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Anatomy
Board Prep Anatomy
33
Anatomy
Graduate
03/20/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Germ Layer Development


General Ectoderm

Definition

General Ectoderm


Epidermis of Skin

Enamel of Teeth

Inner Ear

Adenohypophysis

Parotid Gland

Mammary Gland

Lower Anal Canal

(below pectinate line)

 

Term

Germ Layer Development


Neuroectoderm

Definition

Neuroectoderm


CNS

All neurons with cell bodies in CNS

Retina & CN II

Neurohypophysis

Astrocytes

Oligodendrocytes

Term

Germ Layer Development


Neural Crest

(Ectoderm)

Definition

Neural Crest


Melanocytes

Cartilage/Bone of Head developed from pharyngeal arches

C cells of Thyroid Gland

Aorticopulmonary septum

Endocardial Cushions

Odontoblasts

Adrenal Medulla

PNS:

Sensory/Motor Ganglia

Schwann Cells

Term

Germ Layer Development


Mesoderm

Definition

Mesoderm


*All Muscles, except pupil dilators*

Muscle Tissue

Connective Tissue

Bone

Cardiovascular

Lymphatic

*Spleen

Kidney

Gonads

*Adrenal Cortex

Term

Germ Layer Development


Endoderm

 

Definition

Endoderm


A.Lining Epithelium of:

GI

Respiratory

Urinary

Reproductive

 

B. Pharyngeal Pouches

 

C. Parenchyma of:

Liver

Pancreas

Submandibular gland

Sublingual Gland

 

D. Thyroid Gland - Follicles

(not C-cells, neural crest)

 

Term

Neural Development


What does the Notochord induce? 

 

What does the Notochord become in Adults?

Definition

Notochord induces ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm and form the neural plate

 

Neural Plate → neural tube and neural crest cells

 

Notochord becomes nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disks in adults

Term

Neural Development


What does the Basal Plate develop into?

 

What does the Alar Plate develop into?

Definition

Basal Plate → Motor

 

Alar Plate → Sensory

Term

Embryology


 

What are causes of Polyhydramnios?

Definition

Anencephaly (↑ α-fetoprotein)

TE Fistula

Term

Embryology


 

How does the Brain Develop?

 

Forbrain → Telencephalon + Diencephalon

 

Midbrain → Mesencephalon

 

Hindbrain → Metencephalon + Myelencephalon

Definition

Telencephalon → Cerebral Hemispheres

Diencephalon → Thalamus

Mesencephalon → Midbrain

Metencephalon → Pons + Cerebellum

Myelencephalon → Medulla

 

[image]

Term

Embryology


1. Where does most of the Basal Ganglia develop from?

 

2. Where does the Optic Nerve and Cup develop from?

 

3. What are the 4 Thalamic subdivisions that the diencephalon gives rise to?

 

4. Where does the posterior lobe of the pituitary develope from?

 

Definition

1. Telencephalon

 

2. Outgrowths of Diencephalon

 

3. Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus, Subthalamus

 

4. Outgrowth of the Hypothalamus

Term

Spinal Cord


What Tract does descending voluntary movement of contralateral limbs travel?

Definition

Lateral Corticospinal Tract

 

[image]

Term

Spinal Cord Lesions


Where would a lesion be with symptoms of:

 

Spastic Paralysis

Hyperreflexia

+ Babinski

↑ muscle tone

muscle weakness

Definition

Corticospinal Tract

Upper Motor Neuron Lesion

 

Above Medulla: Contralateral

Below Medulla: Ipsilatera

 

 

Term

Spinal Cord Lesions


Where would a lesion be located with these symptoms:

 

Flaccid Paralysis

Areflexia

No Babinski

Fasiculations

↓ muscle tone

 

Definition

Coritcospinal Tract

Lower Motor Neuron Lesion


Always Ipsilateral

Term

Spinal Cord


What tract carries ascending pain and temperature sensation?

Definition

Spinothalamic Tract

 

[image]

Term

Spinal Cord Lesions


Where would a lesion be with Loss of Pain and Temperature sensation?

