Term
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Definition
| Has 2 parts- abdominal & pelvic cavities, which are not separated by a muscular or membrane wall |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the structure of body parts and how they relate to each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the skull, encases the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of cells in the body. (Ex: Pap smear) |
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Term
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Definition
| Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. (ex: the knee is distal to the thigh) |
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Term
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Definition
| A division of Developmental Anatomy, it concerns the developmental changes that occur before birth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vertical plane that divides the body into anterior & posterior. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of tissue in the body. (Ex: Nerve or muscle tissue) |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to maintain a stable internal environment in the face of constant changes inside & outside the body. All body systems contribute, but endocrine & nervous systems are the most important. |
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Term
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Definition
| Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of (ex: the arms are lateral to the chest) |
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Term
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Definition
| portion of the back between the thorax & pelvis |
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Term
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Definition
| Toward or at the midline of the body; on the outer side of (ex: the heart is medial to the arm) |
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Term
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Definition
| contains the pericardial cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| Most of the homeostatic control mechanisms. The output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity. All negative feedback mechanisms have the same goal: preventing sudden severe changes within the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| lies in the bony pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, some reproductive organs and the rectum. |
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Term
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Definition
| inside the mediastinum, encloses the heart & remaining thoracic organs, i.e., esophogus, trachea, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of how body parts function. Looks at how different organ systems of the body work and looks at such processes at the cellular and molecular level. |
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Term
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Definition
| divided into lateral cavities (left & right), each enveloping a lung |
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Term
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Definition
| In P.F., the result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated. It's positive because the change that results proceeds in the same direction as the initial change, causing an increased deviation from the original value or range. |
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Term
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Definition
| Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of a limb to the body trunk (ex: the elbow is proximal to the wrist) |
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Term
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Definition
| Vertical; divides the body into left & right; when divided down the middle--> midsagittal; all other divisions--> parasagittal |
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Term
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Definition
| runs within the bony vertebral column, encloses the spinal cord; continuous with the cranial cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| Surrounded by the ribs & muscles of the chest; subdivided into the pleural cavities & the mediastinum |
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Definition
| Horizontal; divides the body into superior & inferior (top & bottom); also called a cross section |
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Term
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Definition
| pertaining to an internal organ of the body or the inner part of a structure |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance that releases hydrogen ions when in solution (compare with Base); a proton donor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organic compound containing nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; building block of protein |
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Term
| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) |
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Definition
| Organic molecule that stores and releases chemical energy for use in body cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance capable of binding with hydrogen ions; a proton acceptor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical substance or system that minimizes changes in pH by releasing or binding hydrogen ions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; includes starches, sugars, cellulose. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical bond created by electron sharing between atoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Literally, double sugar; e.g., sucrose, lactose |
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Term
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) |
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Definition
| A nucleic acid found in all living cells; it carries the organism's hereditary information. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical substances, such as salts, acids and bases, that ionize and dissociate in water and are capable of conducting an electrical current. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein that acts as a biological catalyst to speed up a chemical reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Linear chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms (hydrocarbon chains) with organic acid group at one end. A constituent of fat. |
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Term
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Definition
| A modified simple sugar (sugar alcohol); a building block of fats. |
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Term
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Definition
| Main carbohydrate stored in animal cells; a polysaccharide. |
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Term
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Definition
| A component of all organic molecules. As an ion (proton) it influences the pH of body fluids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process in which water is used to split a substance into smaller particles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to molecules, or portions of molecules, that interact only with nonpolar molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to molecules, or portions of molecules, that interact with water and charged particles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Atom with a negative or positive electric charge. Electrons can be transferred from one atom to another, and when this happens, the precise balance of + and - charges is lost so that charged particles called IONS are formed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical bond formed by electron transfer between atoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Variations in elements. They have the same atomic numbers (#of protons & electrons), but differ in the number of neutrons they have. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organic compound formed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; examples are fats and cholesterol. |
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Term
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Definition
| Literally, one sugar; building block of carbohydrates; e.g., glucose. |
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Term
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Definition
| Class of organic molecules that includes DNA & RNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bond joining the amine group of one amino acid to the acid carboxyl group of a second amino acid with the loss of a water molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
| Modified lipid, contains phosphorous. |
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Term
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Definition
| Literally, many sugars, a polymer of linked monosaccharides; e.g., starch, glycogen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Complex substance containing carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen; composes 10-30% of cell mass. |
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Term
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Definition
| Isotopes which are unstable and tend to break down more spontaneously into more stable forms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nucleic acid that contains ibose and the bases A, G, C and U. Carries out DNA's instructions for protein synthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which a large molecule is synthesized by removing water and covalently bonding smaller molecules together. |
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Term
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Definition
| Studying all of the body parts in a given region. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of structures large enough to be seen by the naked eye. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of individual systems of the body (digestive or respiratory, for example) |
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Term
| Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function |
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Definition
| We cannot separate anatomy and physiology because the function of a given organ reflects its structure. In other words, a given structure is "designed" to do a specific thing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical--> Cellular--> Tissue--> Organ--> Systems--> Organismal |
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Term
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Definition
| contains the stomach, liver, intestines, spleen & other organs |
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Term
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Definition
| the double layered membrane lining the ventral body cavity. The parietal serosa lines the cavity walls and is separated by a thin layer of fluid from the visceral serosa, which covers the body organs. |
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Term
| Abdominopelvic Regions/Quadrants |
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Definition
Epigastric Region- above the umbilical region
Hypogastric region- beneath the umbilical region
Right & Left iliac or inguinal region- on each side of the hypogastic region
right & left lumbar region- on each side of the umbilical region
Hypochondriac region- on each side of the epigastric region |
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Term
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Definition
| includes the mouth and the cavaties within the digestive organs |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the respiratory system pathway |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| contains the malleus, incus and stapes which transmit sound across the middle ear |
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Term
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Definition
| enclosed within fibrous capsules and surround some of the joints of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| anything that has mass and occupies space |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of matter an object contains |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the energy stored in chemical bonds such as in our food. When the chemical bonds in food are broke, the energy released is used for bodily processes like movement. Much of this energy is captured in the high energy bonds of adenosine triphosphate which provides energy for all of our body processes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the movement of charged particles. The nervous system uses this energy in the form of nerve impulses to send messages from one part of the body to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is involved in moving matter. The heart uses mechanical energy to pump blood throughout the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| travels in waves and includes forms of visible light, x-rays and redio waves. Light rays strike the retina in our eyes and set up nerve impulses resulting in vision. |
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Term
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Definition
| Equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sum of the masses of protons and neutrons in the atom. |
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Term
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Definition
| The weighted average of all mass numbers of all isotopes of an element. |
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Term
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Definition
| When atoms combine with other atoms, they are held together by chemical bonds. It's an energy relationship between the electrons of the reacting atoms, and is made or broken in less than a trillionth of a second. |
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Term
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Definition
Chemical- in the form of ATP is the most useful form of energy in living systems because it is used to run almost all functional processes.
