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Anatomy- first test-hardgroder
lsu
190
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
01/13/2009

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Term
anatomy
Definition
study of human body and the relationship of structures within it
Term
dissection
Definition
careful cutting of human body to examine certain parts
Term
physiology
Definition
study of function of human body
Term
inspection
Definition
visual overlook observation-- looking for abnormalities
Term
palpation
Definition
touching of human body
Term
auscultation
Definition
to listen- triangle of auscultation- stethescope on back
Term
percussion
Definition
tapping and generally listening as well
Term
levels of body organization (lowest to highest)
Definition
chemical
cellular
tissue
organ
system
organismal
Term
chemical level
Definition
lowest level
Term
cellular level
Definition
made up of two or more atoms (molecule)
Term
tissue
Definition
group of cells that have material around them- perform specific function
Term
organ level
Definition
made up of tissues
ex: lungs
Term
system level
Definition
made up of organs that have a common function
Term
organismal level
Definition
entire human being-- all organs
Term
NAV
Definition
nerve-artery-vein travel in trios
Term
anatomical position
Definition
palms out feet together, arms out eyes straight forward
Term
prone
Definition
lying on stomach
Term
supine
Definition
face up
Term
planes
Definition
imaginary surface that passes through body
Term
saggital plane
Definition
vertical plane that divides body into right and left
Term
midsagittal plane
Definition
(median plane) divides into equal halves
Term
parasagittal plane
Definition
dividing into unequal halves
Term
frontal plane
Definition
(coronal plane)divides body into front and back
Term
metabolism
Definition
breakdown of molecules, building up of structures (proteins)
Term
responsiveness
Definition
detect and respond to external and internal stimuli (ex muscle contraction)
Term
growth
Definition
increase in number of cells or amount of material between cell
Term
differentiation
Definition
become specified cells (ex stem cells)
Term
homeostasis
Definition
body's regulation of normal limits,normal range, influenced by external and internal stimuli (temp of blood, etc)
Term
disorder
Definition
abnormality of function (ADD, OCD, autism)
Term
disease
Definition
homeostatic inbalance
Term
symptom
Definition
something felt by patient
Term
sign
Definition
diagnosed by physician, observed
Term
diagnosis
Definition
distinguishing one disease from another
Term
epidemiology
Definition
study of disease
Term
pharmacology
Definition
how drugs are dispensed (legal)
Term
transverse plane
Definition
upper and lower (superior and inferior)
cross sectional and horizontal
Term
oblique plane
Definition
crosses a part at an oblique angle
Term
section
Definition
one flat suerface of 3d structure
Term
directional terms
Definition
words that describe the position of one body part relative to another
Term
superior
Definition
oriented toward head (eyes superior to mouth)
Term
inferior
Definition
directed away from head
Term
medial
Definition
toward middle line
Term
lateral
Definition
away from middle line
Term
cranial cavity
Definition
brain
Term
vertebral canal
Definition
spinal chord
Term
body cavity
Definition
spaces within the body that help protect separate and support internal organs
Term
thoracic cavity
Definition
superior (thoracic superior to diaphragm)
Term
abdominopelvic cavity
Definition
inferior (abdominopelvic inferior to diaphragm)
Term
viscera
Definition
organs (lungs, heart, liver)
Term
pericardial cavity
Definition
within thoracic cavity- heart
Term
two plerual cavities
Definition
lungs within thoracic cavity
Term
mediastinum
Definition
landmark to find heart; central part of thorax in between lungs
Term
abdominal cavity
Definition
stomach, spleen, liver, small intestine, and most large intestine
Term
pelvic cavity
Definition
urinary/ reproductive organs, and some large intestine
Term
proximal
Definition
asoociated with the point of attachment closer to the body
Term
distal
Definition
further awar from point of attachment
Term
function of cells
Definition
numerous chemical reactions, reulates what goes in and out, combine genetic material
Term
compartmentalization
Definition
specific chemical reaction go on inside of structure sthat are fou in a cell
Term
plasma membrane
Definition