Definition

Spinothalamic Tract

 

Contralateral to the affected side

Term

Spinal Cord Lesions


What Spinal Tract Deccusates in the Ventral White Commissure?

Definition
Spinothalamic Tract
Term

Spinal Cord Lesions


What Spinal Tract carries ascending pressure, vibration, touch, and proprioceptive sensation?

Definition

Dorsal Column

 

[image]

 

Term

Spinal Cord


What parts of the Dorsal columns are associated with the:

Upper Body, Extremities

 

Lower Body, Extremities

 

 

 

 

 

Definition

Cuneatus = Arms

 

Gracilis = Legs

Term

Spinal Cord Tracts


Locate these structures and what would happen if a lesion were to occur at it:

 

Dorsal Columns:

Cuneatus

Gracilis

 

Corticospinal Tract

 

Spinothalamic Tract

White Commissure


Definition
[image]
Term

Spinal Cord Lesions


Cord Lesions between what vertebral bodies with include Horner's syndrome and both upper and lower limbs?

 

Definition
C1 and T1(or T2)
Term

Spinal Cord Lesions


 

Cord Lesions below T1 will involve what parts of the body?

Definition

 

Trunk and Lower Limbs

Term

Spinal Cord Lesions


What diseases cause Lower motor neuron lesions only, due to:

destruction of Anterior horns → Flaccid Paralysis.

Definition

 

Poliomyelitis

 

Werdnig-Hoffmann Disease

Term

Spinal Cord Lesions


 

What Disease has combined upper and lower motor neuron deficits with No sensory deficits?

 

Lower Limb - UMN

Upper Limb - LMN

Definition

 

ALS

Term

Spinal Cord Lesions


 

What syndrome causes Bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in upper extremities with preservations of touch and sensation?

Definition

Syringomyelia

Most Common at C8-T1

 

[image]

Term

Spinal Cord Lesions


What Disease and Syndrome are associated with:

 

+Rhomberg Sign

Sensory Ataxia

High Stepping Gait

Polyuria

Shooting Pains

Parastesias in Lower Limbs

Definition

 

3º Syphilis

Tabes Dorsalis

 

[image]

Term

Spinal Cord Lesions


What Syndrome presents with:

 

(1) Ipsilateral at the level of the lesion:

Loss of all sensation

Flaccid paralysis

 

 

 

(2) Ipsilateral Below the Lesion:

Spasticity

Loss of tactile, vibration, proprioception

 

(3) Contralateral below the Lesion:

Loss of Pain and Temperature

 

Definition

Brown-Sequard Syndrome

 

(If lesion occurs above T1, presents with Horner's Syndrome and Both Limbs)

 

[image]

Term

Brain Stem Lesions


 

What 3 Cranial Nerve Deficits will be Medial Brain Stem Lesions?

Definition

 

III, VI, XII

Term

Brain Stem Lesions


 

What CN Lesion and Position in the Brain Stem causes:

 

Diplopia

Eye points down and out - lateral strabismus

ptosis

Fixed Dilated Pupil

 

Definition

CN III

 

Medial Brain Stem

Midbrain

 

Artery associated: PCA

Term

Brain Stem Lesion


 

CN Lesion and Brain Stem Position associated with:

 

Diplopia

Eye Points Nasal - Medial Strabismus

Definition

CN VI

 

Medial Brain Stem

Lower Pons

 

Associated artery: Paramedian

Term

Brain Stem Lesion


 

CN Lesion and Position in Brain Stem associated with:

 

Mandibular Deviation

 

Definition

CN V

 

Lateral Brain Stem

Upper Pons

 

Associated artery: Superior Cerebellar

Term

Brain Stem Lesions


 

CN Lesion and Postion in Brain Stem assoicated with:

 

Facial Muscle Paralysis

Hyperacusis

Loss of secretions from ipsilateral lacrimal, submandibular, and sublingual glands

Definition

CN VII

 

Lateral Brain Stem

Lower Pons

 

associated artery: AICA

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