Term
| none! kidneys have no mesentery |
|
Definition
| what is the relationship between the kidneys and the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what kind of ----peritoneal are the kidneys and most of the ureters? |
|
|
Term
| subperitoneal (beneath the peritoneum) |
|
Definition
| what kind of ---peritoneal are the lower portion of the ureters and urinary bladder? |
|
|
Term
renal vein, renal artery, renal pelvis
+ lymph & nerves
there is NO collateral circulation to the kidney |
|
Definition
| what structures are found in the hilum of the kidney? (anterior to posterior |
|
|
Term
| renal pyramids, the tissue is called "renal medulla" fail pronounced by Cole |
|
Definition
| where is the first place fully processed urine is? what is the name of this tissue type? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the tip of a renal pyramid called that faces the hilum? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the most external part of the kidney? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what tissue is the outer 1/3 of the kidney? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what ducts start at renal papilla? |
|
|
Term
| no, there is a potential space underneath it |
|
Definition
| is the renal capsule connected to the kidney? |
|
|
Term
not chemotherapy it doesn't seem to help.
instead they just remove the whole kidney (guess you are screwed if you have a horseshoe kidney) |
|
Definition
| what is done about renal cancer? |
|
|
Term
| if the cancer is contained within the capsule and the kidney is removed, the patient has a good chance to live for a while, but if the cancer is outside the capsule the survival rate decreases a LOT |
|
Definition
| what is the relationship between renal cancer and the renal capsule? |
|
|
Term
| yes, it is divided into lobes based on blood supply and calyxes |
|
Definition
| can part of the kidney be removed instead of the whole thing? |
|
|
Term
| on top of the superior pole of the kidney |
|
Definition
| where do the suprarenal/adrenal glands sit in relation to the kidney? (be specific) |
|
|
Term
| the left adrenal gland is larger and crescent shaped |
|
Definition
| which adrenal gland is larger? describe its shape |
|
|
Term
| the right is smaller, and triangle shaped |
|
Definition
| which adrenal gland is smaller? what shape is it? |
|
|
Term
the left side drains to the left renal vein
the right side contacts the inferior vena cava and drains directly into it |
|
Definition
| where do each of the suprarenal glands veins drain? |
|
|
Term
| a layer of fascia separates the two so the adrenal gland can be pushed up off the kidney with your finger |
|
Definition
| what connects/separates the kidney and the suprarenal glands? |
|
|
Term
| they are tethered by their vessels floating in fat which is surrounded by a layer of renal fascia in front and back with more fat around it |
|
Definition
| what supports the kidneys since they have no mesentery (what keeps them in place?) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the name of the fat between the renal fascia and the transversalis fascia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the name of the fat right around the kidney contained within the renal fascia? |
|
|
Term
| the right kidney is 0.5-1 inches BELOW the left because when the right migrates up it smacks into the liver |
|
Definition
| which kidney is higher? how much? why? |
|
|
Term
| the right suprarenal gland and top of the right kidney are found in the bare area |
|
Definition
| what kidney parts are found underneath the bare area of the liver? |
|
|
Term
| the tail of the pancreas is anterior to the hilum of the left kidney |
|
Definition
| where is the tail of the pancreas in relation to the kidneys? |
|
|
Term
| the head of the pancreas (in the curvature of the duodenum) is in front of the hilum of the right kidney |
|
Definition
| where is the head of the pancreas in relation to the kidneys? |
|
|
Term
| stomach, spleen, pancreas, left colic flexure, descending colon, jejunum |
|
Definition
| what organs sit anterior to the left kidney? |
|
|
Term
| liver, descending part of duodenum, right colic flexure, small intestine? |
|
Definition
| what organs are anterior to the right kidney? |
|
|
Term
1) the ureter is resting against a structure
2) the ureter just walls in on its own |
|
Definition
| describe the natural causes of a ureter to have a constriction? |
|
|
Term
1) proximal ureter at the uretopelvic junction
2) the middle portion of the ureter where it goes in the pelvic inlet crossing the common iliac and external iliac
3) the entrance to the bladder in the distal ureter |
|
Definition
| where are three natural sites of constriction in the ureter(specific)? how are they clinically significant? |
|
|
Term
1) proximal part supplied by renal arteries
2) middle gets blood from the gonadal vessels
3) distal part from internal iliac |
|
Definition
| describe the blood supply to the ureters |
|
|
Term
| smooth muscle -contracts in peristaltic waves to keep urine from backing up into the bladder |
|
Definition
| what kind of muscle lines the ureter? how does it contract? why? |
|
|
Term
| where it crosses the pelvic brim it angles forward and down |
|
Definition
| what part of the ureter is not vertical? |
|
|
Term
| they pass anterior to the psoas muscles and the common iliac vessels |
|
Definition
| where are the ureters in relation to the psoas muscle? the common iliac A & V? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what urinary structure is at risk during an appendectomy? |
|
|
Term
| the left ureter which is crossed by the sigmoid colon |
|
Definition
| what urinary structure is at risk during a surgery of the sigmoid colon and rectum? |
|
|
Term
| secondarily retroperitoneal |
|
Definition
| what kind of ----peritoneal are the IMA and IMV? |
|
|
Term