Electrical- results from the movement of charged particles. Nervous system uses elctrical currents (nerve impulses) to transmit messages from one part of the body to another.
Mechanical- directly involved in moving matter. (heart pumping blood)
Radient/Electomagnetic- energy that travels in waves. Include visible light, infrared waves, radio waves, ultraviolet rays and x-rays. Used in vision. |
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Term
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Definition
occurs whenever chemical bonds are formed, rearranged or broken.
Chemical reactions exhibit one of 3 recognizable patterns: synthesis, decomposition or exchange. |
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Term
| Synthesis (Combination) Reaction |
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Definition
When atoms or molecules combine to form a larger, more complex molecule. Always involves bond formation.
A + B -->AB
Synthesis is the basis of constructive, or ANABOLIC, activities in body cells, such as joining small molecules called amino acids into large protein molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
Occurs when a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules or its constituent atoms:
AB--> A + B
Reverse synthesis reactions: Bonds are broken.
Decomposition reactions underlie all degradative, or CATABOLIC, processes in body cells.
Ex: Bonds of glycogen broken down to release simpler molecules of glucose sugar. |
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Term
| Exchange (Displacement) Reaction |
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Definition
involve both synthesis and decomposition. Bonds are both made and broken. Parts of the reactant molecules change partners to produce different product molecules:
AB + C--> AC + B and AB + CD--> AD + CB
Occurs when ATP reacts with glucose and trans its end phosphate group to glucose, forming glucose-phosphate. At the same time, the ATP becomes ADP. This reaction occurs whenever glucose enters the body cell, trapping the glucose fuel molecule inside the cell. |
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Term
Oxidation-reduction Reaction
(Redox Reactions) |
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Definition
| decomposition reactions in that they are the basis of all reactions in which food fuels are broken down for energy, but also a special type of exchange reaction because electrons are exchanged between reactants. The reactant losing the electrons is referred to as the electron donor adn is said to be OXIDIZED. The reactant taking up the transferred electons is called the electron acceptor and is said to become REDUCED. |
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Term
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Definition
| All chemical reactions are REVERSIBLE, that is, they can go from reactant to products or from products to reactants. |
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Term
| Factors Influencing the Rate of Chemical Reactions |
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Definition
1. Temperature- Increase in temp increases the kinetic energy & therefore the force & speed of collision. Reaction is faster.
2. Particle Size- small atoms or molecules move faster than larger ones and therefore collide more. More collisions= Faster reaction.
3. Concentration- if the # of reactants is high, more collisions will occur= faster reaction
4. Catalysts- substances that speed up a reaction by lowering the activation energy. ex: enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
Inorganic molecules are small & include H20, salts, acids & bases.
Organic molecules always have hydrogen and carbon & are important to living cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of chemical composition and reactions of living matter. |
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Term
| Important Inorganic Compounds |
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Definition
1. Water
2. Salts
3. Acids & Bases |
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Term
| Important Organic Compounds |
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Definition
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acid (DNA)
5. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
6. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) |
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Term
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Definition
| Bodies framework, constructed of two most supportive tissues found in body- cartilage and bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| those bones that lie around the body's center of gravity |
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Term
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Definition
| bones of the limbs or appendages |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| composed of small traveculae (bars) of bone and lots of open space |
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Term
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Definition
| Long, short, flat and irregular |
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Term
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Definition
longer than they are wide and generally consisting of a shaft with heads at either end; composed predominantly of compact bone
humerus, radius, ulna, clavicle, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals |
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Term
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Definition
typically cubed shaped; contain more spongy bone than compact bone
carpals, tarsals (including talus), patella, calcaneus |
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Term
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Definition
generally thin, with two waferlike layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them. Many flat bones are curved
scapula, sternum, ribs, skull |
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Term
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Definition
Bones that do not fall into one of the other categories.
vertebra, illium, ischium, pubis, bones of the pelvic girdle
Ex: Vertebrae |
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Term
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Definition
| Large rounded projection; may be roughened |
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Term
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Definition
| Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent |
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Term
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Definition
Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process. The only examples are on the femur.
large, irregularly shaped projection |
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Term
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Definition
| Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest |
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Term
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Definition
| Small rounded projection or process |
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Term
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Definition
| Raised area on or above a condule |
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Term
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Definition
| Sharp, slender, process/often pointed projection |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Projections that are sites of MUSCLE & LIGAMENT attachment |
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Definition
| tuberosity, crest, trochanter, line, tubercle, epicondyle, spine, process |
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Term
| Projections that help to FORM JOINTS |
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Definition
| head, facet, condyle, ramus |
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Term
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Definition
Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
structure supported on neck |
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Term
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Definition
| Smooth, nearly flat articular surface |
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Term
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Definition
| Rounded articular projection |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| DEPRESSIONS and OPENINGS allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass |
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Definition
| meatus, fossa, groove, fissue, foramen |
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Term
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Definition
| Canal-like passageway/structure |
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Term
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Definition
| Shallow, basinlike depression, often serving as an articular surface |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Round or oval opening through a bone |
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Term
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Definition
| shaft of the long bone; smooth surface, composed of compact bone |
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Term
|
Definition
| fibrous membrane covering of the long bone; protects the bone; structure from which blood vessels & nerves enter bone; provides attachment site for tendons & ligaments; supplies osteoblasts for new bone |
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Term
| Perforating (Sharpey's) Fibers |
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Definition
| fibers of the periosteum that penetrate into the bone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| end of the long bone; composed of a thin layer of compact bone that encloses spongy bone |
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Term
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Definition
| covers the epiphyseal surface in place of the periosteum; composed of glassy hyaline cartilage; prevents friction at joint surface |
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Term
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Definition
| in young and growing animals; has a thin area of hyaline cartilage that provides for longitudinal growth of the bone during youth; once a bone has stopped growing, these areas are replaced with bone and appear as thing barely discernible remnants- the EPIPHYSEAL LINES. |
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Term
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Definition
| adipose tissue found in adults |
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Term
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Definition
area involved in forming blood cells, found in marrow cavities of infant.
in adults, red marrow is confined to the interior of the epiphyses, where it occupies the spaces between the trabeculae of spongy bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| delicate lining of the shaft; also covers the trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the canals of compact bone; contains both osteoblasts & osteoclasts |
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Term
| Chemical Composition of Bone |
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Definition
Organic components include cells (osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes & osteoclasts) and osteoid. Osteoid makes up 1/3 of matrix & includes ground substance (proteoglycans & glycoproteins) and collagen fibers, both of which are made and secreted by osteoblasts = bone flexibility
inorganic calcium salts (hydroxyapatites) deposited in its ground substance= hardness of bone |
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Term
| Structure of Compact Bone |
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Definition
| central(Haversian) canal; osteocytes; lacunae; circumferential lamellae; insterstitial lamellae; osteon (Haversian system); canaliculi; perforating (Volkmann's) canals |
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Term
| Osteon (Haversian System) |
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Definition
| made up of central canal and all the concentric lamellae surrounding it |
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Term
| Endochondral ossification in a developing long bone- Examining the Osteogenic Epiphyseal Plate |
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Definition
Looking at a slide from top to bottom:
Resting (quiescent) zone
Growth (proliferation) Zone- Cartilage cells undergo mitosis
Hypertrophi zone- Older cartilage cells enlarge.
