Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Anatomy, Introduction
Study
85
Anatomy
Graduate
08/27/2014

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Axial Skeleton includes
Definition
Head and Hyoid
Vertibraae
Ribs and Sternum
Subtotal
Term
Appendicular Skeleton includes
Definition
Upper Limbs
Lower Limbs
Term
Long bones
Definition
phalanges, scapula, femur, tiba, fibula, humerus, ulnar, radius, metatarsals, metacarpals

have hallow shaft and has marrow, replace hyaline cartilage during development
Term
shortbones
Definition
found only in the hands and feet
Term
flat bones
Definition
protective
skull, sternum, ribs, and scapulae,
covered with cartilage and fibrous tissue
Term
Irregular bones
Definition
hip bones, few bones in the skull
Term
Sesamoid bones
Definition
in the tendon, reduce friction and changes angle to create a mechanical advantage,
Term
endochondral
Definition
replacement of cartilage to bone
Term
intramembranous ossification
Definition
direct deposit of without a preformed cartilaginous model
Term
diarthrosis
Definition
free movement
Term
amphiarthoses
Definition
slightly moveable joints, symphysis, syndesmoses
Term
synarthroses
Definition
non-moveable
Term
fibrous joints
Definition
sutures (found in the skull)
syndesmosis (Tibio-Fib)
Term
Catilagionous joints
Definition
Synchondroses - no movement but allow bone growth like epiphyseal plates and the Spheno-Occipital joints

Symphyses are united fibrocartilage, slightly moveable, include pubic symphysis
Term
Plane joints
Definition
limited movement, gliding and sliding motions between two flat joints.
Intercarpal, Inermetacarpal, Carpometacarpal, and Acromio-Clavicular joints
Term
Hinge (ginglymus) joints:
Definition
Allow motion around one axis at right angles to the bones involved
elbow and interphalangeal joints
Term
Pivot (trochidal) joint
Definition
one plane motion, in a circular pattern. Radio-Ulnar, and C1-C2 joint
Term
Ellipsoidal (condloid) joint
Definition
2 motions, adduction and abduction, flexion and extension
Rdiocarpal join, Metacarpalphalangeal joint
Term
Saddle joint
Definition
2 motion
Thumb, sternoclavicular
Term
Ball and socket
Definition
freedom of movement, shoulder and hip joints
Term
Veterbral bones
Definition
5 sacrum
4 coxccyx
5 Lumbar
12 thoracic
7 cervical
Term
Vetebral body and arch
Definition
body located anteriorly, arch posterior, enclosed vertebral foramen.
Term
Pedicles and laminae
Definition
The arch is formed by two pedicles and two laminae, which posses four articular processes for adjacent vertebrae. a
Term
Zygomatic bone
Definition
forms the lateral rim of the orbit
Term
Pterion
Definition
area where the Frontal, Parietal, Shpenoid and Temporal bones join. Common site for fractures because of the thinness
Term
Skeletal muscle
Definition
has striated appearance and is under voluntary control.
40% of body mass. proximal end in origin
Term
Smooth muscle
Definition
non-striated and is found in organs and blood vessels. walls of manny organs and blood vessels. Peristalsis
Term
dcceccdcddcccccdddcd
Definition
Term
Ventral root
Definition
Anterior, motor neurons, descending (efferent) pathway
Term
Dorsal root
Definition
Posterior, sensory, afferent, upwards
Term
Endoderm
Definition
the innermost layer that gives rise to the digestive and reparatory tracts
Term
Mesoderm
Definition
the middle that provides the rise to muscular, vascular, and connective tissue
Term
Ectorderm
Definition
the outer most layer, gives rise to neural tissue and epidermis. Neuran and glial cells arise from a special portion of the ectoderm called the neural plate that is located dorsally in the midline
Term
Neural tube
Definition
fold on itself during the 3rd and 4th week of development to make a neural tube. Failure for this tube to completely develop results in defects like spina bifid a. or anencephaly.
