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Anatomy
Unit 6-Respiratory/Digestive/Urinary/Reproductive
136
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
05/09/2012

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Cards

Term
Cells obtain ______ and eliminate ________
Definition

O2

CO2

Term
Respiratory system facilitates
Definition
exchange of gases between the air and the blood
Term
Functions of respiratory system
Definition

1. Provide area for gas exchange

2. Move air to and from exchange surface

3. Protect respiratory surfaces

4. Defend respiratory system and other tissues from invasion by pathogenic organisms

5. Producing sounds involved in speaking, singing, or nonverbal communication

6. Assisting in the regulation of blood volume, blood pressure, and the control of bodily fluid pH

Term

Respiratory epithelium

Location

Types

Definition

Lines majority or respiratory tract

1. Peusdostratisfied ciliated columnar (PSCC)-with goblet cells to produce mucus to trap foreign particles

2. Lamina propria (connective tissue layer)

 

Together make mucus membrane

Term
Two zones for air movement
Definition

1. Conduction zone

2. Respiratory zone

Term

Zones of air movement

Conduction Zone

Definition

-Transports, warms, humidifies, and cleans air

-Environment to terminal bronchioles in lungs

Term

Zones of air movement

Respiratory Zone

Definition

Gas exchange at the alveoli

Respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

Term
Upper respiratory system: Nasal cavity
Definition

-Primary airway for respiration

-Moistens and warms air

-Filters inhaled air via mucus

-Resonating chamber for speech

-Houses olfactory receptors

Term
Pharynx: Nasopharynx
Definition

-Air passageway: Lined with PSCC

-Pharyngeal tonsils

-Contains opening to auditory tube

Term
Pharynx: Oropharynx
Definition

-Extends from soft palate to hyoid

-Lined with stratified squamous epithelium

-Shared with digestive system

-Palantine tonsils and lingual tonsils

Term
Determining sound of voice
Definition
Length and thickness of vocal folds
Term

Lower respiratory system

Trachea

Definition

-C6-7 to T5

-C rings of tracheal cartilages

Term
C rings of tracheal cartilages
Definition

-Composed of hyaline cartilage

-Stiffens tracheal walls and protects airway

-Posterior wall distorts, allowing food passege through esophagus

 

Term

Lower respiratory

Bronchi

Definition

-1o to 2o to 3o

-Right 1o bronchi is wider and shorter than the left: foreign object more likely to lodge

-Trachea branches within mediastinum

Term
Bronchi to bronchioles
Definition

-Secondary bronchi-->tertiary bronchi-->Bronchioles

-->Terminal bronchioles-->Respiratory bronchioles (site of gas exchange)

Term
Why is right lung larger
Definition
Left shares cavity with heart
Term
Alveoli
Definition

Site of gas exchange

-Surrounded by capillaries and elastic fibers

-Simple squamous epithelium

Term
Alveolar cells
Definition

1. Alveolar type I: respiratory cells

2. Alveolar type II: surfactant cells

3. Alveolar macrophages: dust cells

Term
1. Alveolar type I: respiratory cells
Definition

-Most numerous/important

-Provides surface area for gas exchange

-thin=good for diffusion

Term
2. Alveolar type II cell: surfactant cells
Definition

-Produce surfactant (oily secretions) to reduce surface tension so that alveoli can maintain shape

-Prevents alveolar collapse during exhalation-->begin at 7-8 months of fetal development

Term

3. Alveolar macrophages: dust cells

 

Definition
-Defense and protection of alveolar surface
Term
Respiratory membrane layers
Definition