Calcification zone- Matrix becomes calcified; cartilage cells die; matrix begins deteriorating
Ossification (osteogenic) zone- New bone formation is occuring |
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Term
| Cartilages of the Skeleton |
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Definition
Articular, costal, laryngeal, tracheal, bronchial, nasal, invertebral discs
cartilage supporting the external ear |
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Term
|
Definition
| cover the bone ends of movable joints |
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Term
|
Definition
| connect the ribs to the sternum |
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Term
|
Definition
| largely construct the larynx |
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Term
| Tracheal & Bronchial cartilages |
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Definition
| reinforce other passageways of the respiratory system |
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Term
|
Definition
| support the external nose |
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Term
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Definition
| separate & cushion bones of the spine (vertebrae) |
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Term
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Definition
| dense connective tissue covering cartilage; acts like a girdle to resist distortion of the cartilage when the cartilage is subject to pressure; plays a role in cartilage growth & repair. |
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Term
|
Definition
| hyaline, elastic & fibrocartilage |
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Term
|
Definition
looks like frosted glass; most skeletal cartilages made of this; provides sturdy support with some resilience or "give"
Include: articular, costal, respiratory, larynx & nasal cartilages |
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Term
|
Definition
| "hyaline cartilage with more elastic fibers"; much more flexible; tolerates repeated bending; cartilage of external ear & epiglottis |
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Term
|
Definition
| consists of rows of chondrocytes alternating with rows of thick collagen fibers; looks like a cartilage-dense regular connective tissue hybrid; has great tensile strength and can handle heavy compression; constructs the intervertebral discs & cartilages within the knee joint |
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Term
Epiphyseal face vs. Diaphyseal face
(Compare & contrast events occurring in these two places) |
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Definition
Epiphyseal Face: Cartilage cells are resting & relatively inactive. Right below, cartilage cells are rapidly reproducing.
Diaphyseal face: Chondrocytes are dying, the matrix is calcifying & the cartilage is being replaced by bone. |
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Term
| Basic Components of Cartilage |
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Definition
| cells called chondrocytes, encased in lacunae within an extracellular matrix containing a jellylike ground substance and fibers. |
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Term
|
Definition
| "Growth from outside"- cartilage forming cells in the surrounding perichondrium secrete new matrix against the external face of the existing cartilage tissue. |
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Term
|
Definition
| "Growth from inside"- the lacunae-bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within. |
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Term
|
Definition
| blood cell formation which occurs in the marrow cavities of certain bones |
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Term
| 4 Major Cell Types Found in Bone |
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Definition
| osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts |
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Term
| Ossification/Osteogenisis |
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Definition
| the process of bone formation |
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Term
|
Definition
| bone developed from a fibrous membrane during intramembranous ossification |
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Term
| Catilage/Endochondrial Bone |
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Definition
| bone develped by replacing hyaline cartilage during endochondral ossification |
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Term
|
Definition
| a bone grows or remodels in response to the demands placed on it. |
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Term
|
Definition
| superior and medial nasal conchae formed from its projections |
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Term
| Site of the mastoid process |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 bones containing the paranasal sinuses |
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Definition
| frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid and maxilla |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bears an upward protrusion, the "cock's comb," or crista galli |
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Definition
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|
Term
| scapular region to which the clavicle connects |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| shoulder girdle bone that articulates with and transmits forces to the bony thorax |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 bones that fuse to form the coxal bone |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| "sit down" bone of the coxal bone |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| superiormost margin of the coxal bone |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| deep socket in the coxal bone that receives the head of the thigh bone |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| joint between axial skeleton & pelvic girdle |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| bones forming the knee joint |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| point where the patellar ligament attaches |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| bones forming the instep of the foot |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| opening in the hop bone formed by the pubic and ishcial rami |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| sites of muscle attachment on the proximal femur |
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Definition
| gluteal tuberosity and great & lesser trachanter |
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Term
| tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the periosteum? |
|
Definition
| protects the bone & is the structure from which blood vessels & nerves enter bone; it provides attachment site for tendons & ligaments & supplies osteoblasts for new bone |
|
|
Term
| major submembranous site of osteoclasts |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| essentially immovable joints; sutures are the most remembered examples; bone regions are united by fibrous connective tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
| typically allows a slight degree of movement; includes joints between the vertebral bodies and the pubic symphysis; characterized by cartilage connecting the bony portions |
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Term
|
Definition
| all characterized by a fibrous articular capsule lined with a synovial membrane surrounding a joint cavity; all are freely movable or diarthrotic; include the hip, knee & elbow joints |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| dense fibrous connective tissue; attaches bones together; reinforces joints |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| dense fibrous connective tissue attaching tendon to bone; reinforces the joint capsule as it spans a joint |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Hyaline cartilage; reduces friction where bones articulate |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| loose connective tissue; produces synovial fluid which decreases friction within the joint capsule |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| fluid-filled synovial sac which cushions the tendon where it crosses bone |
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Term
|
Definition
| synovial; uniaxial joints; between axis & atlas; between radius & ulna; |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Synovial; diarthrotic; articular processes(intervertebral); vertebrae (transverse processes or bodies) and ribs (vertebrocostal); acromion of scapula & clavicle (acromioclavicular); adjacent carpals (intercarpal); carpals & metacarpals (carpometarpal of digits 2-5); sacrum & coxal bone (sacroilliac); femur & patella (knee); tibia & fibula-proximally (tibiofibular); adjacent tarsals (intertarsal); tarsal & metatarsal (tarsometatarsal) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Synovial; occipital bone of skull & axis (Atlanto-occipital); radius & proximal carpals (wrist/radiocarpal); metacarpal & proximal phalanx (knuckle/metacarpophalangeal); metatarsal & proximal phalanx (metatarsophalangeal) |
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Term
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Definition
| Synovial; ulna & radius (elbow); adjacent phalanges (fingers & toes); tibia & fibula w/talus (ankle) |
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Term
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Definition
| articulating bone ends are connected by a plate of pad of cartilage |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the bony portions are united by hyaline cartilage |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the bones are connected by a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the articulating bones are connected by short ligaments of dense fibrous tissue; the bones do not interlock |
|
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Term
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Definition
| the ligaments reinforcing a joint are damaged by excessive stretching or are torn away from the bony attachment |
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Term
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Definition
| when bones are forced out of their normal position in the joint cavity |
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Term
| Oh Once One Takes The Anatomy Final Vegas & a Good Vacation Appears Heavenly |
|
Definition
I- Olfactory
II- Optic
III- Oculomotor
IV- Trochlear
V- Trigeminal
VI- Abducens
VII- Facial
VIII- Vestibulocochlear
IX- Glossopharyngeal
X- Vagus
XI- Accessory
XII- Hypoglossal |
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Term
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Definition
12 pairs primarily serving the head and neck; only one pair, the VAGUS NERVES, extends into the thoracic and abdominal cavities; all but first 2 (olfactory & optic) arise from the brain stem & pass through foramina in the base of the skull to reach their destination; most are mixed nerves; 3 pairs are strictly sensory in function (optic, olfactory & vestibulocochlear) |
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Term
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Definition
Origin & Course: Fibers arise from olfactory epithelium and run through cribriform plate of ethmoid bone to synapse in olfactory bulbs
Function: Purely sensory- carries afferent impulses associated with sense of smell.
