Term
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Definition
| Abnormal growth of the hands, feet, and face, caused by overproduction of growth hormone by the pituitary gland. |
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Term
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) |
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Definition
| Anterior pituitary hormone that influences the activity of the adrenal cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that regulates Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion by the kidneys. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone such as testosterone that controls male secondary sex characteristics. |
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Term
| Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis) |
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Definition
| The glandular part of the pituitary gland. |
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Term
| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH or vasopressin) |
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Definition
| Hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary; stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more water, reducing urine volume. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormone released by the thyroid. Lowers blood calcium levels only when present at high (therapeutic) levels. |
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Term
| Cortisol (hydrocortisone) |
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Definition
| Glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Severe hypothyroidism resulting in physical and mental stunting in infants. It is characterized by mental retardation, impaired growth, low body temperature and abnormal bone formation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A metabolic disorder caused by overproduction of glucocorticoid by the adrenal cortex and often involving obesity and high blood pressure. It can be caused by a tumor (then is called a disease) or most often, by the clinical administration of pharmacological doses of glucocorticoid drugs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disease caused by deficient insulin release or by insulin resistance, leading to inability of the body cells to use carbohydrates. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chief hormone produced by the adrenal medulla. Also called adrenaline. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormone that stimulates female secondary sex characteristics; female sex hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormone formed by alpa cells of pancreatic islets; raises the glucose level of blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by a deficiency of iodine in the diet. One sees thyroid enlargement, listlessness, and weight gain. Thyroxine production slows because iodine is not available. In an attempt to increase thyroxine, the thyroid enlarges. |
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Term
| Gonadotropin Hormone (FSH & LH) |
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Definition
| Regulate the function of the gonads (ovaries & testes) & produced by the anterior pituitary. In both sexes, FSH stimulates gamete (sperm or egg) production and LH promotes production of gonadal hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormone that stimulates growth in general and metabolic actions; produced by cells called somatotrophs in anterior pituitary; also called somatotropin (STH); major targets are bones and skeletal muscles; promotes protein synthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Steroidal or amino-acid based molecules released to the blood that act as chemical messengers to regulate specific body functions. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone that enhances the carrier-mediated diffusion of glucose into tissue cells, thus lowering blood glucose levels. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone secreted by the pineal gland; secretion peaks at night and helps set sleep-wake cycles; also a powerful antioxidant. |
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Term
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Definition
| Condition resulting from underactive thyroid gland. Symptoms include a low metabolic rate; felling chilled; constipation; thick, dry skin and puffy eyes; edema; lethargy; and mental sluggishness (but not mental retardation). |
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Term
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Definition
| A catecholamine neurotransmitter and adrenal medullary hormone, associated with sympathetic nervous system activation. |
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Term
| Pancreatic islets of Langerhans |
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Definition
| Tiny cell clusters that produce pancreatic hormones. These contain 2 major populations of hormone-producing cells, the glucagon-synthesizing alpha cells and the more numerous insulin-producing beta cells. |
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Term
| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) |
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Definition
Protein hormone released by the parathyroid glands that regulates blood calcium level. Release is triggered by falling blood Ca 2+ levels and inhibited by rising blood Ca 2+ levels. 3 target organs: the skeleton, the kidneys & the intestine.
