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Anatomy- Final
True/False
143
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
08/07/2011

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Term
Acromegaly
Definition
Abnormal growth of the hands, feet, and face, caused by overproduction of growth hormone by the pituitary gland.
Term
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Definition
Anterior pituitary hormone that influences the activity of the adrenal cortex.
Term
Aldosterone
Definition
Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that regulates Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion by the kidneys.
Term
Androgen
Definition
A hormone such as testosterone that controls male secondary sex characteristics.
Term
Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis)
Definition
The glandular part of the pituitary gland.
Term
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH or vasopressin)
Definition
Hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary; stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more water, reducing urine volume.
Term
Calcitonin
Definition
Hormone released by the thyroid. Lowers blood calcium levels only when present at high (therapeutic) levels.
Term
Cortisol (hydrocortisone)
Definition
Glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex.
Term
Cretinism
Definition
Severe hypothyroidism resulting in physical and mental stunting in infants. It is characterized by mental retardation, impaired growth, low body temperature and abnormal bone formation.
Term
Cushing's Syndrome
Definition
A metabolic disorder caused by overproduction of glucocorticoid by the adrenal cortex and often involving obesity and high blood pressure. It can be caused by a tumor (then is called a disease) or most often, by the clinical administration of pharmacological doses of glucocorticoid drugs.
Term
Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
Definition
Disease caused by deficient insulin release or by insulin resistance, leading to inability of the body cells to use carbohydrates.
Term
Epinephrine
Definition
Chief hormone produced by the adrenal medulla. Also called adrenaline.
Term
Estrogen
Definition
Hormone that stimulates female secondary sex characteristics; female sex hormones.
Term
Glucagon
Definition
Hormone formed by alpa cells of pancreatic islets; raises the glucose level of blood.
Term
Endemic or Simple Goiter
Definition
Caused by a deficiency of iodine in the diet. One sees thyroid enlargement, listlessness, and weight gain. Thyroxine production slows because iodine is not available. In an attempt to increase thyroxine, the thyroid enlarges.
Term
Gonadotropin Hormone (FSH & LH)
Definition
Regulate the function of the gonads (ovaries & testes) & produced by the anterior pituitary. In both sexes, FSH stimulates gamete (sperm or egg) production and LH promotes production of gonadal hormones.
Term
Growth Hormone (GH)
Definition
Hormone that stimulates growth in general and metabolic actions; produced by cells called somatotrophs in anterior pituitary; also called somatotropin (STH); major targets are bones and skeletal muscles; promotes protein synthesis.
Term
Hormone
Definition
Steroidal or amino-acid based molecules released to the blood that act as chemical messengers to regulate specific body functions.
Term
Insulin
Definition
A hormone that enhances the carrier-mediated diffusion of glucose into tissue cells, thus lowering blood glucose levels.
Term
Melatonin
Definition
A hormone secreted by the pineal gland; secretion peaks at night and helps set sleep-wake cycles; also a powerful antioxidant.
Term
Myxedema
Definition
Condition resulting from underactive thyroid gland. Symptoms include a low metabolic rate; felling chilled; constipation; thick, dry skin and puffy eyes; edema; lethargy; and mental sluggishness (but not mental retardation).
Term
Norepinephrine (NE)
Definition
A catecholamine neurotransmitter and adrenal medullary hormone, associated with sympathetic nervous system activation.
Term
Pancreatic islets of Langerhans
Definition
Tiny cell clusters that produce pancreatic hormones. These contain 2 major populations of hormone-producing cells, the glucagon-synthesizing alpha cells and the more numerous insulin-producing beta cells.
Term
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Definition
Protein hormone released by the parathyroid glands that regulates blood calcium level. Release is triggered by falling blood Ca 2+ levels and inhibited by rising blood Ca 2+ levels. 3 target organs: the skeleton, the kidneys & the intestine.

Stimulates osteoclasts, enhances reabsorption of Ca 2+ by kidneys & promotes activation of vitamin D, thereby increasing absorption of Ca 2+ from food.
