Intercellular attachments

Gap junctions: allow communication

Desmosomes: prevent wear and tear

Adhesion belt: prevent wear and tear

Occluding junction: prevents lumen from getting past cells

Hemidesmosomes: nail epithelial cells down to basal lamina

Types of exocrine glands

Merocrine: secretes by exocytosis, mucin- secretion  makes mucus when mixed with h2o. protects and lubricates

Apocrine: apical surface and cytoplasm- mammary

Holocrine: entire cell bursts and cell dies ex.sebaceous, replaced by stem cell division

location: ciliated columnar epithelium

unicellular gland

establishing a structural framework for body,

transporting fluids and dissolved minerals: blood

protecting delicate organs: bone

support other tisues

store energy: adipose tissue

defending from invading microorganisms: lymph

Fixed: melanocytes, fixed macrophage, mast cells, fibroblasts, adipocytes

-function: repair maintenance, storage

Wandering: plasma cells, free macrophages, mesenchymal cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes

-function: protection, repair

outer: dense regular, support, protection, attatchment

inner: where cartilage growth and maintenance occur

Appositional growth: occurs at surface, divide in cellular layer of perichondrium

Interstitial growith: occurs within cartilage, chondrocytes divide within lacua

Both: occur during development 

Synovial: knee joint, lubricates

Serious: peritoneum, pericardial, pleural; reduces friction, lubricates

Mucous: nasal cavity; protects, lubricates

Cutaneous: skin; protection

cartilage: avascular, cant grow/repair

Bone: highly vascular, lots of repair/remodeling

both: support and protect

outer layer: allows attachment of ligaments

inner layer: appositional growth/repair

support and suround organs

-superficial fascia: underskin; areolar and adipose

-deep: continuous w/ ligaments and other connective tissue structures

-subserous: btwn serous membrane and deep fascia; all areolar tissue

inflammation: swelling, redness, warmth, pain; occurs in connective tissue- can occur in all parts of body

regeneration: fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers- scar tissue

-fibrosis: scar tissue replaces tissues that do not regenerate

Embryological development: first 2 months

Fetal development: 9 weeks to birth

Stratum corneum: sheds after 2 weeks

Stratum lucidum: only on palms and feet

Stratum granulosum: living cells stop dividing, start makingkeratin

Stratum spinosum: dendritic cells found here

Startum basale: basal cells (stem cells) attached to basal lamina with hemidesmosomes, merkel cells also found here

papillary: nerves, capillaries; areolar tissue

reticular: collagen/elastin fibers; dense irregular; has sweat glands and hair follicles 

Epidermis: merkel cells, sensory neuron extensions for pain and temperature

Dermis: feels light touch and pressure/vibration

thyroid hormones, sex hormones, epidermal growth factor (EGF), growth hormone

steriod hormones: reduce epidermis effectiveness as a barrior to infection

smaller blood vessels: supply superficial osteons

lymphatic vessels: collect lymph from bone and osteons

sensory nerves: innervate diaphysis, medullary cavity, and epiphyses

-functional unit of bone

-organized concentric lamellae around a central canal

-Cellular inner layer

Fibrous outer layer

-route for blood and nervous supply

-participate in bone growth and repair

-created by osteoblasts in periosteum cellular layer

strongly connect tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules to bone through periosteum

-incomplete cellular layer lining medullary cavity

-covers spongy bone and lines central canals

-consists of simple layer of osteoprogenitor cells

-where incomplete, osteoclasts and osteoblasts remodel matrix

-occurs in cartilage

-initial bone formation in embryo begins in cartilage

-pituitary growth failure: short bones: rare b/c can give growth hormone

-achondroplasia: limbs short, trunk normal, epiphyseal cartilage grows slowly

-marfan syndrom:lanky, too much cartilage formation at epiphyseal cartilage

-gigantism:too much growth hormone b4 puberty

-FOP: gene mutation causes bone deposition around muscles

-acromegly: bones get thicker, growth hormone rises after epiphyseal plates close

inreases blood calcium levels

-stimulates osteoclasts to release calcium

-weakens bones

decreases blood calcium levels

-dcreases osteoclast activity

heals as long as blood supply and cellular parts of periosteum and enosteum survive

1. fracture hematoma forms (large blood clot)

2. calluses form: internal and external

3. calluses replaced and dead bone is removed

4. remodeling of healed bone