Stimulates osteoclasts, enhances reabsorption of Ca 2+ by kidneys & promotes activation of vitamin D, thereby increasing absorption of Ca 2+ from food. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone-secreting part of the diencephalon of the brain through to be involved in setting the biological clock and influencing reproductive function. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of 3 signs of DM. Excessive thirst stimulated by the hypothalamic thirst centers. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of 3 signs of DM. Refers to excessive hunger and food consumption, a sign that the person is "starving in the land of plenty." Although plenty of glucose is available, it cannot be used and the body starts to utilize its fat and protein stores for energy metabolism. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of 3 signs of DM. Excessive glucose in the kidney filtrate acts as an osmotic diuretic, resulting in a huge urin output that leads to decreased blood volume and dehydration. Serious electrolyte losses also occur as the body rids itself of excess ketone bodies, which are negatively charged and carry positive ions out with them. As a result, Na+ and K+ are also lost from the body. |
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Term
| Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis) |
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Definition
| Portion of the gland derived from the brain; includes the infundibulum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormone partly responsible for preparing the uterus for the fertilized ovum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adenohypophyseal hormone that stimulates the breasts to produce milk. |
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Term
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Definition
| A lipid-based chemical messenger synthesized by most tissue cells that acts locally as a paracrine. |
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Term
| Renin-Angiotensin Pathway |
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Definition
| 1st of 4 mechanisms regulating aldosterone secretion; influences both blood volume and blood pressure by regulating the release of aldosterone and therefore Na+ and water reabsorption by the kidneys. Specialized cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidneys become excited when blood pressure (or blood volume) declines.; ultimately involved in raising blood pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Male sex hormone produced by the testes; during puberty promotes virilization, and is necessary for normal sperm production. |
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Term
| Thymosin, Thymulin, Thymoproteins |
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Definition
| families for peptide hormones secreted by Thymic epithelial cells. These hormones are though to be involved in the normal development of T lymphocytes and the immune response, but their roles are not well understood. The mainly act locally as paracrines. |
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Term
| Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) |
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Definition
| Adenohypophyseal hormone that regulates secretion of thyroid hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Iodine-containing hormone secreted by thyroid follicles; stimulates enzymes concerned with glucose oxidation. |
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Term
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Definition
| (Secreted by) Adenohypophysis |
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Term
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Definition
| (Secreted by) Adrenal Gland |
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Term
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Definition
| (Secreted by) Thyroid Gland |
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Term
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Definition
| (Secreted by) Neurohypophysis |
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Term
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Definition
| (Secreted by) Pineal Gland |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulates development of the follicle in the ovaries |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones, most importantly glucocorticoids that help the body to resist stressors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulates the thyroid gland. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mobilizes fats, spares glucose, and promotes the protein synthesis necessary for growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulates the kidney tubules to reabsorb water from urine; prevents wide swings in water balance, helping the body avoid dehydration and water overload. |
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Term
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Definition
| NREM sleep normally exhibits four distinct stages, which appear to alternate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Petit mal seizures found in children generally go away with age. |
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Term
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Definition
| NREM sleep episondes are frequently associated with erection of the penis. |
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Term
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Definition
| A flat EEG is a good indication of deep sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| Theta waves are a brain wave pattern that can be seen during deep sleep and during anesthesia. |
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Term
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Definition
| One disorder of the substantia nigra is Parkinson's disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell bodies of the somatic motor neurons of the spinal nerves are located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| Meningitis is the most accurate term for inflammation of neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| The spinal cord ends at the level of L1. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and in the subarachnoid space outside the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The terms fainting and syncope describe the same thing. |
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Term
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Definition
| The RAS is comprised of specific pathways primarily in the limbic system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nondeclarative memories preserve the context in which they are learned. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first obvious sign that the nervous system is forming in the embryo is the thickening of the surface ectoderm to form the neural plate. |
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Term
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Definition
| The left cerebral hemisphere is usually dominant. |
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Term
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Definition
| The limbic system acts as our emotional, or affective, brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The canal connection the 3rd & 4th ventricles and running through the midbrain is the foramen of Monro. |
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Term
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Definition
| Commissural fibers form the corpus striatum. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disturbance of posture, muscle tremors at rest and uncontrolled muscle contraction are all symptoms of damage to the basal nuclei. |
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Term
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Definition
| Projection fibers in the brain connect the right and left hemispheres. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most of the ascending and descending pathways to and from the brain cross over from one side of the body to the other. |
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Term
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Definition
| The primary visual cortex contains a map of visual space. |
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Term
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Definition
| One functional center found within the medulla oblongata is a respiratory center involved in the control of the rate and depth of breathing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sorting of sensory information and relaying it to the appropriate cerebral sensory area occurs in the hypothalamus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory areas of the cortex for the genitals are located deep in the postcentral gyrus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Embryonic damage to the mesencephalon could result in improper formation of the midbrain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Coma is defined as total unresponsiveness to stimuli for a long period of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stage 4 sleep increases in old age. |
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Term
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Definition
| Epilepsy is often genetically induced but also frequently caused by head trauma, stroke, infection & tumor. |
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Term
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Definition
| During seizures, sensory messages are processed normally but responses are blocked. |
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Term
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Definition
| White matter is found in the cerebral cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzymes raise the activation energy needed to start a reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| An increase in the number of muscle cells is a usual result of exercise. |
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Term
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Definition