Term
Pineal Gland (body)
Definition
A hormone-secreting part of the diencephalon of the brain through to be involved in setting the biological clock and influencing reproductive function.
Term
Polydipsia
Definition
One of 3 signs of DM. Excessive thirst stimulated by the hypothalamic thirst centers.
Term
Polyphagia
Definition
One of 3 signs of DM. Refers to excessive hunger and food consumption, a sign that the person is "starving in the land of plenty." Although plenty of glucose is available, it cannot be used and the body starts to utilize its fat and protein stores for energy metabolism.
Term
Polyuria
Definition
One of 3 signs of DM. Excessive glucose in the kidney filtrate acts as an osmotic diuretic, resulting in a huge urin output that leads to decreased blood volume and dehydration. Serious electrolyte losses also occur as the body rids itself of excess ketone bodies, which are negatively charged and carry positive ions out with them. As a result, Na+ and K+ are also lost from the body.
Term
Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis)
Definition
Portion of the gland derived from the brain; includes the infundibulum.
Term
Progesterone
Definition
Hormone partly responsible for preparing the uterus for the fertilized ovum.
Term
Prolactin (PRL)
Definition
Adenohypophyseal hormone that stimulates the breasts to produce milk.
Term
Prostaglandins
Definition
A lipid-based chemical messenger synthesized by most tissue cells that acts locally as a paracrine.
Term
Renin-Angiotensin Pathway
Definition
1st of 4 mechanisms regulating aldosterone secretion; influences both blood volume and blood pressure by regulating the release of aldosterone and therefore Na+ and water reabsorption by the kidneys. Specialized cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidneys become excited when blood pressure (or blood volume) declines.; ultimately involved in raising blood pressure.
Term
Testosterone
Definition
Male sex hormone produced by the testes; during puberty promotes virilization, and is necessary for normal sperm production.
Term
Thymosin, Thymulin, Thymoproteins
Definition
families for peptide hormones secreted by Thymic epithelial cells. These hormones are though to be involved in the normal development of T lymphocytes and the immune response, but their roles are not well understood. The mainly act locally as paracrines.
Term
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Definition
Adenohypophyseal hormone that regulates secretion of thyroid hormones.
Term
Thyroxine (T4)
Definition
Iodine-containing hormone secreted by thyroid follicles; stimulates enzymes concerned with glucose oxidation.
Term
TSH
Definition
(Secreted by) Adenohypophysis
Term
Aldosterone
Definition
(Secreted by) Adrenal Gland
Term
Calcitonin
Definition
(Secreted by) Thyroid Gland
Term
ADH
Definition
(Secreted by) Neurohypophysis
Term
Melatonin
Definition
(Secreted by) Pineal Gland
Term
Function of FSH
Definition
Stimulates development of the follicle in the ovaries
Term
Function of ACTH
Definition
Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones, most importantly glucocorticoids that help the body to resist stressors.
Term
Function of TSH
Definition
Stimulates the thyroid gland.
Term
Function of GH
Definition
Mobilizes fats, spares glucose, and promotes the protein synthesis necessary for growth.
Term
Function of ADH
Definition
Stimulates the kidney tubules to reabsorb water from urine; prevents wide swings in water balance, helping the body avoid dehydration and water overload.
Term
True
Definition
NREM sleep normally exhibits four distinct stages, which appear to alternate.
Term
True
Definition
Petit mal seizures found in children generally go away with age.
Term
False
Definition
NREM sleep episondes are frequently associated with erection of the penis.
Term
False
Definition
A flat EEG is a good indication of deep sleep.
Term
False
Definition
Theta waves are a brain wave pattern that can be seen during deep sleep and during anesthesia.
Term
True
Definition
One disorder of the substantia nigra is Parkinson's disease.
Term
True
Definition
Cell bodies of the somatic motor neurons of the spinal nerves are located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord.
Term
False
Definition
Meningitis is the most accurate term for inflammation of neurons.
