Term
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Definition
Head and Hyoid
Vertibraae
Ribs and Sternum
Subtotal |
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Term
| Appendicular Skeleton includes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
phalanges, scapula, femur, tiba, fibula, humerus, ulnar, radius, metatarsals, metacarpals
have hallow shaft and has marrow, replace hyaline cartilage during development |
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Term
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Definition
| found only in the hands and feet |
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Term
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Definition
protective
skull, sternum, ribs, and scapulae,
covered with cartilage and fibrous tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| hip bones, few bones in the skull |
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Term
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Definition
| in the tendon, reduce friction and changes angle to create a mechanical advantage, |
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Term
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Definition
| replacement of cartilage to bone |
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Term
| intramembranous ossification |
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Definition
| direct deposit of without a preformed cartilaginous model |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| slightly moveable joints, symphysis, syndesmoses |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
sutures (found in the skull)
syndesmosis (Tibio-Fib) |
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Term
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Definition
Synchondroses - no movement but allow bone growth like epiphyseal plates and the Spheno-Occipital joints
Symphyses are united fibrocartilage, slightly moveable, include pubic symphysis |
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Term
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Definition
limited movement, gliding and sliding motions between two flat joints.
Intercarpal, Inermetacarpal, Carpometacarpal, and Acromio-Clavicular joints |
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Term
| Hinge (ginglymus) joints: |
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Definition
Allow motion around one axis at right angles to the bones involved
elbow and interphalangeal joints |
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Term
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Definition
| one plane motion, in a circular pattern. Radio-Ulnar, and C1-C2 joint |
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Term
| Ellipsoidal (condloid) joint |
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Definition
2 motions, adduction and abduction, flexion and extension
Rdiocarpal join, Metacarpalphalangeal joint |
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Term
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Definition
2 motion
Thumb, sternoclavicular |
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Term
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Definition
| freedom of movement, shoulder and hip joints |
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Term
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Definition
5 sacrum
4 coxccyx
5 Lumbar
12 thoracic
7 cervical |
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Term
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Definition
| body located anteriorly, arch posterior, enclosed vertebral foramen. |
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Term
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Definition
| The arch is formed by two pedicles and two laminae, which posses four articular processes for adjacent vertebrae. a |
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Term
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Definition
| forms the lateral rim of the orbit |
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Term
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Definition
| area where the Frontal, Parietal, Shpenoid and Temporal bones join. Common site for fractures because of the thinness |
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Term
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Definition
has striated appearance and is under voluntary control.
40% of body mass. proximal end in origin |
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Term
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Definition
| non-striated and is found in organs and blood vessels. walls of manny organs and blood vessels. Peristalsis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Anterior, motor neurons, descending (efferent) pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| Posterior, sensory, afferent, upwards |
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Term
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Definition
| the innermost layer that gives rise to the digestive and reparatory tracts |
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Term
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Definition
| the middle that provides the rise to muscular, vascular, and connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| the outer most layer, gives rise to neural tissue and epidermis. Neuran and glial cells arise from a special portion of the ectoderm called the neural plate that is located dorsally in the midline |
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Term
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Definition
fold on itself during the 3rd and 4th week of development to make a neural tube. Failure for this tube to completely develop results in defects like spina bifid a. or anencephaly.
