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Anatomy
Bones-JH
283
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
01/29/2012

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Cards

Term
How many bones in appendicular skeleton
Definition
126 bones total
Term
Total # of bones
appendicular?
Axial Skelton?
Definition
Total # of bones -206
appendicular- 126 bones
Axial Skelton-80
Term
This structure on the patella marks an attachment site of the patellar ligaments?

QUIZ 4
Definition
Apex
Term
Rib 11 and 12 are known as?

and Why?

QUIZ 4
Definition
Floating ribs

they are not connected to the sternum
Term
The clavicle articulates with the ______of the sternum

QUIZ 4
Definition
Manubrium
Term
This structure forms the point of the elbow and is accepted into the posterior fossa of the humerus when the arm is extended?

QUIZ 4
Definition
olecranon
Term
This structure is the most superior point of the pelvic girdle. Don't just name the bone

Quiz 4
Definition
illiac crest
Term
The protuberance that can be palpated on the lateral side of the ankle is the _____a____. It is a structure on the _________b.

QUIZ4
Definition
a lateral malleolus
b. fibula
Term
Name the roatator cuff muscles (4)
Definition
1. subscapularis
2 Supraspinatus
3. Infraspinatus
4. Teres Minor
Term
Longest largest bone of the upper extremity ?
Definition
The humerous
Term
Carpal Bones
8 4 proximal/4distal
Shawn Likes to Push The toy Car Hard
Definition
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Carpitate
Hamate
Term
Structural characteristics of the pectoral girdle that adapt it to a wide range of movement
Definition
relatively weak joints
Term
The broad, relatively flat portion of the clavicle that articulates with the scapula is the
Definition
acromial end
Term
What bone articulates with the hip bone at the acetabulum
Definition
femur
Term
The protuberance that can be palpated on the lateral side of the ankle is the
Definition
lateral malleolus
Term
Structural characteristics of the pelvic girdle that adapt it to the role of bearing the weight of the body
Definition
heavy bones
stable joints
limited range of movement
Term
which is the following characteristics of the male pelvis?
QUIZ4
Definition
coccyx points into the pelvic outlet
Term
The _______of the radius assists in the stabilization of the wrist joint
Definition
styloid process
Term
The olecranon is found on the ?
Definition
Ulna
Term
The small anterior projection of the scapula tht extends over the superior margin of the glenoid cavity is the
Definition
Coracoid process
Term
Observable differences between the male and female pelvis are a result of what
Definition
smoother surface and lighter bones of the female pelvis
less curvature of the sacrum and coccyx in the female
a more circular pelvic outlet

