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| racist? hates Greeks not based on color - actually wanted to help them become civilized members of society |
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| historian of Rome (Livy), wrote Ab Urbe Condida (From the Foundation of the City), wrote during consolidation of power by Octavian Augustus in early 20s BCE |
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| first king of Rome - 753-716. abducted women from neighboring tribes as wives for his men. |
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| second king of Rome - 715-674. peace and religious reform. philosopher king |
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| third king of Rome - 673-642. warlike, lacked respect for gods. |
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| fourth king of Rome - 642-617. Numa's grandson. peaceful, built first prison. |
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| fifth king of Rome - 616-579. Etruscan, adopted son of Ancus. Roman forum, circus maximus. |
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| sixth king of Rome - 578-535. son-in-law of priscus. first census. changed voting rights to favor elite. |
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| 7th king of Rome - 535-510. tyrant - allowed son to rape Lucretia which lead to the founding of the republic. overthrown by Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus |
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| 40 books written by Polybius while he was a prisoner/hostage following Roman conquest of Greece. provides us with republican political system of 2nd century BCE - at this time it is at its most complex, developed, and efficient |
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| Polybius' theory of government. kingship emerges from primitive anarchy > deteriorates into tyranny > best men expel tyrant and establish aristocracy > becomes corrupted and is turned into oligarchy > people drive out oligarchs and establish democracy > lapses into mob rule and chaos > new monarch rises and the cycle continues. Polybius believed the Romans had escaped this cycle with their 3 part government - consuls, senate, assemblies of people |
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| power to command an army, senate and popular assemblies, foreign policy - held by consuls |
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| attended to consuls, held fasces |
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| one long bottleneck - sequence of public office. minimum age requirements and mandatory hiatus' between offices. quaestor, aedile, [tribune of plebs,] praetor, consul, [censor] |
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| senatus consultum ultimum |
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| final decree in times of emergency |
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| new man - first generation politician |
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| sacred boundaries of the city |
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| legal intermarriage (Latin league) |
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| right to make legal binding contracts with members of other Latin states (Latin league) |
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| religious community with fluid boundaries and with shared customs and rights. Rome was not a part of it but cooperated. worshipped Diana |
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| right to move between communities of Latin League |
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| Gauls sack Rome - follows conflict with Veii in which Romans are victorious. psychological impact, otherness of Gauls. |
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| 494-287 BCE - Patricians v. Plebs. 3 phases. problems based on land, debt, and access to political power. |
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| Rome's aggression to Tarentum leads Tarentum to ask Pyrrhus for help. Rome makes a treaty with Carthage against Pyrrhus. |
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| fought between Carthage and Rome. Mamertines made alliances with both Carthage and Rome. Both intervened in Messana. didn't want Carthaginian power in Sicily to expand further. Romans win, Carthaginians withdraw from Sicily |
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| divided Spain into spheres. Rome wouldn't expand south of Ebro river, Carthage wouldn't expand North of it. |
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| Rome made an alliance with Saguntum, located south of the Ebro river so it was thought to breach the Ebro Treaty. Hannibal takes the city in 219 putting Carthage in charge of Spain's affairs. rise of Cornelius Scipio Africanus. defeat of Hannibal at Zama in 202 BCE. humiliating peace for Carthage - only 10 ships in navy, can't raise army w/o Rome's permission. |
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| border raids between Carthage and Numidia (ally of Rome). rome continually rules in favor of Numidia. Carthage raises army in defense of invaders (thought treaty dissolved when debt was paid). Rome angry, threaten war. Carthage tried to appease but was destroyed anyway. City burned, people pushed inward. |
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| 229 - Roman victory over illyrian Queen Teuta. 219 - demetrios of Pharos defeated (and fled to Philip V of Macedon) |
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| 216-207 alliance between Philip and Hannibal. ended with treaty of Phoinike. 206 - Philip treaty with Antiochus III. Roman victory at battle of Cynoscephalae 197. 171 - Perseus (Philip's son) defeated by Rome in 168 battle of Pydna. Macedonia divided into 4 puppet republics controlled by Rome |
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| Titus Quinctius Flamininus |
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| grants freedom to Greeks in 196 BCE at Isthmian Games. phil-hellenism and non-intervention |
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| "favoring the peopel" - propose distribution of land and grain, relief of debt. gain support of urban mob. opposed by optimates. |
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| "the best men" - support property rights and good of public economy. wanted to preserve existing social, economic and political status quo. opposed by populares. |
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| tribune in 232 BCE. warfare had become a source of problems rather than solution (small farmers were away for extended periods of time). land distribution and building projects. |
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| adopted grandson of Scipio Africanus. hellenistic monarch. consul in 147 and 134 |
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| tribune of plebs in 133. unconventional. murdered by senators. poorly checked aristocratic ambition: moral decline, oligarchic cotrol slipping, equilibrium within oligarchy under threat |
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| tribune in 123 - strengthened laws and constructed roads. citizenship for allies. unconventional |
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| novus homo - consul in 107, 104, 103, 102, 101, 100. enrollment of capite censi in military |
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| protege of marius. possibly had rival tribunate killed. probbaly had a candidate for consulship killed - abandoned by Marius. tribunate in 103, 100 |
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| tribune in 91, proposed reform of law courts, distribution of land and grain to urban poor and enfranchisement of italian allies. involved in social war - good of community v. individual ambition. romans v. allies - only Romans getting economic benefits |
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| the social war - civil war. minting of coins with Oscan language on them. Italian bull savaging Roman wolf. Romans concede citizenship to Italians 89 BCE |
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| quaestor to Marius in Africa, consul in 87. reformed senate and magistracies. separation of interests of army and populus |
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| violence in the name of: social/religious harmony, political stability, social justice, destablization of community, restoration of order |
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