Testing: Person is asked to sniff aromatic substances and identify. |
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Term
|
Definition
Origin & Course: Fibers arise from retina of eye to form the optic nerve and pass through optic canal of orbit. Fibers partially cross over at the optic chiasma and continue on to the thalamus as the optic tracts. Final fibers of this pathway travel from the thalamus to the optic cortex as optic radiation.
Function: Purely sensory- carries afferent impulses associated with vision.
Testing: Vision & vision field are determined w/eye chart & by testing the point at which the person first sees an object (finger) moving into the visual plane. Fundus of eye viewed w/ opthalmoscope to detect papilledema (swelling of optic disc, or point at which optic nerve leaves the eye) and to observe the blood vessels. |
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Term
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Definition
Origin & Course: Fibers emerge from dorsal midbrain and course ventrally to enter the orbit. They exit from skull via superior orbital fissure.
Function: Primarily motor- somatic motor fibers to inferior oblique and superior, inferior, and medial rectus muscles, which direct eyeball, and to levator palpebrae muscles of the superior eyelid; parasympathetic fibers to iris and smooth muscle controlling lens shape (reflex responses to varying light intensity and focusing of eye for near vision). Sensory (proprioceptor) afferents, which run from same four extrinisc eye muscles to brain.
Testing: Pupils are examined for size, shape, and equality. Pupillary reflex is tested w/penlight (pupils should constrict when illuminated). Convergence for near vision is tested, as is subject's ability to follow objects with the eyes. |
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Term
|
Definition
Origin & Course: Fibers emerge from midbrain and exit from skull via superior orbital fissure.
Function: Primarily motor- provides somatic motor fibers to superior oblique muscle (an extrinsic eye muscle).
Testing: Tested in common with cranial nerve III. |
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Term
|
Definition
Origin & Course: Fibers emerge from pons and form three divisions, which exit separately from skull: mandibular division through foramen ovale in sphenoid bone, and opthalmic division through superior orbital fissure of eye socket.
Function: Mixed- major sensory nerve of face; conducts sensory impulses from skin of face and anterior scalp, from mucosae of mouth & nose, and from surface of eyes; mandibular division also contains motor fibers that innervate muscles of mastication and muscles of floor of mouth.
Testing: Sensations of pain, touch, and temp are tested with safety pin and hot and cold objects. Corneal reflex tested with wisp of cotton. Motor branch assess by asking person to clench teeth, open mouth against resistance and move jaw side to side. |
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Term
|
Definition
Origin & Course: Fibers leave inferior pons and exit from skull via superior orbital fissure to run to eye.
Function: Carries motor fibers to lateral rectus muscle of eye.
Testing: Tested in common with cranial nerve III. |
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Term
|
Definition
Origin & Course: Fibers leave pons and travel through temporal bone via internal acoustic meatus, exiting via stylomastoid foramen to reach the face.
Function: Mixed- supplies somatic motor fibers to muscles of facial expression and parasympathetic motor fibers to lacrimal and salivary glands; carries sensory fibers from taste receptors of anterior portion of tongue.
Testing: Anterior two-thirds of tongue is tested for ability to taste sweet, salty, sour and bitter substances. Symmetry of face is checked. Subject is asked to close eyes, smile, whistle, and so on. Tearing is assessed with ammonia fumes. |
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Term
|
Definition
Origin & Course: Fibers run from inner-ear equilibrium and hearing apparatus, housed in temporal bone, through internal acoustic meatus to enter pons.
Function: Purely sensory- vestibular branch transmits impulses associated with sense of equilibrium from vestibular apparatus and semicircular canals; cochlear branc transmits impulses associated with hearing from cochlea.
Testing: Hearing is checked by air and bone conduction using a tuning fork. |
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Term
|
Definition
Origin & Course: Fibers emerge from medulla and leave skull via jugular foramen to run to throat.
Function: Mixed- somatic motor fibers serve pharyngeal muscles, and parasympathetic motro fibers serve salivary glands; sensory fibers carry impulses from pharynx, tonsils, posterior tongue (taste buds), and from chemoreceptors and pressure receptors of carotid artery.
Testing: A tongue depressor is used to check the position of the uvula. Gag and swallowing reflexes are checked. Subject is asked to speak and cough. Posterior third of tongue may be tested for taste. |
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Term
|
Definition
Origin & Course: Fibers emerge from medulla and pass through jugular foramen and descend through neck region into thorax and abdomen.
Function: Mixed- fibers carry somatic motor impulses to pharynx and larynx and sensory fibers from same structures; very large portion is composed of parasympathetic motor fibers, which supply heart and smooth muscles of abdominal visceral organs; transmits sensory impulses from viscera.
Testing: As for craneal nerve IX (IX & X are tested in common since they both innervate muscles of throat and mouth). |
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Term
|
Definition
Origin & Course: Fibers arise from medulla and superior aspect of spinal cord and travel through jugular foramen to reach muscles of neck and back.
Function: Mixed (but primarily motor in function)- provides somatic motor fibers to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles and to muscles of soft palate, pharynx, and larynx (spinal and medullary fibers respectively)
Testing: Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles are checked for strength by asking a person to rotate head and shoulders against resistence. |
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Term
|
Definition
Origin & Course: Fibers arise from medulla and exit from skull via hypoglossal canal to travel to tongue.
Function: Mixed (but primarily motor in function)- carries somatic motor fibers to muscles of tongue.
Testing: Person is asked to protrude and retract tongue. Any deviations in position are noted. |
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Term
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Definition
| the dark bands of a muscle fiber |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A contractile protein of a muscle. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Specialized muscle of the heart; striated, involuntary |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that catalyaes the transfer of phosphate from creatine phosphate to ADP, forming creatine & ATP; important to muscle contraction. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The junction where the varicosities release neurotrnsmitters into a wide synaptic cleft in the general area of the smooth muscle cells. |
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Term
| Excitation Contraction (E-C) Coupling |
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Definition
| Sequence of events by which transmission of an action potential along the sarcolemma leads to the sliding of myofilaments. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Layers of fibrous tissue covering & separating muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| The lighter midsection of the A-band. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The light bands of a muscle fiber. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Movable attachment of a muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| Contraction in which the muscle does not shorten (the load is too heavy) but its internal tension increases. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Contraction in which muscle tension remains constant at a given joint angle & load, and the muscle shortens. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A motor neuron and all the muscle cells it stimulates. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Rodlike bundle of contractile filaments (myofilaments) found in muscle fibers (cells). |
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Term
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Definition
| Oxygen-binding pigment in muscle |
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Term
|
Definition
| A graphic recording of mechanical contractile activity produced by an apparatus that measures muscle contractions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| One of the principle contractile proteins found in a muscle. |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Consists of muscle fibers that are structurally independent of one another.
