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AnatomyCards
Chapters 4, 26, 5, & 6
35
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
11/09/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
4 basic tissue types
Definition
epithelial, connective, muscle, neural
Term

Intercellular attachments

 

Definition

Gap junctions: allow communication

Desmosomes: prevent wear and tear

Adhesion belt: prevent wear and tear

Occluding junction: prevents lumen from getting past cells

Hemidesmosomes: nail epithelial cells down to basal lamina

Term

Types of exocrine glands

 

Definition

Merocrine: secretes by exocytosis, mucin- secretion  makes mucus when mixed with h2o. protects and lubricates

Apocrine: apical surface and cytoplasm- mammary

Holocrine: entire cell bursts and cell dies ex.sebaceous, replaced by stem cell division

 

 

Term
mucous cell
Definition

location: ciliated columnar epithelium

unicellular gland

Term
Functions of connective tissue
Definition

establishing a structural framework for body,

transporting fluids and dissolved minerals: blood

protecting delicate organs: bone

support other tisues

store energy: adipose tissue

defending from invading microorganisms: lymph

Term
Connective tissue proper: classes of cells
Definition

Fixed: melanocytes, fixed macrophage, mast cells, fibroblasts, adipocytes

-function: repair maintenance, storage

Wandering: plasma cells, free macrophages, mesenchymal cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes

-function: protection, repair

Term
perichondrium layers
Definition

outer: dense regular, support, protection, attatchment

inner: where cartilage growth and maintenance occur

Term
Types of Cartilage growth 
Definition

Appositional growth: occurs at surface, divide in cellular layer of perichondrium

Interstitial growith: occurs within cartilage, chondrocytes divide within lacua

Both: occur during development 

Term
Types of Membranes
Definition

Synovial: knee joint, lubricates

Serious: peritoneum, pericardial, pleural; reduces friction, lubricates

Mucous: nasal cavity; protects, lubricates

Cutaneous: skin; protection

Term
Bone matrix
Definition
mostly collagen fibers and calcium salts
Term
Cartilage vs. Bone
Definition

cartilage: avascular, cant grow/repair

Bone: highly vascular, lots of repair/remodeling

both: support and protect

Term
Periosteum
Definition

outer layer: allows attachment of ligaments

inner layer: appositional growth/repair

Term
Fasciae
Definition

support and suround organs

-superficial fascia: underskin; areolar and adipose

-deep: continuous w/ ligaments and other connective tissue structures

-subserous: btwn serous membrane and deep fascia; all areolar tissue

Term
Response to injury
Definition

inflammation: swelling, redness, warmth, pain; occurs in connective tissue- can occur in all parts of body

regeneration: fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers- scar tissue

-fibrosis: scar tissue replaces tissues that do not regenerate

Term
Phases of prenatal development
Definition

Embryological development: first 2 months

Fetal development: 9 weeks to birth

Term
Endodermal
Definition
Integumentary, nervous, endocrine, digestive, skeletal, respiratory
Term
Mesodermal
Definition
Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, urinary, reporoductive, miscellaneous
Term
Endodermal
Definition
Endocrine, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
Term
Layers of Epidermis
Definition

Stratum corneum: sheds after 2 weeks

Stratum lucidum: only on palms and feet

Stratum granulosum: living cells stop dividing, start makingkeratin

Stratum spinosum: dendritic cells found here

Startum basale: basal cells (stem cells) attached to basal lamina with hemidesmosomes, merkel cells also found here

Term
Dermis layers
Definition

papillary: nerves, capillaries; areolar tissue

reticular: collagen/elastin fibers; dense irregular; has sweat glands and hair follicles 

Term
Sensory receptors
Definition

Epidermis: merkel cells, sensory neuron extensions for pain and temperature

Dermis: feels light touch and pressure/vibration

Term
Lines of cleavage
Definition
formed by arrangement of collagen and elastin fibers, cut parallel to cleavage
Term
Hormones that coordinate integumentary system function with other system
Definition

thyroid hormones, sex hormones, epidermal growth factor (EGF), growth hormone

steriod hormones: reduce epidermis effectiveness as a barrior to infection

Term
Periosteum features
Definition

smaller blood vessels: supply superficial osteons

lymphatic vessels: collect lymph from bone and osteons

sensory nerves: innervate diaphysis, medullary cavity, and epiphyses

Term
osteon
Definition

-functional unit of bone

-organized concentric lamellae around a central canal

Term
Periosteum
Definition

-Cellular inner layer

Fibrous outer layer

-route for blood and nervous supply

-participate in bone growth and repair

Term
Perforating fibers
Definition

-created by osteoblasts in periosteum cellular layer

strongly connect tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules to bone through periosteum

Term
Endosteum
Definition

-incomplete cellular layer lining medullary cavity

-covers spongy bone and lines central canals

-consists of simple layer of osteoprogenitor cells

-where incomplete, osteoclasts and osteoblasts remodel matrix

Term
Endochondral ossification
Definition

-occurs in cartilage

-initial bone formation in embryo begins in cartilage

Term
Intramembranous ossification
Definition
-mysenchymal cells (stem cells) differentiate into osteoblasts that secrete osteoid matrix that becomes mineralized, bone grows out in small struts (spicules), osteoblasts become trapped and become osteoclasts
Term
Bone growth disorders
Definition

-pituitary growth failure: short bones: rare b/c can give growth hormone

-achondroplasia: limbs short, trunk normal, epiphyseal cartilage grows slowly

-marfan syndrom:lanky, too much cartilage formation at epiphyseal cartilage

-gigantism:too much growth hormone b4 puberty

-FOP: gene mutation causes bone deposition around muscles

-acromegly: bones get thicker, growth hormone rises after epiphyseal plates close

 

Term
Calcium
Definition
controlls activities of intestines, bones, and kidneys
Term
Parathyroid horone
Definition

inreases blood calcium levels

-stimulates osteoclasts to release calcium

-weakens bones

Term
Calcitonin from thyroid gland C cells
Definition

decreases blood calcium levels

-dcreases osteoclast activity

Term
Fractures
Definition

heals as long as blood supply and cellular parts of periosteum and enosteum survive

1. fracture hematoma forms (large blood clot)

2. calluses form: internal and external

3. calluses replaced and dead bone is removed

4. remodeling of healed bone

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