Hallow tube gives rise to the ventricular system in the brain
Term
Cuadal potion of the neural atube
Definition
gives rise to spinal cord, while the rostral part gives rise to the brain
Term
Telencephalon
Definition
rise to the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic systems
Term
Diencephalon
Definition
gives rise to the thalamus, subthalmus, hypothalamus, retina, and lens of the eye
Term
Mesencephalon
Definition
gives rise to the midbrain
Term
Myelencephalon
Definition
gives rise to the medulla oblongata
Term
Spinal cord
Definition
arises from the inferior end of the neural tube, which remains undivided
Term
Alar plate of the spinal cord
Definition
become the sensory cells on the dorsal side
Term
Basal plate in the spinal cord
Definition
become the motor parts on the ventral side
Term
Foramen of Monroe
Definition
ventral connect between the lateral ventricle and the 3rd ventricle
Term
Cerebral aqueduct of Sylvia
Definition
connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle
Term
Hydrocephalus
Definition
Obstruction of the the cerebral aqueduct
Term
Choroid plexus
Definition
produces CSF
Term
3 holes connected from the ventricles to the subarachnoid space
Definition
2 Foramen of Lushaka (lateral)
1 Foramen of Lushka (midsagitaly)
Term
basal ganglia
Definition
includes includes the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globes pallid us
Term
limbic system
Definition
The hippocampus, fornix and the cinglate and parahippocampal gyrus
Term
The ANS has 2 two neuron chain
Definition
The pregnglionic (presynaptic) or the second neuron called postganglionic (or postsynaptic)
Term
Sympathetic portion
Definition
Runs from T1-L2. Axons from these neurons pass through the ventral roots, spinal nerves, white rami communicants to enter the ganglia of the vertebral column and contain the second cell body, very close to the vertebral column. Short preganglionic and long post. Fight or flight. affects blood vessels, sweat glands, motor fibers to smooth muscles of hair follicles. Inc hr, inhibits GI, dilates pupils and bronchi
Term
Parasympathetic
Definition
Arise from brain stem CN II, VII, IX, and X and the sacral part S2-4, long preganglionic fibers and postganglionic fibers
Term
Oxygenated blood in fetus
Definition
oxygenation of blood occurs int the placenta
Term
The foremen Ovale
Definition
shunts blood from the right atrium to the left atrium
Term
Cartilage
Definition
• Avascular form of connective tissue!
• Functions:!
• Support soft tissue!
• Provide smooth articular surface!
• Enable development of long bones
Term
Cartilage types
Definition
• Nourished by diffusion!
• Has no blood supply, nerve supply or lymphatics! • 3 types:!
• Hyaline- most common. Found at articular surfaces!
• Elastic- Example: external ear!
• Fibrocartilage- Example: Intervertebral discs
Term
Bone
Definition
• Calcified living tissue! • Functions:!
• Support!
• Protection!
• Reservoirs of calcium and phosphorus!
• Levers on which muscles act!
• Containers for blood- producing cells
Term
Bone shape
Definition
• Long- ex: Femur, Humerus!
• Short- ex: Carpals and Tarsals! • Flat- Skull!
• Irregular- Face!
• Sesamoid- within tendons
Term
Bone nutrition
Definition
• Vascular and innervated!
• Nearby arteries give off a nutrient branch which enters the bone to supply the marrow, spongy bone and inner layers of compact bone!
• All bones covered by periosteum!
• Nerves accompany the arteries that perfuse the bone!
• Bone is poorly innervated but periosteum richly innervated
Term
Synovial Joints
Definition
• Bones separated by capsule!
• Inner synovial membrane- highly vascular and produces synovial fluid!
• Outer fibrous membrane- Dense CT which stabilizes the joint- may thicken to form ligaments!
• Hyaline cartilage at ends of bones
Term
Plane joint
Definition
allow sliding or gliding movements (Distal Radioulnar joint)
Term
Hinge joing
Definition
movements around a single axis that passes transversely through the joint permitting flexion and extension (Humeroulnar joint)
Term
Pivot joint
Definition
movement around a single axis that passes longitudinally along the shaft of a bone permitting rotation (Atlantoaxial joint)
Term
Synovial condylar Joints
Definition
movement around two axes that are at right angles to each other permitting flexion, extension, abduction and adduction (wrist)
Term
Saddle joint
Definition
movement around two axes that are at right angles to each other; the articular surfaces are saddle-shaped permitting flexion, extension, abduction and adduction (CMC of Thumb)
Term
Ball and Socket joint
Definition
movement around multiple axes (hip)
Term
Solid Joints
Definition
Bones linked together by cartilage!
• Limited movement available
Sutures- only in the skull
Gomphoses- between teeth and adjacent bone
Syndesmoses- Bones linked together via a ligament- example is the interosseous membrane in the arm and leg
• Synchondroses- occur where two ossification centers in a developing bone remain separate.!
• Occurs between the head and shaft of a developing bone and will eventually ossify
Symphyses- Two bones are interconnected by cartilage!
• Typically occur in the midline
Term
Skin
Definition
- Largest
• Epidermis is outer layer of stratified squamous epithelium which is avascular!
• Dermis is a dense bed of vascular connective tissue!
