Term
|
Definition
| the study of the structure of the human body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of the function of the human body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| theory that a large, complex system such as the human body can be understood by studying its simpler components |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| came up with Reductionism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| there are "emergent properties" of the whole organism that cannot be predicted from the properties of the separate parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complementary theory to reductionism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a process involving the inclusion of evidence to facilitate optimum patient outcomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nurses use this to review and analyze a patients data to plan care and make decisions for positive patient outcomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organs flipped to the opposite side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no two humans are exactly alike (extra organs, missing muscles, extra vertebrae) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| differences in sex, age, diet, weight, physical activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, excretion, homeostasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change in position, motion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase in body size, no change in shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| production of a new organism or new cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| obtaining 02, removing CO2, releasing energy from foods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breakdown of food substances into simpler forms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of substances in body fluids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maintaining relatively stable internal conditions |
|
|
Term
| 5 factors to staying alive |
|
Definition
| water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most abundant substance in the body, required for metabolic processes, required for transport of substances, regulates body temp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provides necessary nutrients, supplies energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1/5 of air, used to release energy from nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form of energy, partly controls rate of metabolic reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| application of force on an object, atmospheric pressure, hydrostatic pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| homeostasis control mechanisms |
|
Definition
| monitors aspects of the internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within limits |
|
|
Term
| 3 parts to homeostatic control mechanisms |
|
Definition
| receptor, control center, effector |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provides information about the stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tells what a particular value should be (called the set point) this is usually the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elicits responses that change conditions in the internal environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coined the term homeostasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| moving variable back to set point |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prevents sudden changes in body, corrects set point, causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, most common type of feedback loop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapid changes in body, greater change in same direction, is usually short lived, change produces more change (example: child birth or fever) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| divides body into equal left and right portions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alongside the mid-sagittal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| divides body into anterior and posterior portions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| divides body into superior and inferior portions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| divides body into superior and inferior portions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed by the bones of the skull and contains the brain and associated meninges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed by individual bones of the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord and associated meninges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cavity of the pelvis, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a smooth layer consisting of a thin layer of cells which secrete serous fluid, secrete fluid to reduce friction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| taking away from the midline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bringing towards the midline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hand only, palm facing up |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hand only, hand facing down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| foot only, sole towards midline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| foot only, sole away from midline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two body surfaces coming together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| workings of the human body, mechanisms of disease, rationale of therapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin and flat with nucleus creating bulge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| squarish and about as tall as is wide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| irregularly angular shapes with four or more sides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thick in the middle, tapered towards the ends |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surrounds the cell, made of proteins and lipids, composition and function can vary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organelles, cytoskeleton, cytosol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cellular scaffolding or skeleton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| governs interactions with other cells, controls passage of materials in and out of cell, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| side that faces cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amphiphilic molecules arranged in a bilayer, hydrophilic phosphate heads face water on both sides, hydrophobic tails, drift laterally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| holds phospholipids still and stiffens the membrane, 20% of membrane lipids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phospholipids with short carbohydrate chains on extracellular face, contributes to glycocalyx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carbohydrate coating on the cell surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adhere to one face of the membrane, ussually tethered to the cytoskeleton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pass through the membrane, have hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, most are glycoproteins, can drift freely, some attached to cytoskeleton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receptors, second messanger systems, enzymes, ion channels, carriers, cell identity markers, cell adhesion molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binds to a chemical messenger such as hormones sent by other cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breaks down a chemical messenger and terminates its effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a channel protein that is constantly open and allows ions to pass into and out of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opens and closes to allow ions through only at certain times |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| external to the plasma membrane, carbohydrate moieties of membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protection of cell, immunity to infection, defense against cancer, transplant compatablility, cell adhesion, fertilization, embryonic development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extentions of membrane, serves to increase cells surface area, specializes in absorption, 15 to 40 times more aborptive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shorten microvili, contracts so that contents can come into the cell, pipet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hairlike processes, monitor nearby conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allows cilia to beat freely |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beat in waves, sweep substances across surface in the same direction, in the respitory tract, uterine tubes,(sperm, mucous) ventricles of the brain, efferent ductules of testes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| due to chloride pumps move Cl out of cell.. NA ions and H2O follow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hereditary disease in which cells make chloride pumps but fail to install them in the plasma membrane, cilia cant beat freely, mucous plugs pancreatic ducts and respitory tract. life expectancy of 30 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| require no cellular energy, simple diffusions, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, filtration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| require energy, active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis, transcytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diffusion across a membrane with the help of a channel or carrier molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smaller molecules are forced through porous membranes by hydrostatic pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water only, water moves toward a higher concentration of solutes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability of osmosis to generate enough pressure to move water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell engulfs a substance by forming a vesicle around the substances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carrier molecules transport substances across a membrane from regions of lower concentration to regions of higher concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substance is mostly water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| receptor mediated endocytosis |
|
Definition
| requires the substance to bind to a membrane- bound receptor, molecule outside of cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| releases contents outside the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| endocytosis followed by exocytosis... HIV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| structure with discrete boundaries that is composed of two or more tissue types |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the microscopic study of tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of similar cells and cell produces that work to preform a specific structural or physiological role in an organ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extracellular material, styrofoam packing, fibrous proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells scraped from the cervix to check for cancer and other probems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissue is rubbed or spread across the slide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cobwebby tissue is laid out on a slide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cobwebby tissue is laid out on a slide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| simple or stratified flat sheet of closely adhering cells, little matrix, constitutes most glands, covers body sruface and lines body cavities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| layer between epithelium and the underlying connective tissue, anchors the epithelium to the connective tissue below |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surface of an epithelial cell that faces the basement membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surface of an epithelial cell that faces away from the basement membrane (inside layer) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in areas subject to stress, striated squamous epithelium of the skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| join the cells tightly to neighboring cells form permeability barrier, stomach and urinary bladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allows ions and small molecules to pass through the cell, coordinates function of cardiac and smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pseudostratified columnar |
|
Definition
| not all cells reach the surface but all are attaced to the basement floor |
|
|
Term
| simple squamous epithelium |
|
Definition
| single layer, function is rapid transport of substances through membranes, alveoli of lungs |
|
|
Term
| simple cuboidal epithelium |
|
Definition
| single layer, function is absorbtion, secretion, production of move of respitory mucus, bronchioles |
|
|
Term
| simple columnar epithleum |
|
Definition
| single layer, microvili or cilia, function is absorption secretion and movement, stomach and intestines |
|
|
Term
| pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
|
Definition
| single layer but looks multilayered, cilia and goblet cells, secretes and propels mucous, respitory tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 to 20 layers, mitosis occurs lower down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| covered with a layer of dead squamous cells, resists abrasions and penetration, epidermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lacks the surface area of dead cells, vaginal tongue anal |
|
|
Term
| stratified cuboidal epithelium |
|
Definition
| 2 or more layers, sweat secretion, ovarian hormones, sperm, located in sweat gland ducts sperm producing ducts and egg producing follicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| appears stratified squamous, 5 to 6 layers when relaxed and 2 to 3 when stretched, stretches to allow filling of urinary tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| epithelium with supporting network of connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| 2 types formed by infolding of epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no open contact with exterior, pinch off from original surface, no ducts, produce hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maintain contact with surface, have ducts |
|
|
Term
| Structure and method of secretion |
|
Definition
| how exocrine glands are classified |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unicellular exocrine glands |
|
|
Term
| multicellular exocrine glands |
|
Definition