Hallow tube gives rise to the ventricular system in the brain |
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Term
| Cuadal potion of the neural atube |
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Definition
| gives rise to spinal cord, while the rostral part gives rise to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| rise to the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic systems |
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Term
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Definition
| gives rise to the thalamus, subthalmus, hypothalamus, retina, and lens of the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| gives rise to the midbrain |
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Term
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Definition
| gives rise to the medulla oblongata |
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Term
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Definition
| arises from the inferior end of the neural tube, which remains undivided |
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Term
| Alar plate of the spinal cord |
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Definition
| become the sensory cells on the dorsal side |
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Term
| Basal plate in the spinal cord |
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Definition
| become the motor parts on the ventral side |
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Term
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Definition
| ventral connect between the lateral ventricle and the 3rd ventricle |
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Term
| Cerebral aqueduct of Sylvia |
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Definition
| connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| Obstruction of the the cerebral aqueduct |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 3 holes connected from the ventricles to the subarachnoid space |
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Definition
2 Foramen of Lushaka (lateral)
1 Foramen of Lushka (midsagitaly) |
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Term
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Definition
| includes includes the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globes pallid us |
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Term
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Definition
| The hippocampus, fornix and the cinglate and parahippocampal gyrus |
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Term
| The ANS has 2 two neuron chain |
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Definition
| The pregnglionic (presynaptic) or the second neuron called postganglionic (or postsynaptic) |
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Term
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Definition
| Runs from T1-L2. Axons from these neurons pass through the ventral roots, spinal nerves, white rami communicants to enter the ganglia of the vertebral column and contain the second cell body, very close to the vertebral column. Short preganglionic and long post. Fight or flight. affects blood vessels, sweat glands, motor fibers to smooth muscles of hair follicles. Inc hr, inhibits GI, dilates pupils and bronchi |
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Term
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Definition
| Arise from brain stem CN II, VII, IX, and X and the sacral part S2-4, long preganglionic fibers and postganglionic fibers |
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Term
| Oxygenated blood in fetus |
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Definition
| oxygenation of blood occurs int the placenta |
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Term
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Definition
| shunts blood from the right atrium to the left atrium |
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Term
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Definition
• Avascular form of connective tissue!
• Functions:!
• Support soft tissue!
• Provide smooth articular surface!
• Enable development of long bones |
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Term
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Definition
• Nourished by diffusion!
• Has no blood supply, nerve supply or lymphatics! • 3 types:!
• Hyaline- most common. Found at articular surfaces!
• Elastic- Example: external ear!
• Fibrocartilage- Example: Intervertebral discs |
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Term
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Definition
• Calcified living tissue! • Functions:!
• Support!
• Protection!
• Reservoirs of calcium and phosphorus!
• Levers on which muscles act!
• Containers for blood- producing cells |
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Term
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Definition
• Long- ex: Femur, Humerus!
• Short- ex: Carpals and Tarsals! • Flat- Skull!
• Irregular- Face!
• Sesamoid- within tendons |
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Term
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Definition
• Vascular and innervated!
• Nearby arteries give off a nutrient branch which enters the bone to supply the marrow, spongy bone and inner layers of compact bone!
• All bones covered by periosteum!
• Nerves accompany the arteries that perfuse the bone!
• Bone is poorly innervated but periosteum richly innervated |
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Term
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Definition
• Bones separated by capsule!
• Inner synovial membrane- highly vascular and produces synovial fluid!
• Outer fibrous membrane- Dense CT which stabilizes the joint- may thicken to form ligaments!
• Hyaline cartilage at ends of bones |
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Term
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Definition
| allow sliding or gliding movements (Distal Radioulnar joint) |
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Term
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Definition
| movements around a single axis that passes transversely through the joint permitting flexion and extension (Humeroulnar joint) |
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Term
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Definition
| movement around a single axis that passes longitudinally along the shaft of a bone permitting rotation (Atlantoaxial joint) |
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Term
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Definition
| movement around two axes that are at right angles to each other permitting flexion, extension, abduction and adduction (wrist) |
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Term
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Definition
| movement around two axes that are at right angles to each other; the articular surfaces are saddle-shaped permitting flexion, extension, abduction and adduction (CMC of Thumb) |
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Term
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Definition
| movement around multiple axes (hip) |
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Term
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Definition
Bones linked together by cartilage!
• Limited movement available
Sutures- only in the skull
Gomphoses- between teeth and adjacent bone
Syndesmoses- Bones linked together via a ligament- example is the interosseous membrane in the arm and leg
• Synchondroses- occur where two ossification centers in a developing bone remain separate.!
• Occurs between the head and shaft of a developing bone and will eventually ossify
Symphyses- Two bones are interconnected by cartilage!
• Typically occur in the midline |
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Term
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Definition
- Largest
• Epidermis is outer layer of stratified squamous epithelium which is avascular!
• Dermis is a dense bed of vascular connective tissue!
• Skin functions as mechanical and permeability barrier, sensory organ, thermoregulatory organ |
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Term
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Definition
• Connective tissue containing varying amounts of fat!
• Separate, support and interconnect organs and structures!
• Enables movement of one structure relative to another!