gate keeper- allows things in and out; sturdy but flexible; facilitates contact with other cells; contains receptors; plays a role in cellular communication
Term
occlude
Definition
stop and prevent
Term
hyperplencha
Definition
growth
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
made up of cytosol and organelles
Term
cytosol
Definition
mostly water and fluid
Term
organelles
Definition
subcellular structures that have specific characteristics and functions
Term
nucleus
Definition
largest organelle; find dna there
Term
chromosomes
Definition
millions of hereditary genes
Term
fluid mosaic model
Definition
arrangement of molecules within the membrane resembles a sea of lipids containing many types of proteins
Term
integral proteins
Definition
cross over lipid bilayer most are transmembrane
Term
transmembrane proteins
Definition
completely go across bilayer
Term
peripheral proteins
Definition
on outside- don't go across contain enzymes that activate function in cell to support plasma membrane
Term
glycoproteins
Definition
transmembrane that has a carb attached to it
Term
glycocalyx
Definition
sugary coating around plasma membrane made of carb portion of glycolipid and glycoprotein-- cell id- help cells bind together- gives lubricant to cell
Term
transporters
Definition
selectively move substances through membrane
Term
ligand
Definition
moves through channel picks something up and brings it back -- binds with receptor
Term
receptors
Definition
help with cell recognition
Term
enzymes
Definition
catalyze chemical reactions
Term
lipid bilayer
Definition
permeable to water,oxygen, and steroids but impermeable to glucose
Term
intracellular fluid (ICF)
Definition
fluid in cell
Term
extracellular fluid (ECF)
Definition
outside cell
Term
interstitial fluid
Definition
ecf thats between cells
Term
plasma
Definition
ecf in blood
Term
lymph
Definition
ecf in lymphatic vessels
Term
passive processes
Definition
move cell membrane without input of energy- kinetic energy mainly
Term
active processes
Definition
use ATP
Term
simple diffusion
Definition
net movement from high to low- nephron in kidney, oxygen through blood
Term
osmosis
Definition
high to low but through permeable membrane
Term
facilitated diffusion
Definition
needs transmembrane protein
Term
filtration
Definition
passive process
Term
vesicle
Definition
small sack formed by budding off of cell membrane
Term
endocytosis
Definition
movement of material by vesicle
Term
receptor- mediated endocytosis
Definition
selective input-- this is how HIV invades the body
Term
phagocytosis
Definition
cell eating by macrophages in white blood cells, vital defense mechanism- forms pseudopod
Term
bulk-phase endocytosis
Definition
(pinocytosis) cell drinking- no receptor proteins
Term
exocytosis
Definition
vesicles fuse with membrane and release to ecf
Term
transcytosis
Definition
combo of endo and exo cytosis
Term
cytosol
Definition
intracellular fluid, surrounds organelles; site of chemical reactions generally energy is product, building blocks of cells
Term
cytoskeleton
Definition
network of protein filaments that provides structure
Term
organelles
Definition
special structure in cell
Term
microfilaments
Definition
contain actin (linked with muscle contraction) thinnest- locomotion and division, support microvilli
Term
intermediate filaments
Definition
thicker- anchor organelles
Term
microfilaments
Definition
largest- flagella, cilia, centrosome
Term
cilia
Definition
short hair move fluid on surface of cell
Term
flagella
Definition
longer and move entire cell
Term
centrosome
Definition
near nucleus; 2 centrioles and pericentriol material; makes mitotic apparatus (spindle and centriole)
Term
ribosomes
Definition
site of protein synthesis
Term
endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
series of flattened sacs or of tubules
Term
cisterns
Definition
flat sacs form maze for rough ER
Term
rough ER
Definition
continuous with nuclear envelope
Term
smooth ER
Definition
synthesizes fatty acids, steroids detoxs substances
Term
peroxisomes
Definition
smaller than lysosomes- detoxifies certain substances like alcohol- normally in liver-- amino and fatty acids
Term
peroxisomes
Definition
smaller than lysosomes- detoxifies certain substances like alcohol- normally in liver-- amino and fatty acids
Term
mitochondria
Definition
the powerhouses of the cell
Term
matrix
Definition
large central fluid filled cavity, self replicate
Term
nucleoplasm
Definition
fluid part of nucleus
Term
karolymph
Definition
chromatin are embedded here
Term
chromosomes
Definition
long molecules of DNA
Term
nucleolous