1. Alveolar epithelium: simple squamous epithelium

2. Fused basement membrane

3. Cappilary endothelium: simple squamous epithelium

Term
Respiratory tracing with epithelial tissue
Definition

AIR                                              EPITHELIA TISSUE

1. Nasal cavity                            Stratisfied squamous

2. Nasopharynx         Pseudostratisfied ciliated columnar

3. Oropharynx                              Stratisfied squamous

4. Laryngopharynx                       Stratisfied squamous

5. Larynx                                    PSCC

6. Trachea                                   PSCC

7. RT/LT primary bronchi              PSCC

8. Secondary bronchi                    PSCC

9. Tertiary bronchi                        PSCC

10. Terminal bronchioles               Simple cuboidal

11. Respiratory bronchioles           Simple cuboidal

12. Alveolar duct                          Simple squamous

13. Alveolar sac                           Simple squamous

14. Alveolus                                 Simple squamous

Term
Main muscles used in respiration
Definition

Diaphragm

External intercostals

internal costals

Term

Primary inhalation muscles

Primary exhalation muscles

Definition

inhale: External intercostals and diaphragm

exhale: Internal intercostals

Term
Sensory receptors of respiration
Definition

1. Mechanoreceptors: Detect changes in lung volume (pressure)

2. Chemoreceotors: Changes in levels of O2 and CO2

Term

Respiratory centers of the brain

CN IX and X

Definition

1. Respiratory rhythmicity center

2. Apneustic center

3. Pneumotaxic center

Term

Respiratory centers of the brain

1. Respiratory rhythmicity center

Definition

Sets basic respiratory pace

Located in medulla oblongata

Term

Respiratory centers of the brain

2. Apneustic center

Definition

Used for sustaining strong, deep breathing

Located in pons

Term

Respiratory centers of the brain

3. Pneumotaxic center

Definition

set limits to avoid over inflation of lungs

Located in pons

Term

Cystic Fibrosis CF

Cause

Symptoms

Problems

Treatment

Definition

-Inherited disease

-Affects cells that produce mucus, sweat, saliva, and digest juices

-SYMPTOMS: chest congestion, activity intolerance, excessive coughing

-PROBLEMS:

Oversecretion of thicker, viscous mucus

Affects mucus escalator

Respiratory passageways become colgged

Leads to fatal bacterial infections

-TREATMENT: daily chest physiotherapy, aerosol breathing treatments, exercise -->designed to loosen thick mucus

 

Term
Parietal vs visceral pleura
Definition

parietal=membrane that creates cavity

visceral=membrane that directly covers organ

Term
Diaphragm
Definition
Separates abdominal and thoracic cavities
Term
Pleural cavities
Definition
Space where lungs sit
Term
[image]
Definition
Lungs
Term
[image]
Definition
Nasal Cavity
Term
[image]
Definition
Pharynx
Term
[image]
Definition
Larynx
Term
[image]
Definition
Larynx-Superior View
Term
[image]
Definition
Trachea
Term
Trachealis muscle
Definition
posterior side of trachea where C ring ends
Term
[image]
Definition
Trachea Slide
Term

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Components

Length

 

Definition

1. GI Tract aka alimentary canal

-approx 30ft

2. Accessory organs

Term
Functions of the Digestive System
Definition

1. Digestion

2. Motility

3. Secretion

4. Absorption

5. Excretion

6.Compaction

Term

Functions of the digestive system

1. Digestion:

2. Motility

3. Secretion

Definition

1. Digestion: mechanical and chemical breakdown of material

2. Motility: movement of material from the oral cavity to the anus ie swallowing/peristalsis

3. Secretion: exocrine release of enzymes into the lumen of the digestive tract for chemical digestion

Term

Functions of the digestive system

4. Absorption:

5. Excretion:

6. Compaction:

Definition

4. Absorption: movement of material from the lumen into the blood stream

5. Excretion: wastes are secreted into the digestive tract

6. Compaction: dehydration to defacation

Term

Layers of digestive tract

Superficial (inside tube)-->deep (outside of tube)

Definition

1. Tunica mucosa

2. Tunica submucosa

3. Tunica muscularis

4. Tunica serosa (visceral peritoneum)

Term
Tunica Mucosa
Definition

mucus membrane=

a. epithelial tissue

b. loose connective tissue (lamina propria)

c. muscularis mucosae (smooth muscle)

Term
Muscularis mucosae
Definition
Visible dividing layer between tunica mucosa and tunica submucosa
Term
Tunica submucosa
Definition
Loose connective tissue that usually contains glands and vesels
Term
Tunica muscularis
Definition

2 layers of smooth muscle (circular & longitudinal)

3 layers in stomach (circular, longitudinal, oblique)

Term
Tunica serosa
Definition

Connective tissue serous membrane

NOT in esophagus/rectum

Term
Tunica adventitia
Definition
Last layer in esophagus/rectum
Term
Stomach function
Definition

1. Mechanical breakdown of solids into tiny particles. PRIMARY JOB

2. Chemical breakdown of food particles or liquids to yield molecules that can be absorbed by the body.  Shared job by stomach and small intestine

Term
Components unique to stomach
Definition

1. Rugae

2. gastric pits

Term
Small intestine components
Definition

90% nutrient absorption (mostly in jejunum) via enzymes

-Contains plicae, villi, microvilli=increase surface area

-Lacteal=absorption of lipids

Term
Large intestine function
Definition
Dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials to eliminate as feces
Term
Accessory organs
Definition