Quiz 4
Term
identification of an individual by examination of the skeleton can be made by use of which of the following?
Definition
matching dental records from prior to death
Term
Characteristic that specifically identify a skeletal element as belonging to a male include
Definition
Heavy orbital ridges on the frontal bones
Term
To determining the age of a skeleton, what pieces of information would be helpful?
Definition
to determine the age of a skeleton one would consider some or all of the fusion of the epiphyseal plates, the amount of mineral content and the size of the bone amrking of the teeth, bone mass of the mandible and interveterbal disc.
Term
What is the importance of mainitaining the correct amount of curvature of the of the longitudinal arch of the foot
Definition
weight transfers occur along the longitudinal arch of the foot. Ligaments maintain this arch by tying the calcaneus to the distal portions of the metalateral, calcaneal side of the foot carries most of the weight of the body eight normally.
Term
Why are fractures of the clavical so common?
Definition
Fracture of the medial portion of the clavical are common because a fall opn the palm of a hand of an outreached upper limb produces compressive forces that conducted to the clavicle and its articulation with the manubrium
Term
Why is the tibia but not the fibula involved in the transfer of weight to the ankle and foot?
Definition
The tibia is a part of the knee joint and is involved in the transfer of weight to the ankle and foot. The fibula is excluded from the knee joint and does not transfer weight to the anle and foot
Term
What is the function of the olecranon of the ulna?
Definition
The olecranon of the ulna is the point of the elbow. During extreme extension, this process swings into the ocecranon fossa on the posterior surface of the humerous to prevent overextension of the forearm relative to the arm
Term
How is the body weight transfered to the metatarsal bones?
Definition
Body weight is passed to the metatarsal bones through the cuboid and cuneiform
Term
the ______of the rib articulates with the transferse costal articular facet of a thoracic vetebra
Definition
articular facets
Term
while jumping off the back step of his house, Mark lands on his right heel and breaks his foot. What bone is likely broken?
Definition
calcaneus
Term
Why would a broken clavicle affect the mobility of the scapula?
Definition
The clavicle attaches the scapula to the sternum and thus restricts the scapula's range of movement. If the clavicle is broken, the scapula will have a greater range of movement and will be less stable.
Term
WHich antebrachial bone is lateral in the anatomical?
Definition
The radius is in a lateral position when the forearm is in the anatomical position
Term
What is the function of the olecranon?
Definition
The olecranon is the point of the elbow. During extension of the elbow, the olecranon swings into the olecranon fossa on the posterior surface of the humerus to prevent overextension
Term
Which bone is the only direct connection between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton?
Definition
The clavicle articulates with the manubrium of the sternum, and this provides the only direct connection between the pectoral girdle and the axial skelton
Term
WHat three bones make up the hip bone?
Definition
The three bones that make up the hip bone are the ilium, ischium, and pubic bones
Term
The fibula does not participate in the knee joint, nor does it bend; but when it is fractured, walking is difficult why?
Definition
Although the fibula is not part of the knee joint it does not bear weight , it is an important point of attachment for many leg muscles. When the fibula is fractured, these muscles cannot function properly to move the leg, and walking is difficult and painful The fibula also helps stabilize the ankle joint
Term
Describe at least 3 differences between the male and female pelvis
Definition
female adaptations for childbearing, an enlarged pelvic outlet, a wider more circular pelvic inlet; a relatively broard, low pelvis, ilia that project father laterally, but do not extend as far superior to the sacrum, and a broader pubic arch , with the inferior angle between the pubic bones greater than 100 degrees
Quiz #4
Term
Why would a person who has oseoporosis be more likely to suffer a broken hip than a broken shoulder?
Definition
in osteoporosis, a decrease in the calcium content of the body leads to bones that are weak and brittle. Since the hip joint and leg bones must support the weight of the body weakening of these bones may result in insufficient strength to support the body mass, and as a result the bone will break under weight. The shoulder joint is not a load-bearing joint and is not subject to the same great stressers or strong muscles contractions as the hip joint. as a result bones break in the joint less.
Term
Archaeologists find the pelvis of a primitive human and are able to tell the sex, the relative age, and some physicial characteristicsof the individual. How is this possible from the pelvis only?
Definition
the general appearance of the pelvis, the shape of the pelvic inlet, the depth of the iliac fossa, the characteristics of the ilium, the angle inferior to the pubic symphysis, the position of the acetabulum, the shape of the obturator foramen, and the characteristics of the ischium are all important in determining an individuals sex of the skeleton. Age can be determined by the size, degree of mineralization, and various marking on the bone. The individual's general appearance can be constructed by looking at the markings where muscle attach to the bones. this can indicate the size, shape of muscle and thus the individual
Term
How would a forensic scientist decided whether a partial skeleton found in the forest is that of a male or female?
Definition
Many cranial characteristics would reveal the sex of the individual, but there are also characteristics in other skeletal elements, such as robustness of the bones, the angles at which the pubic bones meet, the width of the pelvis , the angle s of the femurs and more
Term
The condition of lower than normal longitudinal arches is known as "flatfeet" what structure problem causes flatfeet.
Definition
The condition known as flatfeet is due to a lower-than normal longitudinal arch in the foot. A weakness in the ligaments and tendons the attach the calcaneus to the distal ends of the metatarsals would most likely contribute to this condition
Term
These two carpal bone articulate with the radius?
Quiz #4
Definition
scaphoid, lunate
Term
This is the name for the distal aspect of the articular condyle of the humerus to which the ulna articulates?

Quiz #4
Definition
trochlea
Term
This is the name for the structure of the scapula that the head of the humerus articulates?

Quiz #4
Definition
glenoid fossa
Term
Three muscles attach to (insert on) the greater tubercle of the humerus?