| classified by types of ducts or mode of secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one duct with few branches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one duct with many branches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if ducts end in simple sacs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secrete product by exocytosis, cell is unaltered by process, found in pancreas sweat glands and salivary glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| product accumulates until cell ruptures, cell is altered and replaced by underlying cells, sebaceous oil glands, pimples |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| product accumulates at apex, apex pinches off and repairs itself, mammary glands producing milk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more cells less ECM extracellular material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more ECM less cells, more space in between cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binds, supports, and protects organs, highly vascular, most abundant widley distributed and histologically variable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| richly supplied with blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connective tissue that is avascular and heals less quickly |
|
|
Term
| 4 categories of connective tissue |
|
Definition
| fibrous, adipose, supportive, fluid |
|
|
Term
| functions of connective tissue |
|
Definition
| binding organs, support, protection, immunity, movement, storage, heat, transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce fibers and ground substance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phagocytize (eat) foreign materials and activate immune system, arises from monocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| white blood cells, neutrophils or lymphocytes, pushed out of capilarries and stay in connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wander about attacking bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| react against bacteria, toxins, and other foreign materials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synthesize disease fighting antibodies, arise from lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found alongside blood vessels, secrete heparin (inhibit clotting) and histamine (dilate blood vessels) to allow blood to flow, needed for tissue repair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| store triglycerides (fat cells) |
|
|
Term
| types of fibers in fibrous connective tissue |
|
Definition
| collegenous, reticular, elastic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most abundant of body's proteins (25%), tough flexible and resists stretching, tendons, ligaments, and deep layers of skin, less visible in matrix of cartilage and bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein, thinner and more spongy, forms framework of organs, spleen and lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thinner than collagenous fibers, branch and rejoin eachother, made of elastin, stretch and recoil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| packing material that is usually a gelatinous to rubbery consistency resulting from three classes of large molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| areolar and reticular, much gel like ground substance between cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibers fill spaces between cells, types vary in fiber orientation ( regular and irregular) |
|
|
Term
| loose fibrous connective tissue |
|
Definition
| contains all 6 types of cells, loose organization, lots of ECM, fibers run in random directions, mostly collagenous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loose arrangement of collagenous and elastic fibers, abundant ground substance, all 6 cell types, binds epithelial deep tissue (skin to muscle), provides immune defense, found in blood vessels nerves esophogus and trachea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| make fibers, ground substance, and ECM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loose network of fibers and fibroblasts, numerous lymphocytes and other blood cells (blood filled sponge) supports stroma for lymphatic organs, found in lymph nodes spleen thymus and bone marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dense regular connective tissue |
|
Definition
| densely packed, little ECM, parallel fibers, compressed fibroblasts, in ligaments and tendons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binds bones, resists stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attaches muscle to bone, moves bones when muscles contract |
|
|
Term
| dense irregular connective tissue |
|
Definition
| densely packed, little ECM, randomly arranged collagen fibers and few visible cells, withstands unpredicted stresses, found in deep layer of skin and capsules around organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissue in which adipocytes are the dominant cell type |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occupied by areolar tissue reticular tissue and blood capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bodys primary energy reservoir |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hydrolyzed and released into ciruclation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| constantly synthesized and stored |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provides thermal insulation, anchors and cushions organs such as eyeballs and kidneys, contributes to body contours (breasts and hips) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| white fat, men square, women cellulite |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infants fetuses and children, heat generating tissue, releases energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supportive connective tissue with flexible rubbery matrix, gives shape to ear tip of nose and larynx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| make cartilage, produce cartilage matrix and surround themselves until they become trapped in little cavities (lacunae) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cartilage cells in lacunae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds elastic and hyaline catilage (not articular cartilage) contains a resevoir of chondroblasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| avascular, heals slowly, diffusion brings nutrients and removes wastes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| matrix is rich in chondroitin sulfate and contains collagen fibers, types vary with fiber types |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clear glossy and hard to see, ussually covered by perichondrium which houses extra chondroblasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cartilage containing elastic fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cartilage found in external ear and epiglottis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organ of the body composed fo multiple tissue types |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| osseous tissue makes up most of bone |
|
|
Term
| 2 forms of osseous tissue |
|
Definition
| spongy bone and compact bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| covered by compact bone, found in the heads of long bones and in the muddle of flat bones (sternum) delicate struts of bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| denser, calcified tissue with no visible spaces, more complex arrangement, cells and matrix surround vertically orientated blood vessels in long bones |
|
|