1. Salivary glands

2. Liver

3. Gallbladder

4. Pancreas

Term
Salivary glands
Definition

-Stimulated by (parasympathetic) ANS

-Release enzymes

-Lubricates oral cavity, moistens food

-All 3 glands have slightly different secretions

-Parotid gland related to Mumps

Term
Functions of the Liver
Definition

1. Metabolic regulation

2. Hematological regulation

3. Synthesis of bile/bile salts

Term

Liver functions

Metabolic regulation

Definition

via Hepatic portal vein

-Absorbed nutrients are further metabolized in the liver

-Toxins are broken down

-Fat soluble vitamins stored in liver

*Cleans food

Term

Liver functions

Hematological Regulation

Definition

via Hepatic Artery

-Liver receives 25% of blood from aorta

-Breakdown of old/damaged blood cells

-Makes plasma proteins

*Cleans blood

Term

Liver functions

Synthesis of bile/bile salts

Definition

Via bile duct

-Bile: pH buffer neutralize stomach acid

-Bile salts: aids in break down of lipids

 

Term

Liver lobule

 

Definition
"Hexagon" structures of liver
Term
Hepatic triad
Definition

Corners of lobules

1. Hepatic Portal vein (O2)

2. Hepatic artery (from intestine)

3. Bile duct (to intestine)

Term
Gallbladder
Definition
Stores bile produced in the liver
Term
Pancreas
Definition

-Majority of pancreas has digestive (exocrine) function

-Release pancreatic juice to the duodenum via pancreatic duct for chemical digestion

Term
Food tracing
Definition

1. Oral cavity

2. Oropharynx

3. Laryngopharynx

4. Esophagus

5. Stomach

6. Duodenum

7. Jejunum

8. Ileum

9. Ascending colon

10. Transverse colon

11. Descending colon

12. Sigmoid colon

13. Rectum

14. Anus

Term
[image]
Definition
Mesenteries
Term
[image]
Definition
Stomach
Term
[image]
Definition
General GI Tract
Term
Plicae
Definition

Group of villi in small intestine

-made of simple columnar epithelium

Term
[image]
Definition
Large Intestine
Term
[image]
Definition
Salivary Glands
Term
[image]
Definition
Liver-Gallbladder
Term
[image]
Definition
Esophagus Slide
Term
[image]
Definition
Stomach Slide
Term
[image]
Definition
Small Intestine Slide
Term
[image]
Definition
Large Intestine Slide
Term
[image]
Definition
Liver Slide
Term
Functional unit of kidney
Definition
nephron
Term
Functions of urinary system
Definition

1. Removal of metabolic wastes

2. Regulate ionic concentration or plasma by controlling the amount lost in the urine

3. pH balance: removal of ammonia/hydrogen from body fluids

4. Regulate blood volume/pressure by controllin the amount of urine produced

5. Stimulate erythrocyte production

 

Term

Function on nephron

*1.25 million nephrons per kidney

Definition

1. Filters blood

2. Reabsorbs what is needed

3. Excretes waste in the form of urine

Term
Components of nephron
Definition

1. Renal corpuscle: filtering component

2. Renal tubule: Series of tubules that specialize in absorption and secretion

Term

Filtration layers of kidney

(In glomerulus)

Definition

1. Capillary endothelium

2. Basement membrane (basal lamina)

3. Glomerular epithelium

Term

Filtration layers of kidney

(In glomerulus)

1. Capillary endothelium

Definition
Fenestrated capillaries (capillaries with pores)
Term

Filtration layers of kidney

(In glomerulus)

2. Basement membrane (basal lamina)

Definition
Blocks filtering of large proteins
Term

Filtration layers of kidney

(In glomerulus)

3. Glomerular epithelium

Definition
podocytes cover most of the basement membrane
Term

JG apparatus

Hormones

Definition

-Maintain blood pressure

1. Renin

2. Erythropoietin

Term
Components Renal Tubule
Definition

-Proximal convoluted tubule

-Loop of henle

-Distal convoluted tubule

-Collecting tubule/duct

Term
Proximal convoluted tubule
Definition
reabsorbs salts, water, and sugars
Term
Loop of henle
Definition
main salt absorber
Term
Distal convoluted tubule
Definition
reabsorbes calcium and excretes hydrogen and ammonium to regulate pH
Term
Collecting tubule/duct
Definition
Primary water absorber
Term
Ureters
Definition
Send urine via peristaltic contractions
Term

Urinary bladder

-Trigone

Definition
most common site of infection in females because defense line is short
Term
Muscular controls of urinary bladder
Definition

Sphincter muscles

Involuntary: internal urethral sphincter (smooth muscle)

Voluntary: External urethral sphincter (skeletal muscle)

Term
ADH
Definition

Antidiuretic hormone

-produced in hypothalamus

-Effects cells of collecting ducts

-Signals these cells to reabsorb water

 