Quiz #4
Definition
teres minor

supraspinatus
Term
The biceps brachii attaches to (or originates on) these two structures of the scapula. Name them

Quiz #4
Definition
supraglenoid tubercle

coracoid process
Term
What is the significance of the ulnar tuberosity?

Quiz #4
Definition
brachialis muscle attaches
Term
What is the significance of the intertubercular groove?

Quiz #4
Definition
A tendon biceps brachii passes through
Term
This is the depression on the anterior and distal surface of the humerus that a projection from the ulna goes into when you flex your arm?

Quiz #4
Definition
coronoid fossa
Term
The prominence of your elbow is called ______and is part of this bone

Quiz #4
Definition
olecranon process, ulna
Term
If someone is wearing a wedding ring, it is wore around what bone?

Quiz #4
Definition
4th proximal phalanx
Term
Name all of the distal carpal bones. Lateral----
Medial______

Quiz #4
Definition
Lateral: trapezium and trapezoid

Medial: hamate, Lunate
Term
This is the structure that is the most superior aspect of the pelvic girdle. This structure can be easily palpated

name the muscle that attaches to this structure?

Quiz #4
Definition
--illeac crest

muscle gluteus maximus
Term
Name the structure that the head of the femur articulates with the pelvic girdle?

Quiz #4
Definition
acetabular fossa
Term
Is the head of the radius proximal or distal?

Quiz #4
Definition
proximal
Term
This coxal bone is both anterior and inferior?

Quiz #4
Definition
pubic bone
Term
There are several differences between the pelvis of a male and female. Name three?

Quiz #4
Definition
rounder pelvic inlet in females

less curvature of sacrum and coccyx in females

bigger/wider pelvic outlet in females
Term
This is the posterior projection of the scapula and is an attachment point for several muscles. Name the projection here and on the following line, name the muscle that attaches to it>

Quiz #4
Definition
Spine
deltoid muscle
Term
The subscapularis muscle attaches to 2 bone structures that we discussed in class. Name both of them (one is the orgin and the other is the insertion)

Quiz #4
Definition
subscapular fossa (scapula)
lesser tubercle (humerus)
Term
Pronation is a special movement that can occur at this joint?

Quiz #4
Definition
Joint between radius and ulns at end of both bones proximal radial ulnar joint
Term
Many muscles orginate on the posterior surface of the scapula. Name one of them and indicate how they are associated with the scapula ?

Quiz #4
Definition
infraspinatus, attached to infraspinous fossa, inferior to spine of scapula
Term
This is the name for the structure of the pelvic girdle which bears your weight when seated?

Quiz #4
Definition
Ishium
Term
Name the proximal carpal bones ?

See Lisa peel tomatoes
Definition
Scaphoid
lunate
pisiform
triquetrum
Term
Name the tarsal bones?

Crazy Timmy Never Could Cooperate
Definition
Calcaneus, talus, Navicular, cuneiforn
cuboid
Term
This structure on the patella marks an attachment site of the patellar ligaments?

QUIZ 4
Definition
Apex
Term
Rib 11 and 12 are known as?

and Why?

QUIZ 4
Definition
Floating ribs

they are not connected to the sternum
Term
The clavicle articulates with the ______of the sternum

QUIZ 4
Definition
Manubrium
Term
This structure forms the point of the elbow and is accepted into the posterior fossa of the humerus when the arm is extended?

QUIZ 4
Definition
olecranon
Term
This structure is the most superior point of the pelvic girdle. Don't just name the bone

Quiz 4
Definition
illiac crest
Term
The protuberance that can be palpated on the lateral side of the ankle is the _____a____. It is a structure on the _________b.