Definition
produces ribosomes- not all cells have it- must have for duplication
Term
nuclear pores
Definition
control of substances in and out of nucleus
Term
nuclear envelope
Definition
separate nucleus from cytoplasm
Term
malignant
Definition
spreads to other parts of the body
Term
benign
Definition
tumor that isn't growing
Term
tissue
Definition
made up of cells that normally have the same embryologic origin, which means they serve the same purpose, specialized cells
Term
histology
Definition
study of tissues
Term
pathologist
Definition
someone who studies tissues, must have an MD
Term
epithelial tissue
Definition
covers our body surface; lines hollow organs and cavities, when it sinks below it becomes a duct, also forms glands
Term
connective tissue
Definition
supports and protects our organs, site for the reserve for fat which insulates our body, fat provides some energy, provides for some immunity
Term
muscular tissue
Definition
releases movement and force
Term
nervous tissue
Definition
detects changes in our environment (internally and externally) and responds by initiating some response
Term
cell junctions
Definition
specialized points of contact where cells stick, plaque bearing
Term
5 types of cell junctions
Definition
tight, adherens, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, gap
Term
tight junctions
Definition
occludes (stops) substances from crossing over, protects lining of stomachs and intestines
Term
adherent junctions
Definition
plaque bearing junction, make the cell membranes fit tight together to help resist separation from one another
Term
desmosomes
Definition
plaque bearing, fasten themselves to one another and prevent epidermal cells from separating, also found in cardiac muscle- holds them so when contraction in muscle tissue they are still kept together
Term
hemidesmosomes
Definition
half of a desmosome, connects the upper layer (plasma membrane) to lower layer (basement membrane) of cell
Term
gap junctions
Definition
fluid filled (connexion) that connect the two cell membranes; fluid allowis it to tracel so fast-- can send message across the cell membrane very quickly, found in nervous tissue
Term
eipthelial tissue
Definition
cells arranged in continuous sheets (think about your skin); can be single or multiple layers
Term
secretion, filtration, absorption, protection
Definition
functions of epithelial cells
Term
Simple (unilaminar) epithelium
Definition
one layer of cells
Term
Pseudostratified epithelium
Definition
Looks like its several layers thick, but its only one layer
Not all cells will reach the apical surface
Term
Stratified (multilaminar) epithelium
Definition
Many layers
Term
transitional epithelium
Definition
change or has to change its shape depending on what its being asked to do
Term
columnar
Definition
longer, more rectangular
Term
cuboidal
Definition
cube shaped/hexagon
Term
squamous
Definition
flat
Term
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Definition
located in areas that are subject to wear and tear
Ex. In the alveoli in lungs
Function is diffusion and filtration (ex. Blood filtration in the kidneys)
Term
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Definition
Purpose is secretion and absorption
Found in kidneys and smaller ducts of glands
Term
Simple columnar epithelium
Definition
Can be ciliated-found in respiratory passages because associated with movement
Term
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Definition
Functions as secretion and movement—found in upper respiratory tract (trachea up)
Single layer
Term
Stratified squamous epithelium
Definition
At least two layers
Provides protection- outer layers of skin
Keratin- protein that produces friction – if have it then keratinized– if no then nonkeratinized (moist lubricant cells)
Flakyness of dry skin
Mouth and vagina
Term
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Definition
A couple of layers
Rare, line ducts of glands esp sweat glands
Term
Stratified columnar epithelium
Definition
Rare
Protection and secretion
Ducts of some large glands
Look at shape of cells then look at layers
Term
Transitional epithelium
Definition
Distention (contracts and flexible when needed and then goes back to normal) - found in bladder
Term
grandular epithelium
Definition
Specialized epithelial cells organized to form glands that secrete substances into ducts, onto a surface, or into the blood
Term
Endocrine glands
Definition
No ducts- secretes into blood
Petuitary glands, thyroid glands
Term
Exocrine glands
Definition