Term
True
Definition
The spinal cord ends at the level of L1.
Term
True
Definition
Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and in the subarachnoid space outside the brain.
Term
True
Definition
The terms fainting and syncope describe the same thing.
Term
False
Definition
The RAS is comprised of specific pathways primarily in the limbic system.
Term
False
Definition
Nondeclarative memories preserve the context in which they are learned.
Term
True
Definition
The first obvious sign that the nervous system is forming in the embryo is the thickening of the surface ectoderm to form the neural plate.
Term
True
Definition
The left cerebral hemisphere is usually dominant.
Term
True
Definition
The limbic system acts as our emotional, or affective, brain.
Term
False
Definition
The canal connection the 3rd & 4th ventricles and running through the midbrain is the foramen of Monro.
Term
False
Definition
Commissural fibers form the corpus striatum.
Term
True
Definition
A disturbance of posture, muscle tremors at rest and uncontrolled muscle contraction are all symptoms of damage to the basal nuclei.
Term
False
Definition
Projection fibers in the brain connect the right and left hemispheres.
Term
True
Definition
Most of the ascending and descending pathways to and from the brain cross over from one side of the body to the other.
Term
True
Definition
The primary visual cortex contains a map of visual space.
Term
True
Definition
One functional center found within the medulla oblongata is a respiratory center involved in the control of the rate and depth of breathing.
Term
False
Definition
Sorting of sensory information and relaying it to the appropriate cerebral sensory area occurs in the hypothalamus.
Term
True
Definition
Sensory areas of the cortex for the genitals are located deep in the postcentral gyrus.
Term
True
Definition
Embryonic damage to the mesencephalon could result in improper formation of the midbrain.
Term
True
Definition
Coma is defined as total unresponsiveness to stimuli for a long period of time.
Term
False
Definition
Stage 4 sleep increases in old age.
Term
True
Definition
Epilepsy is often genetically induced but also frequently caused by head trauma, stroke, infection & tumor.
Term
False
Definition
During seizures, sensory messages are processed normally but responses are blocked.
Term
False
Definition
White matter is found in the cerebral cortex.
Term
False
Definition
Enzymes raise the activation energy needed to start a reaction.
Term
False
Definition
An increase in the number of muscle cells is a usual result of exercise.
Term
True
Definition
Smooth muscle shortens and stretches to a greater extent than does striated muscle.
Term
False
Definition
The release of neurotransmitter molecules gives the property of being electrically coupled.
Term
False
Definition
Cells with interconnected cytoplasm are chemically coupled.
Term
True
Definition
The synaptic cleft prevents an impulse from being transmitted directly from one neuron to another.
Term
True
Definition
Each daughter cell resulting from mitotic cell division has exactly as many chromosomes.
Term
False
Definition
The spindle is formed by the migration of chromatin.
Term
False
Definition
Chromatin consists of DNA & RNA.
Term
False
Definition
In osmosis movement of water occurs toward the solution with the lower solute concentration.
Term
True
Definition
Final preparation for cell division is made during the life cycle subphase called G2.
Term
False
Definition
The genetic information is coded in DNA by the regular alternation of sugar and phosphate molecules.
Term
True
Definition
a process by which large particles may be taken into the cell for food, protection of the body, or for disposing of old or dead cells is called phagocytosis
Term
True
Definition
Diffusion is always from areas of greater to areas of lesser concentration.
Term
False
Definition
Facilitated diffusion always requires a carrier protein.
Term
False
Definition
Pressure caused by gravity is necessary for any filtration pressure to occur in the body.
Term
False
Definition
DNA transcription is another word for DNA replication.
Term
False
Definition
The glycocalyx is often referred to as the "cell coat," which is somewhat fuzzy and sticky with numerous cholesterol chains sticking out of the surface from the cell membrane.
Term
True
Definition
Interstitial fluid represents one type of extracellular material.
Term
False
Definition
Hyperplasia generally means that an organ will increase in size due to the excessive formation of extracellular fluids.