QUIZ4
Definition
a lateral malleolus
b. fibula
Term
which is the following characteristics of the male pelvis?
QUIZ4
Definition
coccyx points into the pelvic outlet
Term
while jumping off the back step of his house, Mark lands on his right heel and breaks his foot. What bone is likely broken?
Definition
calcaneus
Term
Archaeologists find the pelvis of a primitive human and are able to tell the sex, the relative age, and some physicial characteristicsof the individual. How is this possible from the pelvis only?
Definition
the general appearance of the pelvis, the shape of the pelvic inlet, the depth of the iliac fossa, the characteristics of the ilium, the angle inferior to the pubic symphysis, the position of the acetabulum, the shape of the obturator foramen, and the characteristics of the ischium are all important in determining an individuals sex of the skeleton. Age can be determined by the size, degree of mineralization, and various marking on the bone. The individual's general appearance can be constructed by looking at the markings where muscle attach to the bones. this can indicate the size, shape of muscle and thus the individual
Term
These two carpal bone articulate with the radius?
Quiz #4
Definition
scaphoid, lunate
Term
This is the name for the distal aspect of the articular condyle of the humerus to which the ulna articulates?

Quiz #4
Definition
trochlea
Term
This is the name for the structure of the scapula that the head of the humerus articulates?

Quiz #4
Definition
glenoid fossa
Term
Three muscles attach to (insert on) the greater tubercle of the humerus?


Quiz #4
Definition
teres minor

supraspinatus
Term
The biceps brachii attaches to (or originates on) these two structures of the scapula. Name them

Quiz #4
Definition
supraglenoid tubercle

coracoid process
Term
What is the significance of the ulnar tuberosity?

Quiz #4
Definition
brachialis muscle attaches
Term
What is the significance of the intertubercular groove?

Quiz #4
Definition
A tendon biceps brachii passes through
Term
This is the depression on the anterior and distal surface of the humerus that a projection from the ulna goes into when you flex your arm?

Quiz #4
Definition
coronoid fossa
Term
The prominence of your elbow is called ______and is part of this bone

Quiz #4
Definition
olecranon process, ulna
Term
If someone is wearing a wedding ring, it is wore around what bone?

Quiz #4
Definition
4th proximal phalanx
Term
Name all of the distal carpal bones. Lateral----
Medial______

Quiz #4
Definition
Lateral: trapezium and trapezoid

Medial: hamate, Lunate
Term
This is the structure that is the most superior aspect of the pelvic girdle. This structure can be easily palpated

name the muscle that attaches to this structure?

Quiz #4
Definition
--illeac crest

muscle gluteus maximus
Term
Name the structure that the head of the femur articulates with the pelvic girdle?

Quiz #4
Definition
acetabular fossa
Term
Is the head of the radius proximal or distal?

Quiz #4
Definition
proximal
Term
This coxal bone is both anterior and inferior?

Quiz #4
Definition
pubic bone
Term
There are several differences between the pelvis of a male and female. Name three?

Quiz #4
Definition
rounder pelvic inlet in females

less curvature of sacrum and coccyx in females

bigger/wider pelvic outlet in females
Term
This is the posterior projection of the scapula and is an attachment point for several muscles. Name the projection here and on the following line, name the muscle that attaches to it>

Quiz #4
Definition
Spine
deltoid muscle
Term
The subscapularis muscle attaches to 2 bone structures that we discussed in class. Name both of them (one is the orgin and the other is the insertion)

Quiz #4
Definition
subscapular fossa (scapula)
lesser tubercle (humerus)
Term
Pronation is a special movement that can occur at this joint?

Quiz #4
Definition
Joint between radius and ulns at end of both bones proximal radial ulnar joint
Term
Many muscles orginate on the posterior surface of the scapula. Name one of them and indicate how they are associated with the scapula ?

Quiz #4
Definition
infraspinatus, attached to infraspinous fossa, inferior to spine of scapula
Term
This is the name for the structure of the pelvic girdle which bears your weight when seated?