2. Richly supplied with nerve endings, each of which forms a motor unit with a number of muscle fibers.
3. Responds to neural stimulation with graded contractions that involve recruitment. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Region where a motor neuron comes into close contact with a skeletal muscle cell. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Muscle that bears the major responsibility for effecting a particular movement; an agonist. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The smalles contractile unit of a muscle; extends from one Z disc to another |
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Term
|
Definition
| Specialized endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells. |
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Term
| Single Unit Smooth Muscle |
|
Definition
1. Are arranged in opposing (longitudinal & circular) sheets.
2. Are innervated by ANS varicosities and often exhibit rhythmic spontaneous action potentials
3. Are electrically coupled by gap junctions & so contract as a unit (recruitment is not an option)
4. Respond to various chemical stimuli. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Muscle composed of cylindrical multinucleate cells with obvious striations; the muscle(s) attached to the body's skeleton; voluntary |
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Term
|
Definition
| Spindle-shaped cells with one centrally located nucleus and no externally visible striations. Found mainly in the walls of hollow organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscle that aids the action of a prime mover by effecting the same movement or stabilizing joints across which the prime mover acts, preventing undesirable movements. |
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Term
|
Definition
| cord of dense fibrous tissue attaching muscle to bone |
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Term
|
Definition
| a smooth, sustained muscle contraction resulting from high-frequency stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| successive groupings of the 3 membranous structures (Terminal cisterna, T Tubule, Terminal cisterna) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Origin: Zygomatic arch & Maxilla
Insertion: Medial Upper Tibial Shaft
Action(s): Extends thigh; flexes knee; medially rotates leg |
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Term
|
Definition
Origin: Manubrium of Sternum & Medial part of Clavicles
Insertion: Mastoid Process of Temporal & Superior Nuchal Line of Occipital Bone
Action: Flexes neck forward when working in pair; rotates head toward shoulder when working individually |
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Term
|
Definition
Origin: Clavicle, Sternum, Cartilage of Ribs 1-6
Insertion: By Tendon into Intertubercular Grove of Humerus
Action: Prime mover of arm flexion; adducts, medially rotates arm |
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Term
|
Definition
Origin: Inferior border of ribs above
Insertion: Superior border of ribs below
Action: Pulss ribs toward one another to elevate rib cage; aids in inspiration |
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Term
|
Definition
Origin: Superior border of ribs below
Insertion: Inferior border of ribs above
Action: Draws ribs together to depress rib cage; aids in forced expiration; antagonistic to exterior intercostals |
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Term
|
Definition
Origin: Occipital bone; spines of C7 & all thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: Acromion & spinous process of scapula
Action: Extends head; raises, rotates & adducts scapula & stabilizes it |
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Term
|
Definition
Origin: Lateral part of ribs 1-8
Insertion: Vertebral border of anterior surface of scapula
Action:Moves scapula forward toward chest; rotates scapula; abduction & raising of arm |
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Term
|
Definition
Origin: Spinous processes of lower 6 thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae & illiac crest
Insertion: Intertubucular grove of humerus
Action: Prime mover of arm extension; adducts & medially rotates arm; depresses scapula; pulls arm downward in power stroke |
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Term
|
Definition
Origin: Pubic crest & symphisis
Insertion: Xiphoid process & costal cartilages of ribs 5-7
Action: Flexes & rotates vertebral column; increases abdominal pressure; fixes & depresses ribs; stabilizes pelvis |
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Term
|
Definition
Origin: Inferior border of ribs & sternum; cartilages of last 6 ribs & lumbar vertebrae
Insertion: Central tendon of thoracic cage
Action: Prime mover of inspiration; increases intra-abdominal pressure |
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Term
|
Definition
| subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Origin: Subscapular fossa of scapula
Insertion: lesser tubercle of humerus
Action: medial rotation of humerus at shoulder joint |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Origin: Supraspinous fossa of scapula
Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
Action: abduction of shoulder joint |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Origin: infraspinous fossa of scapula
Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
Action: lateral rotation of humerus at shoulder joint |
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Term
|
Definition
Origin: posterior surface of the lateral margin of the scapula
Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
Action: lateral rotation of humerus at shoulder joint |
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Term
| Biceps Brachii (long head) |
|
Definition
Origin: Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
Insertion: radial tuberosity
Action: flexion of elbow & supination of forearm |
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|
Term
| Biceps Brachii (Short Head) |
|
Definition
Origin: Coracoid process of scapula
Insertion: radial tuberosity
Action: flexion of elbow & supination of forearm |
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Term
|
Definition
Origin: lateral 1/3 of clavicle; acromium & spine scapula
Insertion: deltoid tuberosity
Action: whole muscle acts as prime mover in humerus abduction; specific fibers aid in flexion, extension & rotation of humerus |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Origin: distal portion of anterior humerus
Insertion: coronoid process of ulna
Action: major flexor of forearm |
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|
Term
| Triceps Brachii (long head) |
|
Definition
Origin: Inferior margin of glenoid cavity
Insertion: Olecranon process of ulna
Action: powerful forearm extensor; antagonist of forearm flexors |
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Term
| Triceps Brachii (Lateral Head) |
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Definition
Origin: Posterior humerus
Insertion: Olecranon process of ulna
Action: powerful forearm extensor; antagonist of forearm flexors |
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Term
| Triceps Brachii (Medial Head) |
|
Definition
Origin: Distal radial groove on posterior humerus
Insertion: Olecranon process of ulna
Action: powerful forearm extensor; antagonist of forearm flexors |
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Term
|
Definition
Origin: dorsal ilium, sacrum & coccyx
Insertion: gluteal tuberosity of femur & illotibial tract (majority)
Action: Powerful thigh extensor; antagonist of iliopsoas; laterally rotates & abducts thigh |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Origin: upper lateral surface of ilium
Insertion: greater trachanter of femur
Action: abducts & medially rotates thigh; steadies pelvis |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Origin: anterior superior illiac spine
Insertion: aponeurosis into medial aspect of proximal tibia
Action: flexes, abducts & laterally rotates thigh; flexes knee |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Origin: anterior iliac crest & anterior superior iliac spine
Insertion: iliotibial tract
Action: flexes, abducts & medially rotates thigh |
|
|
Term
| Quadiceps Femoris Muscles |
|
Definition
vastus medialis
vastus intermedius
vastus lateralis |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Origin: linea aspera & intertrachateric line
Insertion: tibial tuberosity & patella
Action: extends knee |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Origin: anterior & lateral surface of femur
Insertion: tibial tuberosity & patella
Action: extends knee |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Origin: greater trochanter, intertrochanteric line & linea aspera
Insertion: tibial tuberosity & patella
Action: extends & stabilizes knee |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: anterior inferior iliac spine & superior margin of acetabelum
Insertion: tibial tuberosity & patella
Action: extends knee & flexes thigh at hip |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: inferior ramus & body pubis
Insertion: medial surface tibia below the medial condyle
Action: Adducts thigh; flexes & medially rotates leg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: ischial & pubic rami & ischial tuberosity
Insertion: linea aspera & adductor tubercle femur
Action: adduct & medially rotate & flex thigh |
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Term
|
Definition
Origin: lateral condyle & upper 2/3 of tibia
Insertion: by tendon into inferior surface of first cuneiform & metatarsal 1
Action: prime mover of dorsiflexion; inverts foot |