water under the bridge, the ureters go BEHIND the gonadal vessels
this is due to the gonads migrating down out of the body wall over the kidneys ascending from the pelvis |
|
Definition
| where do the ureters pass in relation to the gonadal vessels? why? |
|
|
Term
| they get their blood supply from the vessels they contact: the renal arteries, gonadal, and inernal iliac |
|
Definition
| where do the ureters get their blood supply? why? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what happens to the bladder when it empties? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what structure does the bladder sit directly behind? |
|
|
Term
female: smaller bladder with a short, straight urethra
male: larger but has the prostate around the neck |
|
Definition
| compare the male and femal bladder in terms of size, and the urethra |
|
|
Term
the external sphincter is BELOW the prostate gland (bad news for old guys with prostate cancer)
the internal is above the prostate |
|
Definition
| where is the external urethral sphincter in relation to the prostate gland? the internal? |
|
|
Term
| the name given to the smooth muscle with its fibers in different orientations all around the urinary bladder |
|
Definition
| what is the detrusor muscle? |
|
|
Term
| the allantois -I think, kind of lost my train of thought in the notes here. some one figure it out and let me know. |
|
Definition
| what is the strand of CT connecting the bladder to the umbillicus? |
|
|
Term
| a valve where the ureter enters the urinary bladder |
|
Definition
| in addition to peristaltic movements, what prevents urine from flowing back into the kidney? |
|
|
Term
females have short, straight urethras which makes them easier to colonize
males are harder to catheterize |
|
Definition
| why are women more likely to get a urinary tract infection even though their urethra is not continuous with their reproductive tract (like males)? what disadvantage do males have? |
|
|
Term
| in the deep perineal pouch, deep to perineal membrane |
|
Definition
| where is the external urethral sphincter located in both males and females? |
|
|
Term
1) preprostatic urethra
2) prostatic urethra
3) membranous part of urethra
4) spongy part of urethra |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 parts of the male urethra? (proximal to distal) |
|
|
Term
| the aorticorenal ganglion lateral to the celiac ganglia |
|
Definition
| where do the nerves supplying the kidney synapse? |
|
|
Term
| from both directions (from above and below) "probably" the vagus(renal plexus) and pelvic splanchnic nerves dragged with kidneys when they migrate |
|
Definition
| where do the parasympathetics coming to the kidneys come from? |
|
|
Term
| T1-L2 from greater and lesser splanchnic nerves |
|
Definition
| what are the sympathetics supplying the kidney and ureters (what spinal level, what nerves?) |
|
|
Term
sympathetics decrease urine productions through vasoconstriction of the kidney's blood supply
parasympathetics have no apparent function (except to carry visceral afferents back to the brain)
basically sympathetics are on/off switches to the blood flow |
|
Definition
| how does the ANS control urine production at the kidneys? |
|
|
Term
in the proximal ureter (closer to renal pelvis) peristalsis is myogenic-a response to stretching when filled with urine
in the lower ureter, parsympathetics increase peristalsis , and sympathetics actively inhibit peristalsis |
|
Definition
| how do ureters contract? how does the ANS regulate them? |
|
|
Term
| parasympathetics from pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4) cause the detrusor to contract and inhibit the internal urinary sphincter (relaxing/opening it) |
|
Definition
| what nerves help to eliminate urine? how? |
|
|
Term
| sympathetics(mostly L1)cause the detrusor to relax and cause the internal sphincter to constrict also somatic motor (pudendal nerve S2-S4) in the external urinary sphincter can contract voluntarily to prevent urination |
|
Definition
| what nerves help to retain urine? how? |
|
|
Term
| the urine is blocked and forced out into the interstitium (increased hydrostatic pressure?) |
|
Definition
| why does the area around a kidney stone look blobby on a CT? |
|
|
Term
| stenosis of the junction between the renal pelvis and the ureter |
|
Definition
| what is an often congenital cause for pressure to build in the kidney that causes the calyx to bulge out and possibly cut off/compress kidney circulation? |
|
|
Term
through the lumbar region, on the back, below the 12th rib parallel to the ribs and abdominal muscle fibers
-this prevents nerve damage to subcostal and ileohypogastric/ileoinguinal that lie below the rib |
|
Definition
| how is the kidney accessed surgically? why? |
|
|
Term
horeshoe kidney, this happens when the kidneys migrate up and get stuck under the IMA
note: the blood supply moves up the great vessels with the kidneys, so as they migrate new vessels form, and old ones close up |
|
Definition
| what is the congenital anomaly in which the kidneys are connected at the lower poles? why does this happen? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormally positioned kidney that can compress vasculature, especially bad in pregnancy |
|
|
Term
1) sometimes R renal art passes in front of IVC
2) sometimes renal arteries split around the IVC
3) sometimes there is a retroaortic renal vein instead of in front |
|
Definition
| describe some vasculature abnormalities to the kidney |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where is the most variation in terms of kidney anatomy? |
|
|
Term
1) duplicate ureters (2 major calyx that don't make a renal pelvis-usually blood supply is duplicated too)
2) retrocaval ureter (wraps around behind the IVC and stones can get caught there) |
|
Definition
| what are the 2 major ureter anatomical anomalies? |
|
|