Quiz #4
Definition
Ishium
Term
Bones Function
Definition
Support-Provides support soft tissue-points of attachment for sketal muscle.
Storage of minerals and lipids
blood cell production
protection of internal organs and tissues
Leverage
Term
Structure- Periosteum
Definition
Outer surface of bone
found around the bone surface not covered by articular cartilage
at joints the periosteum is continous with ligaments that bind the bones together
Seperates bone from surrounding tissue
Term
Structure--Endosteum
Definition
Lines the marrow cavity
covers trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the inner surface of the centeral canal
incomplete cellular layer containing the epithelial cells
Term
Osteoblast
Definition
Found on the inner or outer surface of the bone
Synthesize and secrete the organic components of bone matrix (osteoid)
Responsible for the production of new bone
Term
osteoclasts
Definition
large mulitnucleate cells
secrete acids through the exocytosis of lyosomes
acids dissolve the bony matrix and released the stored minerals of calcium and phosphate
Term
osteoprogenitor cells
Definition
produce daughter cells differentiate into ostoblasts
important for fracture repair
Term
foramen
Definition
rounded passage for blood vessels and/or nerves
Example: Mental foramen
Term
Fossa
Definition
shallow depression
Example olecranon fossa
Term
head of bone
Definition
Expanded articular end of an epiphysis
Example Femoral Head
Term
Crest of bone
Definition
Prominent ridge
Example lilac crest
Term
tuberosity
Definition
small rough projection
Example : deltoid tubersoity
Term
process of bone
Definition
Any projection or bump
Example Coracoid process
Term
Classification of Bone by shape

Long
Definition
relatively long and slender, contain 2 diaphyses, metaphyses, epiphyses and a marrow cavity (humerous and femur)
Term
Classification of bones by shape

Short
Definition
boxlike in appearance, exterior-compact, interior-spongy (carpal and tarsal bones)
Term
Classification of bone by shape

Flat
Definition
Thin relatively parallel surface of compact bone. Resembles a spongy sandwich . Provides extensive surface area for muscle attachment (skull bones, sternum, ribs and scapulae)
Term
Classification of bones by shape

Irregular
Definition
complex shapes with short flat, notched or ridge surfaces. Internal structure equally varied(vertebrae)
Term
Classification of Bone by Shape

Sutural
Definition
Between flat bones of the skull in the suture line. Size can vary form a grain of sand to a quarter
Term
Classification of bone by shape

Sesamoid
Definition
small, round, flat
develop inside tendons (patella)
Term
Describe the bone structure:

Matrix
Definition
solid because of calcium depositesd around protein fibers
Bone is a protein-crystal combination with properties between collagen and pure mineral crystal
cells less than 2% of the mass of bone
Term
Describe the bone cell osteocytes
Definition
Mature bone cells
monitor and maintain the mineral and protein content of surrounding matrix
diects and releases calcium and depositionof calcium salts
found in lacunae-sandwiched between layes of calcified matrix (lamella)
Term
Muscle terminology