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|
Term
|
Definition
semitendinosus
semimebranosus
biceps femoris |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: ishcial tuberosity
Insertion: medial upper tibial shaft
Action: extends thigh; flexes knee; medially rotates leg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: ischial tuberosity
Insertion: medial condyle of tibia & lateral condule of femur
Action: extends thigh; flexes knee; medially rotates leg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: ishcial tuberosity
Insertion: by tendon into head of fibula
Action: extends thigh; flexes knee; laterally rotates leg |
|
|
Term
| Gastrocnemius (middle head) |
|
Definition
Origin: medial condyle of femur
Insertion: calcaneal tendon to calcaneus
Action: Planter flexes foot when knee is extended; crosses knee joint, thus can flex knee |
|
|
Term
| Gastrocnemius (Lateral Head) |
|
Definition
Origin:lateral condyle of femur
Insertion: calcaneal tendon to calcaneus
Action: Planter flexes foot when knee is extended; crosses knee joint, thus can flex knee |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Proximal part of tibia & fibula
Insertion: Calcaneal tendon to calcaneus
Action: Planter flexion |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Afferent impulses from all senses and all parts of the body converge here and synapse with at least one of its nuclei. |
|
|
Term
| Basal Nuclei or Basal Ganglia |
|
Definition
caudate nucleus, putamen & globus pallidus
putamen & globus pallidus form a lens-shaped mass, then lentiform nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Ventral Horn of Gray Matter (in spinal cord) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dorsal Horn (spinal cord) |
|
Definition
| site of axons and afferent neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| horn usually containing interneurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| site containing the central canal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Multipolar neurons are common here |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| language/speech comprehension area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seat of intelligence, abstract reasoning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A major relay station for sensory information ascending to primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex. Contains many specialized nuclei. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This brain area associates experiences necessary for the production of abstract ideas, judgment, and conscience. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The axons from this area form the major pyramidal tracts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This area is the main visceral control center of the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The stage when vital signs (blodd pressure, heart rate, and body temperature) reach their lowest normal levels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Indicated by movement of the eyes under the lids; dreaming occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Theta and delta waves begin to appear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Very easy to awaken; EEG shows alpha waves; may even deny being asleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Typified by sleep spindles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Begins about 90 minutes after the onset of sleep. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Necessary for emotional health; may be neural "debugging." |
|
|
Term
| Nonspecific ascending pathways |
|
Definition
| are involved int eh emotional aspects of perception. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the superchiasmatic nucleus is found here |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nuclei of CN V, VI, and VII are found here |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Arbor vitae refers to this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primary auditory cortex found here |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carry proprioceptive inputs to the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gray matter on inside, white matter on outside and a ventral motor root |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| Dorsal Root Ganglia of the Spinal Cord |
|
Definition
| Cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located here. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fissure separating the cerebral hemispheres |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A shallow groove on the surface of the cortex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is secreted mostly by the ependymal cells lining the brain ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If the posterior portion of the neural tube failed to develop properly, this part would be affected. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| separates the frontal from the parietal lobe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neural tracts that convey life-saving information to the brain concerning burning pain |
|
|
Term
| Fasciculus cuneatus and Fasciculus gracillis (dorsal white column) |
|
Definition
| transmit sensory impulses from general sensory receptors of skin & proprioceptors, which are interpreted as discriminative touch, pressure and "body sense" in opposite somatosensory cortex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transmits impulses concerned with crude touch and pressure to opposite side of brain for interpretation by somatosensory cortex. |
|
|
Term
| Dorsal & Ventral spinocerebellar |
|
Definition
| Transmits impulses from trunk & lower limb proprioceptors on one side of body to same side of cerebellum for subconscious proprioception. |
|
|
Term
| Cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons |
|
Definition
| found in the cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thermostat of the body, regulates temperature |
|
|
Term
| Myelinated & Unmyelinated Nerve Fibers |
|
Definition
| found in white matter of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a lateral tract in the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| accidental transected spinal cord between T1 & L1 results in... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spastic paralysis suggests involvement of the ____________? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by this |
|
|
Term
| structurally distinct cortical areas |
|
Definition
| Brodmann's numbering refers to this |
|
|
Term
| pyramidal and corticospinal |
|
Definition
| 2 terms for the massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement |
|
|
Term
| corresponding areas of the 2 hemispheres |
|
Definition
| The function of commissures is to connect __________________? |
|
|
Term
| metabolic waste such as urea |
|
Definition
| The blood-brain barrier is effective against__________________? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Which of the following is NOT part of the basal nuclei?
putamen, lentiform nucleus, globus pallidus, substantia nigra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
All of the following are structures of the limbic system except the ___________.
hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, caudate nucleus, amygdaloid nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Which of the following is NOT a midbrain structure?
third ventricle, cerebral peduncles, corpora qudrigemina, red nucleus |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the process of linking new facts with old facts already stored in the memory bank |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indicates a normal frequency range of 1-30 Hz |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Which of the following would you NOT find in normal cerbralspinal fluid?
protein, potassium, red blood cells, glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| temporary skeletal muscle paralysis, except for the extrinsic eye muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Injury to the hypothalamus may result in all of the following EXCEPT____________.
pathalogic sleep, loss of body temperature control, production of excessive quantities of urine, loss of proprioception |
|
|
Term
| contains the anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts |
|
Definition
White matter of the spinal cord __________________.
is composed of myelinated fibers only
ascends to higher PNS centers
has afferent fibers carrying impulses from peripheral sensory receptors
contains the anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts |
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Term
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Definition
Which association is most accurate?
sensory-anterior
motor-medial
sensory-medial
motor-anterior |
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Definition
| reflects the number of neurons firing synchronously |
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Definition
| where declarative memory is NOT stored |
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Definition
| has symptoms that are opposite of Parkinson's disease |
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Term
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Definition
| plays a special role in skill learning |
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Term
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Definition
| Storing information in long-term memory is facilitated by the release of what? |
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Term
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Definition
Which is probably not directly involved in memory?