| Smooth muscle shortens and stretches to a greater extent than does striated muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| The release of neurotransmitter molecules gives the property of being electrically coupled. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells with interconnected cytoplasm are chemically coupled. |
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Term
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Definition
| The synaptic cleft prevents an impulse from being transmitted directly from one neuron to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Each daughter cell resulting from mitotic cell division has exactly as many chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The spindle is formed by the migration of chromatin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromatin consists of DNA & RNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| In osmosis movement of water occurs toward the solution with the lower solute concentration. |
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Term
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Definition
| Final preparation for cell division is made during the life cycle subphase called G2. |
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Term
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Definition
| The genetic information is coded in DNA by the regular alternation of sugar and phosphate molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| a process by which large particles may be taken into the cell for food, protection of the body, or for disposing of old or dead cells is called phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Diffusion is always from areas of greater to areas of lesser concentration. |
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Term
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Definition
| Facilitated diffusion always requires a carrier protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pressure caused by gravity is necessary for any filtration pressure to occur in the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA transcription is another word for DNA replication. |
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Term
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Definition
| The glycocalyx is often referred to as the "cell coat," which is somewhat fuzzy and sticky with numerous cholesterol chains sticking out of the surface from the cell membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| Interstitial fluid represents one type of extracellular material. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hyperplasia generally means that an organ will increase in size due to the excessive formation of extracellular fluids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Embryonic membrane; its blood vessels develop into blood vessels of the umbilical cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fetal membrane that forms a fluid-filled sac around the embryo. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stage of early embryonic development; the product of cleavage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Outermost fetal membrane; helps form the placenta. |
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Term
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Definition
| Developmental stage extending from fertilization to the end of the eighth week. |
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Term
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Definition
| The portion of the male duct system in which sperm mature. Empties into the duct (or vas) deferens. |
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Term
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Definition
| Developmental stage extending from the 9th week of development to birth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Finger-like projections that drape over the ovary. Around the time of ovulation these stiffen and sweep the ovarian surface. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Primary reproductive organ; i.e., the testis of the male or the ovary of the female. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nuclear division process that reduces the chromosomal number by half and results in the formation of 4 haploid (n) cells; occurs only incertain reproductive organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The mulberry-like solid mass of blastomeres resulting from cleavage in the early conceptus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Culmination of pregnancy; giving birth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fluid mixture containing sperm and secretions of the male accessory reproductive glands. |
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Term
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Definition
| Highly convoluted tubes within the testes; form sperm. |
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Term
| Vesicular (Graffian) follicle |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| What are the 2 major functions of the testes? |
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Term
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Definition
| Which of the tubular structures are the sperm "factories"? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the function of the erectile tissue of the penis? |
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Term
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Definition
| Name the organs of the male duct system in order, from the epididymis to the body exterior. |
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Term
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Definition
| What are two functions of the sterocilia on the epididymal epithelium? |
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Term
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Definition
| Which accessory organ of the male duct system runs from the scrotum into the abdominal cavity? |
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Term
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Definition
| Which glandular accessory organ produces the larges proportion of semen? |
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Term
| A milky white, somewhat sticky mixture of sperm, testicular fluid and accessory gland secretions; provides a transport medium and nutrients and contains chemicals that protect and activate sperm and facilitate their movement. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| What is erection and what division of the ANS regulates it? |
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Term
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Definition
| What occurs during resolution and what is the result? |
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Term
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Definition
| How is the final product of meiosis different from that of mitosis? |
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Term
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Definition
| Describe the major structural and functional regions of a sperm. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| How does FSH indirectly stimulate spermatogenesis? |
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Term
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Definition
| What are the 3 secondary sex characteristics promoted by testosterone? |
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Term
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Definition
| What are the internal genitalia in females? |
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Term
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Definition
| What 2 roles do the ovaries assume? |
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Term
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Definition
| How does a primary follicle differ from a secondary follicle? From a vesicular follicle? |
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Term
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Definition
| Why are women more at risk for PID than men? |
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Term
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Definition
| Oocytes are ovulated into the peritoneal cavity and yet women do get pregnant. What action of the uterine tubes helps to direct the oocytes into the woman's duct system? |
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Term
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Definition
| What portion of the female duct system is the usual site of fertilization? Which is the "incubator" for fetal development? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the female homologue of the bulbourethral glands of males? |
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Term
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Definition
| Developmentally, mammary glands are modifications of certain skin glands. Which type? |
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Term
| Epithelial cells of the smallest ducts. |
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Definition
| From what cell types does breast cancer usually arise? |
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Term
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Definition
| How do haploid cells arising from oogenesis differ structurally and functionally from those arising from spermatogenesis? |
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Term
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Definition
| What occurs in the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle? |
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Term
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Definition
| What hormone plays an important role in "letting the brain know" that puberty may occur in girls? |
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Term
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Definition
| What gonadal hormone exerts positive feedback on the anterior pituitary that results in a burstlike release of LH? |
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