis; move across gradient; carrier molecules transport from low to high; sugars, amino acids, sodium ions |
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Definition
| active transport; balance by "pumping" 3 Na+ OUT and 2 K+ INTO cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell engulfs a substance by forming a vesicle around the substance; includes pinocytosis, phagocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Definition
| part of endocytosis; substance is mostly water; membrane engulfs droplets of liquid from surroundings |
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Term
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Definition
| part of endocytosis; substance is a solid; membrane engulfs solid particles from surroundings |
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Term
| Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Definition
| part of endocytosis; requires substance to bind to a membrane-bound receptor; membrane engulfs selected molecules combines with receptor proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| exiting cell; substances in a vesicle fuse with cell membrane; release of neurotransmitters from nerve cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Combines receptor-mediated endocytosis and exocytosis to ferry particles through a cell |
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Term
| CAMS (cell adhesion molecules) |
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Definition
Guide cells on move
selectin: allows white cells to "anchor"
Integrin: guides white cells through capillary walls
imp. for growth of embryonic tissue and nerve cells |
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Definition
| DNA packaged with protein (46-humans) |
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Term
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Definition
DNA replication (92)
Active; cell grows/maintains routine functions; synthesizes new organelles to prepare for cytoplasmic division
(G) phase: grows/synthesizes structures other than DNA |
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Term
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Definition
produces two daughter cells from an original somatic cell
Karyokinesis: nucleus divides
Cytokinesis: cytoplasm divides
Phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
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Term
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Definition
| (1)Chromosomes form; nuclear envelope disappears |
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Term
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Definition
| (2)Chromosomes align midway b/w centrioles |
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Definition
| (3)Chromosomes separate and move to centrioles; begin cytokinesis |
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Term
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Definition
| (4)chromatin forms; nuclear envelopes form |
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Term
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Definition
| cell growth check point; anaphase-telophase; contractile ring pinches cytoplasm in half |
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Term
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Definition
consequence of loss of cell cycle control
benign: localized
malignant: invasive and cancerous |
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Term
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Definition
| piece of DNA that has code for a specific protein; use to generate RNA then protein |
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Term
| Oncogenes/Tumor suppressor genes |
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Definition
two major types of genes that cause cancer
oncogenes: activate other genes that increase cell division
TSG: normally regulate mitosis; if inactive they're unable to regulate mitosis; cells known as "immortal" |
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Definition
can divide to form new stem cells or a stem and progenitor cell
Totipotent: rise to every cell
Pluripotent: rise to restricted number of cell types; progenitor is only |
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Definition
| cell death; happens during cytokinesis |
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