hippocampus, medulla, amygdala, prefrontal cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| The area of the cortex that is responsible for sensations of the full bladder and the feeling that your lungs will burst when you hold your breath too long is the _____________? |
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Term
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Definition
| tremor at rest, shuffling gait, stooped posture, and expressionless face are characteristics of ______________? |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to learn specific information |
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Term
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Definition
| involved with motor activity (either initiation or coordination) |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd order neurons of both the specific and nonspecific ascending pathways terminate here. |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of the ability to perform skilled motor activities such as piano playing, with no paralysis or weakness in the specific muscles, might suggest damage to this. |
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Definition
| _________ waves are NOT normal for adults but are common for children |
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Term
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Definition
| The fourth ventricle is continuous with the ________ of the spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| The large tract that connects the right and left sides of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| a conduction pathway between higher and lower brain centers and houses nuclei for cranial nerves V-VII |
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Term
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Definition
| The infundibulum connects the hypothalamus to what? |
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Term
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Definition
| valvelike and protrude externally through the dura mater to absorb cerebrospinal fluid into venous blood |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory neurons enter the spinal cord via the _____________ horn. |
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Term
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Definition
| requires practice and is remembered by doing |
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Term
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Definition
| includes the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 longtidudinal ridges on the medulla oblongata where many descending fibers cross over |
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Term
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Definition
| largest nuclear mass in the midbrain |
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Term
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Definition
| In stage 3 sleep, these two waves appear |
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Term
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Definition
| the main switch station for memory; if the right and left areas are damaged, the past is lost |
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Term
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Definition
| a 24-hour cycle of sleep and wakefulness |
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Term
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Definition
| a temporary cessation of breathing during sleep found most commonly in the elderly |
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Term
| Hydrocephaly refers to a blockage of the normal circulation and drainage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) throughout the meninges and ventricles. If CSF is allowed to accumulate, excessive pressure could be exerted on the brain. In newborns, the fontanels allow the skull to enlarge, while in adults, the cranial bones are fused and no expansion is possible. |
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Definition
| Describe the cause of hydrocephalus and explain why this is much more serious in adults than in newborns. |
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Term
| The blood-brain barrier is absent around the vomiting center of the brain stem, so that it can monitor the blood for poisonous substances. It is also absent around the hypothalamus, so that it can monitor the chemical composition of blood and adjust water balance and other factors. |
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Definition
| Which brain areas lack a blood-brain barrier, and what purpose does this absence serve? |
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Term
| The cerebral cortex is only 2-4 mm thick; however, the convolutions effectively triple the cortical surface area. As a result, the cortex accounts for 40% of the total brain mass and functions in all conscious activity, including movement, sensory perception, thinking and memory. |
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Definition
| What is the importance of the fact that the outer portion of the cerebral hemispheres is convoluted. |
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Term
| The cauda equina is a collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal and is given the name because of its resemblance to a horse's tail. This arrangement reflects the different rates of growth between the vertebral column and spinal cord. Because the column grows more rapidly than the cord, the lower nerves must "chase" their exit points inferiorly, thus forming the cauda equina. |
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Definition
| What is the cauda equina and why is it given this name? |
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Term
| The reticular activating system (RAS) appears to mediate the alertness state of the cerebral cortex. The thalamus, hypothalamus and other areas such as the brain stem appear to be interconnected with the RAS. The hypothalamus seems to be the structure responsible for the actual timing of the sleep-wake cycle. The primary neurotransmitter involved is serotonin. |
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Definition
| Describe the role of the reticular activating system in cortical arousal and stimulation. |
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Term
| lack of oxygen at birth, viral infection, excessive smoking by the mother, radiation, drugs, alcohol |
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Definition
| some causes of cerebral palsy |
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Term
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Definition
| fleeting memory of events that one is continuously exposed to; seems to be limited to 7-8 chunks of information at a time |
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Term
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Definition
| semipermanent storage of information that involves the transfer of data; based on several factors including rehearsal, emotional state, association |
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Term
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Definition
| Controlled by the hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| Controlled by the hypothalamus |
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Term
| regulation of food intake |
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Definition
| Controlled by the hypothalamus |
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Term
| regulation of water balance and thirst |
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Definition
| Controlled by the hypothalamus |
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Term
| regulation of the sleep-wake cycles |
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Definition
| Controlled by the hypothalamus |
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Term
| Center of emotional responses |
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Definition
| Controlled by the hypothalamus |
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Term
| control of endocrine functions |
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Definition
| Controlled by the hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| in control of our emotions, such as fear, anger, love, hate, etc. It can be acted upon by smell, memories, taste, sight and self-will. |
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Term
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Definition
| The band composed of only thin myofilaments |
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Term
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Definition
| The disease in children called "rickets" is known as ____________ in adults. |
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Term
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Definition
| these organize the mitotic spindle in cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| one functional unit of a skeletal muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| The pancreas and liver work together to maintain homeostasis through ______? |
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Term
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Definition
| these organize the mitotic spindle in cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| vital center for the control of heart rate, respiration and blood pressure. |
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Term
| decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartilage |
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Definition
| In bone formation, a decificiency of growth hormone will cause _____________________________________. |
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Term
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Definition
| Atom X has seventeen protons. How many electrons are in its valance shell? |
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Term
| Principle of the Fluid Mosaid Model of cell membrane structure |
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Definition
| Phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| the membrane lining the medullary canal |
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Term
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Definition
| The majority of ATP synthesis occurs during _____________________. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Which is the only phase that occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen? |
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Term
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Definition
| A rapid repetitive series of threshold stimuli leading to a single fused, sustained contraction. |
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Term
| increasing the voltage up to the maximum |
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Definition
| Strong muscle contractions are controlled by |
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Term
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Definition
| A neuronal circuit that concentrates or directs a large number of incoming impulses to a rather small number of neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| Smooth muscles that act like skeletal muscles but are controlled by autonomic nerves and hormones |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosomal centromeres split and chromosomes migrate to opposite ends of the cell in which phase? |
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Term
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Definition
| The band formed due to the overlapping of thick and thin myofilaments. |
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Term
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Definition
| forms part of the protein synthesis site in cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| act as "interpreter" molecules that recognize specific amino acids and nucleotide base sequences |
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Term
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Definition
| Attaches the correct amino acid to its transfer RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| provides energy needed for synthesis reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in the cytoplasm, this structure specifies the exact sequence of amino acids of the protein to be made. |
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Term
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Definition
| may be attached to the ER or scattered in the cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes decoil to form chromatin |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomal centromeres split and chomosomes migrate to the opposite ends of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disentegrate |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes align on the spindle equator |
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Term
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Definition
| Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| plays a role in the synthesis of steroid-based hormones and proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| actual site of protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Hollow cytoskeletal elements that act as organizers for the cytoskeleton |