Origin
Definition
remains staionairy, proximal to the insetion
Term
Insertion of the muscle
Definition
moves distal to the origin
Term
Biceps
Definition
has two tendons of origin
Term
triceps
Definition
has three tendons of origin
Term
Quadriceps
Definition
has four tendons of origin
Term
Function Action in naming muscle
(Flexor)
Definition
Term
Functions of skeletal muscles
Definition
1. produce skeletal movement
2. Maintain posture and body position
3. support soft tissue
4. Regulating entering and existing of material openings of the digestive and urinary tracts
5. Maintain body temperature
Term
How does the skeletal movement happen?
Definition
muscles contract pull on tendons and move the bones of the skeleton.
Term
Hoe does the body maintain posture and body position?
Definition
Constant muscular contraction of specific muscles
Term
Describe how the skeletal muscles support fot tissue?
Definition
the abdominal wall and floor of the pelvic cavity consist of layers of skeletal muscles that support the weight of visceral organs and help protect internal issue from injury.
Term
Describe how the skeletal muscles maintain body temperature
Definition
muscles contract require energy and whenever whenever energy is used in body some of it converts to heat. Heat lost by contracting muscles keep our body temperature in notmal range.
Term
Describe the Endomyium?
Definition
surrounds each skeletal muscle fiber and binds it to the neighbor
-supports capillaries that supply the individual fibers
-consists of a delicate network of reticular fibers
-scattered myostelitte cells lie between the endomysium and the muscle fibers
-function in the repair of damaged muscle fibers
Term
What are the 5 layers of the epidermis in thick skin (from deep to superficial)
Definition
stratum germinativum
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum
Term
What has changed about the epidermis when someone has a callous?
Definition
Increase friction causes increased keratohyalin and keratin production resulting in a thicker epidermis
Term
At what point in their movement through the epidermal layers are the keratinocytes considered dead cells?
Definition
Keratinocytes die in the Stratum Granulosum after producing keratohyalin and keratin
Term
Whats the function of keratin?
Definition
Keratin gives the skin structure, strength and waterproof qualities
Term
Melanocytes (location and function)
Definition
pigament producing cells, found in Stratum Germinativum and Spinosum. They inject pigment into the keratinocytes through vesicles called melanosomes
Term
Merkel cells (location and function)
Definition
Found in epidermis sections that lack hair in the Stratum germinativum. They are sensitive to touch and release chemicals that stimulate nerve endings
Term
Langerhans cells (location and function)
Definition
found in the Stratum Spinosum. Initiate immune response against pathogens and epidermal cancer cells
Term
What is cornification?
Definition
cornification process by which the epithelium becomes strengthened by large amounts of keratin. Keratinocytes thicken and the organelles disintegrate, resulting in cell death and tightly woven keratin fibers, surrounded by keratohyalin
Term
How long does it take for cells to move from the stratum germinativum to the stratum corneum?
Definition
cell move from the stratum germinativum to the stratum corneum in 15-30 days. They remain in the stratum corneum for 2 weeks until they are shed.
Term
How does the pigment melanin protect cells from UV radiation?
Definition
Melanin protects from UV radiation when it is contained in melanosomes close to the surface (corneum) of the epidermis. The melanin is able to absorb the UV rays before they damage the nuclear DNA of the keratinocytes
Term
What accounts for the difference in skin color?
Definition
Skin colors vary based on the number of melanosomes that are transfered to the stratum granulosomes are larger and travel all the way to the stratum granulosum, but in lighter skinned individuals, the melanosomes are smaller and only make it to the stratum germinativum and spinosum
Term
Describe the process of acquiring a tan. What processes occur in the epidermis? Why isn't a tan permanent?
Definition
when UV exposure occurs, the melanocytes produce more melanin to protect the skin. Once UV exposures decreases, the melanocytes go back to normal melanin production. The tan is not permanent because the skin sheds its surface layers
Term
WHy are tattoos permanent when a tan is not?
Definition
in the case of a tattoo, insoluble ink is injected into the dermal layer, a part of the skin that fairly stable and unchanging throughout a person's lifetime.
Term
What happens with a sunburn? What type of burn is this considered?
Definition
Sunburns occur whenthe skin is not protected form UV exposure by melanin. This burn is usually first or second degree.
Term
What is cyanosis and why does the skin appear bluish in this condition.
Definition
cyanosis: condition that occurs when blood lacks oxygen. Can be caused by circulatory and repiratory disorders or extreme cold.
Term
Both maligant melanoma and basal cell carcinoma are types of epidermal skin cancer, what cells are affected in each case.
Definition
malignant melanoma: cancer of melanocytes
basal cell carcinoma: cancer that orginates in stratum germinativum
Term
What are the 2 layers of the dermis and what type of tissue is found in each WHich is thicker?
Definition
papillary layer-thinner made of loose connective tissue, capillaries, axons and dermal papillae.
reticular layer-dense irregular connective tissue,blood vessels, hair follicles, nerves, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. name derivied from collagen fibers.
Term
Is the epidermis vascular? dermis? what is cutaneous plexus? papillary plexus?
Definition
The epidermis is avascular, while the dermis is vascular.

Cutaneous plexus: Arteries and veins supplying the skin in the subcutaneous layer along the border of the reticular layer.
papillary plexus: network of small arteries and capillaries that are connected to the cutaneous plexus. Supplies the epidermal/dermal boundary.
Term
How can the skin help regulate body temperature?
Definition
the skin regulates body temperature by increasing blood supply to dispel excess heat and decreasing blood supply to retain heat.
Term
what are the dermal papillae and how does that structure create your fingerprints.
Definition
dermal papillae are ridges that extend up from the dermal layer. Along with the epidermal ridges that extend from the dermal layer. Along with the epidermal ridges, they form the ridge pattern that make up fingerprints, projections on the skin that increase surface area and grip.
Term
What are the names for the nerve receptors in the skin (hint: corpuscles)?
Definition
tactile corpuscles: located in the dermal papillae, sensitive to light touch
root hair plexus: surround each hair follicle. sensitive to light touch.
ruffini corpuscles: located in the reticular layer, sensitive to stretch