Term
Why is pee yellow
Definition
caused by bile and pigment of urobilins
Term
[image]
Definition
Kidney
Term
[image]
Definition
Urinary Bladder
Term
[image]
Definition
Kidney Slide
Term

Produced, stored, nourished, and transported by human reproductive system

 

Also produces:

Definition

Functional male and female gametes: sperm/ovum (fertilization produces zygote)

 

Sex hormones

Term
Organization of the reproductive system
Definition

1. Reproductive organs or gonads

2. Reproductive tracts

3.Accessory glands and organs

4. Perineal structures called external genitalia

Term
Reproductive organs/gonads
Definition
Produce gametes and hormones
Term
Reproductive tracts
Definition
Receive, store, and transport the gametes
Term
Accessory glands and organs
Definition
Secrete fluids into the ducts of reproductive system or into other excretory ducts
Term

Testosterone

 

Definition

1. Released by Leydig cells of the testes

2. Promotes production of mature sperm

3. Maintains accessory organs of reproductive tract

4. Influences secondary sexual characteristics

Term
Epididymis
Definition

-Facilitates functional development of the sperm and stores mature sperm

-Degrades damaged sperm

Term
Ductus deferens
Definition
transports sperm to ejaculatory duct; stores sperm
Term
Urethra
Definition

Release sperm outside of the body

-Part of urinary and reproductive system

Term
Spermatogenesis
Definition

Production of spermatids

 

*occurs in seminiferous tubules of the testes

Term
Spermiogenesis
Definition

Maturation of spermatids to become sperm

 

*occurs in seminiferous tubules of the testes

Term
Male accessory glands
Definition

Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands

-produce secretions that make up the majority of semen volume

-Sympathetic nervous system controls release

Term
Seminal vesicles
Definition

-Makes up approx 60% of semen volume

-Fluid contains high levels of sugar to provide nutrients to sperm cells

-Slightly alkaline to neutralize vaginal secretions

-Secretions are released into the ejaculatory duct

Term
Prostate gland
Definition

-Makes approx 30% of semen volume

-Fluid is a milky solution that contains several enzymes

-Seminalplasm secreted to act as a natural antibiotic to prevent UTIs

-Secretions are released into the urethra

Term
Bulbourethral glands
Definition

-Makes 5% of semen volume

-Clear alkaline mucus that is a pH buffer: pre-ejaculate

-Lubricates glans penis

-Secretions are released into the urethra

Term
Ovaries
Definition

Ovaries release estrogen

 

Term
Functions of estrogen
Definition

-Stimulates growth of the uterine wall (endometrium)

-Maintains accessory organs and glands of repro tract

-Influences secondary sexual characteristics

Term
Corpus luteum
Definition
Releases progesterone
Term
Progesterone
Definition
Prepares the uterus for development of the embryo
Term
The uterine cycle
Definition

28 day cycle

1. Menses

2. Proliferative phase

3. Secretory phase

Term

Uterine cycle:

1. Menses

Definition

Day 0-7

-arteries constrict, reducing blood flow to the endometruim.  The tissue of the endometium and blood from ruptured vessels slough off in the uterus lumen

Term
Proliferative phase
Definition

day 7-14

-repair and growth of the endometrium tissue and blood vessels

Term
Secretory phase
Definition

day 14-28

-further development of the endometrium and increased glandular activity

Term
Oogenesis
Definition

-Oocytes are produced in the ovaries before birth

-By puberty there are 400,000 oocytes total

-During the ovarian cycle the oocyte mature

-Only about 500 will mature and ovulate during life

Term
Ovarian cycle
Definition

-Follicle cells provide nutrients to the oocytes

-Oocytes + follicular cells=follicle

 

1. Follicular phase (0-14)

2. Luteal phase (14-28)

Term

Ovarian cycle:

Follicular phase

Definition

1. Follicular phase (0-14): formation of follicles in preparation for ovulation on day 14

STEP 1: Formation of primary follicles

STEP 2: Formation of secondary follicles

STEP 3: Formation of tertiary follicles

 

Term

Ovarian cycle:

Luteal phase

Definition

 2. Luteal phase (14-28): formation of corpus luteum in preparation for fertilization

STEP 4: Ovulation (14): The oocyte is released from the ovary into uterine tubes

STEP 5: Corpus luteum formation: Remaining follicle cells form the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone and a small amount of estrogen

STEP 6: (unless fertilized) Degradation of corpus luteum: Corpus luteum degrades into scar tissue> New ovarian cycle begins

Term
[image]
Definition
Male Reproductive
Term
[image]
Definition
Penis Slide
Term
[image]
Definition
Testis Slide
Term
[image]
Definition
Female Reproductive
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