Term
Allantois
Definition
Embryonic membrane; its blood vessels develop into blood vessels of the umbilical cord.
Term
Amnion
Definition
Fetal membrane that forms a fluid-filled sac around the embryo.
Term
Blastocyst
Definition
Stage of early embryonic development; the product of cleavage.
Term
Chorion
Definition
Outermost fetal membrane; helps form the placenta.
Term
Embryo
Definition
Developmental stage extending from fertilization to the end of the eighth week.
Term
Epididymis
Definition
The portion of the male duct system in which sperm mature. Empties into the duct (or vas) deferens.
Term
Fetus
Definition
Developmental stage extending from the 9th week of development to birth.
Term
Fimbriae
Definition
Finger-like projections that drape over the ovary. Around the time of ovulation these stiffen and sweep the ovarian surface.
Term
Gamete
Definition
Sex or germ cell
Term
Gonad
Definition
Primary reproductive organ; i.e., the testis of the male or the ovary of the female.
Term
Meiosis
Definition
Nuclear division process that reduces the chromosomal number by half and results in the formation of 4 haploid (n) cells; occurs only incertain reproductive organs.
Term
Morula
Definition
The mulberry-like solid mass of blastomeres resulting from cleavage in the early conceptus.
Term
Parturition
Definition
Culmination of pregnancy; giving birth.
Term
Seminal fluid
Definition
Fluid mixture containing sperm and secretions of the male accessory reproductive glands.
Term
Seminiferous tubules
Definition
Highly convoluted tubes within the testes; form sperm.
Term
Vesicular (Graffian) follicle
Definition
Mature ovarian follicle
Term
Zygote
Definition
Fertilized egg.
Term
Definition
What are the 2 major functions of the testes?
Term
Definition
Which of the tubular structures are the sperm "factories"?
Term
Definition
What is the function of the erectile tissue of the penis?
Term
Definition
Name the organs of the male duct system in order, from the epididymis to the body exterior.
Term
Definition
What are two functions of the sterocilia on the epididymal epithelium?
Term
Definition
Which accessory organ of the male duct system runs from the scrotum into the abdominal cavity?
Term
Definition
Which glandular accessory organ produces the larges proportion of semen?
Term
A milky white, somewhat sticky mixture of sperm, testicular fluid and accessory gland secretions; provides a transport medium and nutrients and contains chemicals that protect and activate sperm and facilitate their movement.
Definition
What is semen?
Term
Definition
What is erection and what division of the ANS regulates it?
Term
Definition
What occurs during resolution and what is the result?
Term
Definition
How is the final product of meiosis different from that of mitosis?
Term
Definition
Describe the major structural and functional regions of a sperm.
Term
Definition
What is the HPG axis?
Term
Definition
How does FSH indirectly stimulate spermatogenesis?
Term
Definition
What are the 3 secondary sex characteristics promoted by testosterone?
Term
Definition
What are the internal genitalia in females?
Term
Definition
What 2 roles do the ovaries assume?
Term
Definition
How does a primary follicle differ from a secondary follicle? From a vesicular follicle?
Term
Definition
Why are women more at risk for PID than men?
Term
Definition
Oocytes are ovulated into the peritoneal cavity and yet women do get pregnant. What action of the uterine tubes helps to direct the oocytes into the woman's duct system?
Term
Definition
What portion of the female duct system is the usual site of fertilization? Which is the "incubator" for fetal development?
Term
Definition
What is the female homologue of the bulbourethral glands of males?
Term
Definition
Developmentally, mammary glands are modifications of certain skin glands. Which type?
Term
Epithelial cells of the smallest ducts.
Definition
From what cell types does breast cancer usually arise?
Term
Definition
How do haploid cells arising from oogenesis differ structurally and functionally from those arising from spermatogenesis?
Term
Definition
What occurs in the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?
Term
Definition
What hormone plays an important role in "letting the brain know" that puberty may occur in girls?
Term
Definition
What gonadal hormone exerts positive feedback on the anterior pituitary that results in a burstlike release of LH?
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