• Allows transit of vessels and nerves from one area to another |
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Term
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Definition
• Skeletal (striated) muscle forms the majority of muscle tissue in the body!
• Innervated by somatic and branchial motor nerves! • Controlled volitionally
- Cardiac muscle (myocardium)is not volitional and controlled by visceral motor nerves
• Smooth muscle is found in the walls of blood vessels, and walls of various structures of the GI, respiratory, genitourinary, urogenital systems!
• Innervated by visceral motor nerves |
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Term
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Definition
• Consists of heart and blood vessels!
• Arteries- transport oxygenated blood to the body!
• Large lumen, thick muscular walls!
• Veins- transport de-oxygenated blood back to heart!
• Smaller lumen with less muscular walls! • Capillaries- connect arteries and veins!
• Gas, nutrient and waste exchange occurs here |
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Term
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Definition
• Blind lymphatic capillaries found in most tissues of the body!
• Collect interstitial fluids, pathogens, cell products (hormones) and cellular debris!
• Returns this back to venous
circulation |
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Term
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Definition
| Filters of lymph that contain elements of the body’s defense (lymphocytes and macrophages) that defend and detect foreign pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| Vessels coalesce to form trunks or ducts which drain into venous circulation at the neck |
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Term
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Definition
| Comprised of the brain, spinal cord (Central Nervous System) and peripheral nerves (Peripheral Nervous System) |
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Term
| Central Nervous System: Brain |
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Definition
• Comprised of cerebral hemispheres, brainstem and cerebellum!
• Gray matter- neuronal cell bodies!
• White matter- myelinated axons!
• Ventricles- spaces filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
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Term
| Central Nervous System: Spinal Cord |
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Definition
• Fills the superior 2/3 of the vertebral canal!
• Roughly cylindrical in shape |
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Term
| Central Nervous System: Meninges |
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Definition
• Three connective tissue coverings of the CNS that surround, suspend and protect the CNS!
• Outer Dura Mater!
• Middle Arachnoid Mater!
• Inner Pia Mater |
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Term
| Central Nervous System: Subdivisions |
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Definition
• Somatic part!
• Innervates skin and skeletal muscle derived from somites in the embryo!
• Mainly involved in receiving and responding to information from external environment!
• Visceral part!
• Innervates organ systems, smooth muscle and glands!
• Detecting and responding to information from internal environment |
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Term
| Central Nervous System: Somatic |
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Definition
• Somatic sensory neurons carry information from the periphery into the CNS and are also called somatic sensory afferents (SSA) or general somatic afferents (GSA)!
• Somatic motor fibers carry information away from the CNS to skeletal muscle and are also called somatic motor efferents (SME) or general somatic efferents (GSE) |
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Term
| Central Nervous System:Visceral |
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Definition
• Sensory nerves monitor changes in the viscera!
• Motor nerves innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands |
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Term
| Central Nervous System:Visceral |
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Definition
• Visceral motor component is referred to as the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)!
• Subdivided into:!
• Sympathetic Nervous System!
• Parasympathetic Nervous System
• Visceral sensory and motor neurons do not enter and leave the cord at all levels:!
• In the cranial region, visceral components are associated with cranial nerves III,VII, IX and X!
• In the spinal cord, visceral components are associated with T1- L2 and S2-4 |
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Term
| Sympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
• That part that leaves the Thoracolumbar (T1-L2) region!
• On each side of the spinal cord, a paravertebral sympathetic trunk extends from the base of the skull to the inferior end of the vertebral column!
• Each trunk is attached to the anterior rami and becomes the route by which sympathetics are distributed to the periphery |
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Term
| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
• Cranial nerves III,VII, IX and X!
• Head and face, heart, lungs and upper GI tract!
• S2-4!
• Lower GI tract, pelvic viscera |
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Term
Parasympathetic Nervous System
• Cranial nerves III,VII, IX and X!
• Head and face, heart, lungs and upper GI tract!
• S2-4!
• Lower GI tract, pelvic viscera
Somatic Nerve Plexuses |
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Definition
• Formed from anterior rami of C1-4 (Cervical plexus), C5- T1 (Brachial plexus), L1-4 (Lumbar plexus), L4-S4 (Sacral plexus)!
• Except for T1, the thoracic ventral rami remain independent and do not participate in plexuses |
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