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Term
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Definition
| dense spherical bodies in the nucleus that are the synthesis site for ribosomal RNA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| transporting an endosome from one side of a cell to the other and releasing the contents by exocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| In certain kinds of muscle cells, calcium ions are stored in ___________. |
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Term
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Definition
| The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the "factory" site for protein formation |
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Term
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Definition
| A red blood cell placed in pure water would? |
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Term
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Definition
| Phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell |
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Term
| gap junctions, desmosomes, tight junctions |
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Definition
| Cell junctions that promote the coordinated activity of cells by physically binding them together into a cell community include __________________________. |
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Term
| changes in the environment |
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Definition
| Riboswitches are folded RNAs that act as switches to turn protein synthesis on or off in response to ______________. |
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Term
| molecular transport through the membrane |
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Definition
| function of a plasma membrane protein |
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Term
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Definition
| produces nucleus replication |
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Term
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Definition
| The electron microscope has revealed that one of the components within the cell consists of microtubules arranged to forma hollow tube. This structure is what? |
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Term
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Definition
| are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic in nature |
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Term
| movement of a substance down its concentration gradient |
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Definition
| Passive membrane transport processes include ___________________________. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzymes called ____________ destroy the cell's DNA and cytoskeleton, producing a quick death to the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| contain some of the DNA & RNA code necessary for their own function |
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Term
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Definition
| takes place during interphase of the cell cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Abnormal growth of the hands, feet, and face, caused by overproduction of growth hormone by the pituitary gland. |
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Term
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) |
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Definition
| Anterior pituitary hormone that influences the activity of the adrenal cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that regulates Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion by the kidneys. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone such as testosterone that controls male secondary sex characteristics. |
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Term
| Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis) |
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Definition
| The glandular part of the pituitary gland. |
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Term
| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH or vasopressin) |
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Definition
| Hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary; stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more water, reducing urine volume. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormone released by the thyroid. Lowers blood calcium levels only when present at high (therapeutic) levels. |
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Term
| Cortisol (hydrocortisone) |
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Definition
| Glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Severe hypothyroidism resulting in physical and mental stunting in infants. It is characterized by mental retardation, impaired growth, low body temperature and abnormal bone formation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A metabolic disorder caused by overproduction of glucocorticoid by the adrenal cortex and often involving obesity and high blood pressure. It can be caused by a tumor (then is called a disease) or most often, by the clinical administration of pharmacological doses of glucocorticoid drugs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disease caused by deficient insulin release or by insulin resistance, leading to inability of the body cells to use carbohydrates. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chief hormone produced by the adrenal medulla. Also called adrenaline. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormone that stimulates female secondary sex characteristics; female sex hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormone formed by alpa cells of pancreatic islets; raises the glucose level of blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by a deficiency of iodine in the diet. One sees thyroid enlargement, listlessness, and weight gain. Thyroxine production slows because iodine is not available. In an attempt to increase thyroxine, the thyroid enlarges. |
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Term
| Gonadotropin Hormone (FSH & LH) |
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Definition
| Regulate the function of the gonads (ovaries & testes) & produced by the anterior pituitary. In both sexes, FSH stimulates gamete (sperm or egg) production and LH promotes production of gonadal hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormone that stimulates growth in general and metabolic actions; produced by cells called somatotrophs in anterior pituitary; also called somatotropin (STH); major targets are bones and skeletal muscles; promotes protein synthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Steroidal or amino-acid based molecules released to the blood that act as chemical messengers to regulate specific body functions. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone that enhances the carrier-mediated diffusion of glucose into tissue cells, thus lowering blood glucose levels. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone secreted by the pineal gland; secretion peaks at night and helps set sleep-wake cycles; also a powerful antioxidant. |
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Term
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Definition
| Condition resulting from underactive thyroid gland. Symptoms include a low metabolic rate; felling chilled; constipation; thick, dry skin and puffy eyes; edema; lethargy; and mental sluggishness (but not mental retardation). |
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Term
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Definition
| A catecholamine neurotransmitter and adrenal medullary hormone, associated with sympathetic nervous system activation. |
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Term
| Pancreatic islets of Langerhans |
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Definition
| Tiny cell clusters that produce pancreatic hormones. These contain 2 major populations of hormone-producing cells, the glucagon-synthesizing alpha cells and the more numerous insulin-producing beta cells. |
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Term
| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) |
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Definition
Protein hormone released by the parathyroid glands that regulates blood calcium level. Release is triggered by falling blood Ca 2+ levels and inhibited by rising blood Ca 2+ levels. 3 target organs: the skeleton, the kidneys & the intestine.
Stimulates osteoclasts, enhances reabsorption of Ca 2+ by kidneys & promotes activation of vitamin D, thereby increasing absorption of Ca 2+ from food. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone-secreting part of the diencephalon of the brain through to be involved in setting the biological clock and influencing reproductive function. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of 3 signs of DM. Excessive thirst stimulated by the hypothalamic thirst centers. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of 3 signs of DM. Refers to excessive hunger and food consumption, a sign that the person is "starving in the land of plenty." Although plenty of glucose is available, it cannot be used and the body starts to utilize its fat and protein stores for energy metabolism. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of 3 signs of DM. Excessive glucose in the kidney filtrate acts as an osmotic diuretic, resulting in a huge urin output that leads to decreased blood volume and dehydration. Serious electrolyte losses also occur as the body rids itself of excess ketone bodies, which are negatively charged and carry positive ions out with them. As a result, Na+ and K+ are also lost from the body. |
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Term
| Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis) |
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Definition
| Portion of the gland derived from the brain; includes the infundibulum. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hormone partly responsible for preparing the uterus for the fertilized ovum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adenohypophyseal hormone that stimulates the breasts to produce milk. |
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Term
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Definition
| A lipid-based chemical messenger synthesized by most tissue cells that acts locally as a paracrine. |
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Term
| Renin-Angiotensin Pathway |
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Definition
| 1st of 4 mechanisms regulating aldosterone secretion; influences both blood volume and blood pressure by regulating the release of aldosterone and therefore Na+ and water reabsorption by the kidneys. Specialized cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidneys become excited when blood pressure (or blood volume) declines.; ultimately involved in raising blood pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Male sex hormone produced by the testes; during puberty promotes virilization, and is necessary for normal sperm production. |
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Term
| Thymosin, Thymulin, Thymoproteins |
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Definition
| families for peptide hormones secreted by Thymic epithelial cells. These hormones are though to be involved in the normal development of T lymphocytes and the immune response, but their roles are not well understood. The mainly act locally as paracrines. |
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Term
| Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) |
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Definition
| Adenohypophyseal hormone that regulates secretion of thyroid hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Iodine-containing hormone secreted by thyroid follicles; stimulates enzymes concerned with glucose oxidation. |
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Term
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Definition
| (Secreted by) Adenohypophysis |
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Term
|
Definition
| (Secreted by) Adrenal Gland |
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Term
|
Definition
| (Secreted by) Thyroid Gland |
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Term
|
Definition
| (Secreted by) Neurohypophysis |
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Term
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Definition
| (Secreted by) Pineal Gland |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulates development of the follicle in the ovaries |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones, most importantly glucocorticoids that help the body to resist stressors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulates the thyroid gland. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mobilizes fats, spares glucose, and promotes the protein synthesis necessary for growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulates the kidney tubules to reabsorb water from urine; prevents wide swings in water balance, helping the body avoid dehydration and water overload. |
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