• Skin functions as mechanical and permeability barrier, sensory organ, thermoregulatory organ
Term
Fascia
Definition
• Connective tissue containing varying amounts of fat!
• Separate, support and interconnect organs and structures!
• Enables movement of one structure relative to another!
• Allows transit of vessels and nerves from one area to another
Term
Muscular System
Definition
• Skeletal (striated) muscle forms the majority of muscle tissue in the body!
• Innervated by somatic and branchial motor nerves! • Controlled volitionally
- Cardiac muscle (myocardium)is not volitional and controlled by visceral motor nerves
• Smooth muscle is found in the walls of blood vessels, and walls of various structures of the GI, respiratory, genitourinary, urogenital systems!
• Innervated by visceral motor nerves
Term
Cardiovascular System
Definition
• Consists of heart and blood vessels!
• Arteries- transport oxygenated blood to the body!
• Large lumen, thick muscular walls!
• Veins- transport de-oxygenated blood back to heart!
• Smaller lumen with less muscular walls! • Capillaries- connect arteries and veins!
• Gas, nutrient and waste exchange occurs here
Term
Lymphatic System:Vessels
Definition
• Blind lymphatic capillaries found in most tissues of the body!
• Collect interstitial fluids, pathogens, cell products (hormones) and cellular debris!
• Returns this back to venous
circulation
Term
Lymphatic System: Nodes
Definition
Filters of lymph that contain elements of the body’s defense (lymphocytes and macrophages) that defend and detect foreign pathogens
Term
Lymphatic System:
Definition
Vessels coalesce to form trunks or ducts which drain into venous circulation at the neck
Term
Nervous System
Definition
Comprised of the brain, spinal cord (Central Nervous System) and peripheral nerves (Peripheral Nervous System)
Term
Central Nervous System: Brain
Definition
• Comprised of cerebral hemispheres, brainstem and cerebellum!
• Gray matter- neuronal cell bodies!
• White matter- myelinated axons!
• Ventricles- spaces filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Term
Central Nervous System: Spinal Cord
Definition
• Fills the superior 2/3 of the vertebral canal!
• Roughly cylindrical in shape
Term
Central Nervous System: Meninges
Definition
• Three connective tissue coverings of the CNS that surround, suspend and protect the CNS!
• Outer Dura Mater!
• Middle Arachnoid Mater!
• Inner Pia Mater
Term
Central Nervous System: Subdivisions
Definition
• Somatic part!
• Innervates skin and skeletal muscle derived from somites in the embryo!
• Mainly involved in receiving and responding to information from external environment!
• Visceral part!
• Innervates organ systems, smooth muscle and glands!
• Detecting and responding to information from internal environment
Term
Central Nervous System: Somatic
Definition
• Somatic sensory neurons carry information from the periphery into the CNS and are also called somatic sensory afferents (SSA) or general somatic afferents (GSA)!
• Somatic motor fibers carry information away from the CNS to skeletal muscle and are also called somatic motor efferents (SME) or general somatic efferents (GSE)
Term
Central Nervous System:Visceral
Definition
• Sensory nerves monitor changes in the viscera!
• Motor nerves innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
Term
Central Nervous System:Visceral
Definition
• Visceral motor component is referred to as the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)!
• Subdivided into:!
• Sympathetic Nervous System!
• Parasympathetic Nervous System
• Visceral sensory and motor neurons do not enter and leave the cord at all levels:!
• In the cranial region, visceral components are associated with cranial nerves III,VII, IX and X!
• In the spinal cord, visceral components are associated with T1- L2 and S2-4
Term
Sympathetic Nervous System
Definition
• That part that leaves the Thoracolumbar (T1-L2) region!
• On each side of the spinal cord, a paravertebral sympathetic trunk extends from the base of the skull to the inferior end of the vertebral column!
• Each trunk is attached to the anterior rami and becomes the route by which sympathetics are distributed to the periphery
Term
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Definition
• Cranial nerves III,VII, IX and X!
• Head and face, heart, lungs and upper GI tract!
• S2-4!
• Lower GI tract, pelvic viscera
Term
Parasympathetic Nervous System
• Cranial nerves III,VII, IX and X!
• Head and face, heart, lungs and upper GI tract!
• S2-4!
• Lower GI tract, pelvic viscera
Somatic Nerve Plexuses
Definition
• Formed from anterior rami of C1-4 (Cervical plexus), C5- T1 (Brachial plexus), L1-4 (Lumbar plexus), L4-S4 (Sacral plexus)!
• Except for T1, the thoracic ventral rami remain independent and do not participate in plexuses
Supporting users have an ad free experience!