Sweat, salivary glands that do have ducts and produce some type of substance
Term
connective tissue
Definition
Binds together and strengthens and supports tissue
Protects and insulates
Compartmentalizes certain structures like skeletal system
Blood is an ex b/c transports substances
Outapost (fat) stores energy
Main source of immune system
Term
ground substance
Definition
interfibrillar extracellular matrix
Term
collagen fibers
Definition
Provide strength and flexibility to tissue, tough and resistant but pliable
Formed from protein called collagen
Term
elastic fibers
Definition
Provide elasticity to organs like lungs, blood vessels, cartilage of ears
Can stretch up to 150% of original length
Term
reticular fibers
Definition
Provide support and strength in organs like spleen and lymph vessels
Provide framework or shape of organs, branched
Term
Embryonic connective tissue
Definition
Almost exclusively in embryo, some could be passed on but rare
Term
Mesenchyme
Definition
Where all cells start give rise to all other connective tissue
Term
Mucous connective tissue (Wharton’s jelly)
Definition
Found in umbilical chord
Term
Areolar connective tissue
Definition
Has all types of cells in it
3 types of fibers- collagen, elastic, reticular fibers
Highly vascularized- lots of blood
Term
Adipose tissue
Definition
White- insulates and stores our energy
Brown adipose- provides warmth in infants
Term
Reticular connective tissue
Definition
Binds cells of smooth muscle- found in organs
Term
Dense regular connective
Definition
Not as vascularized as loose
Contains rows of fiberblast
Tendons and ligaments
Find where need a point of attachment to another
Can find in heart valves
Term
Dense irregular connective
Definition
have fibroblast but in random not parallel bundles
Found in periostuem (bones) gives it strength can be found in heart valves as well
Term
Elastic connective
Definition
Fibroblast scattered around elastic fibers
Located in arteries specifically in elastic arteries, also in lung tissue
Provide elasticity
Term
Hyaline Cartilage
Definition
Fine collagen fibers that are not visible with ordinary staining techniques used in light microscopy
Not visible until we stain
Most abundant but weakest
Located at ends of long bones (femur), nose,trachea
Provides flexibility and support
Reduces friction and absorbs shock
Term
Fibrocartilage
Definition
Contains visible bundles of collagen fibers, making it the strongest type of cartilage- it lacks a perichondrium.
Provides strength and rigidity as well as flexibility
Found in invertebral disk and miniscus in knee
Term
Elastic cartilage
Definition
contains network of elastic fibers.
External ear and epiglodus
Maintain shape and provides support and strength and elasticity
Term
Bone (Osseous) Tissue
Definition
Contains osteocytes- mature bone cells- osteoblast will make osteocyte- for maintanence- live in lacuna or spaces
Term
Canaliculi
Definition
bridges or channels that connect lacuna
Compact (dense) bone
Term
Trabeculae
Definition
makes up spongy bone- looks like coral
Term
Blood tissue-
Definition
consists of liquid called plasma from plasma comes the rest
Term
Erythrocytes
Definition
red blood cells
Term
Leukocytes
Definition
white blood cell- involved in allergic reactions, phagocytic, immunity
Term
Platelets
Definition
blood clotting
Term
Lymph
Definition
interstitial fluid that flows in lymphatic vessels
Term
epithelial membrane-
Definition
epithelial layer with connective tissue underneath it
Term
Mucous membrane (mucosa
Definition
lie in a cavity that opens to exterior- mouth- prevents dehydrationa nd stop pathogens, serves as barrier
Term
Serous membrane (serosa)-
Definition
lines (parietal layer)- lines body cavity that holds organs
Term
muscular tissue
Definition
consists of cells, usually called muscle fibers (myocytes),myofibiral that are specialized to contract and therefore provide motion, maintain posture, and generate heat
Term
Skeletal muscle tissue-
Definition
banding attached to bones, striated (banding) voluntary and multinucleated
Term
Cardiac muscle tissue-
Definition
intercalated disks- branched- striated- involuntary
Term
Smooth muscle tissue-
Definition
not striated- spindle shaped cells- involuntary found in hollow internal organs like stomach blood vessels
Term
neurons
Definition
direct the stimuli, start action
Term
Axon
Definition
sends impulse out of cell body
Term
Neuroglia-
Definition
provides support to neurons and protects neurons
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