lamellated corpuscles: located in the reticullar layer, sensitive to deep pressure and vibration
Term
What are the "lines of cleavage" and why are they important for a surgeon to know?
Definition
the lines of cleavage refer to the parallel arrangement of the collagen and elastic fibers of the skin. The fibers are aligned for max. stress resistance. A surgeon cuts parallel to the lines of clevage to speed healing and prevent scarring.
Term
What changes in the skin lead to stretch marks? be specific about anatomical changes
Definition
stretch marks occur when elastic and collagen fibers are stretched to the point of breaking. The skin then wrinkles and creases. Pregnancy is a common cause of stretch marks.
Term
What causes wrinkles
Definition
wrinkles occur with age, hormones, and the destructive effects of UV radiation reduces the thickness and flexibility of the dermis.
Term
What's the difference between the 1st, 2nd and 3rd degree of burns?
Definition
1st-only affect the epidermis
2nd: affect the epidermis and dermis
3rd affect the epidermis, dermis and tissue below.
Term
Why would areas with 2nd degree burns be red, blistered and painful, while the 3rd degree burns are generally paale in appearance and not as painful?
Definition
3rd degree burns go all the way through the skin and destroy nerves on the way, so pain may not be detected. 2nd degree burns end in the dermis, and activate the nerves there resulting in pain.
Term
What is done clinically for the 1st. 2nd and 3rd degreee burns?
Definition
1st: aloe vera or antibotic creme
2nd: antibiotic cream and other ointments
3rd skin grafts,antibiotic cream and IV antibiotics
Term
Function of the integumentary system:
Definition
physical protection from the enviromental hazards
-thermoregulation's
-synthesis and storage of lipid reserves
-excretion
-synthesis of vitamin D3
-sensory information
-coordination of immune response to patogen and cancers of the skin.
Term
Give some facts:
Definition
largest organ in the body-7% of body weight
Term
Anatomically "thick skin" and "thin Skin" refer to the differences in the thickness of the
a. papillary layer
b. dermis
c. hypodermis
d. epidermis
Definition
d. epidermis
Term
The effects of aging on the skin include?
a. a decline in the activity of sebaceous glands
b. increased production of vitamin D
c. thickening of the epidermis
d. an increased blood supply to the dermis
Definition
a. a decline in the activity of sebaceous glands
Term
Skin color is the product of the
a. dermal blood supply
b. pigment composition
c. pigment concentration
d. all of the above
Definition
d. all of the above
Term
Sensible perpiration
a. cools the skin surface to reduce body temperatureb. provides an excretory route for water and electrolytes
c. dilute harmful chemicles and discourages bacterial growth on the skin
d. all of the above
Definition
d. all of the above
Term
The layer of the skin that contains both interwoven bundles of collagen fibers and the protein elastin, and is responsible for the strength of the skin, is the
a. papillary layer
b. reticular layer
c. epidermal layer
d. hypodermal layer
Definition
b. reticular layer
Term
The layer of the epidermis that contain cells undergoing division is the ?
Definition
stratum basale
Term
Water loss due to penetration of interstitial fluid through the surface of the skin is termed?
a. sensible perspiration
b. insensible perspiration
c.latent perspiration
d. active perspiration
Definition
b. insensible perspiration
Term
All of the following are effects of aging except
a. the thinning of the epidermis of the skin
b. an increase in the number of Langerhans cells
c. a decrease in melanocyte activity
d. a decrease in glandular activity
Definition
b. an increase in the number of Langerhans cells
Term
Each of the following is a function of the integumentary system EXCEPT
a. protection of underlying tissue
b. excretion
c. synthesis of vitamin C
d. thermoregulation
Definition
c. synthesis of vitamin C
Term
Carotene is ?
Definition
a orange yellow pigment that accumulates inside epidermal cells.
Term
Describes a hair root?
Definition
it extends from the hair bulb to the point where the internal organization of the hair is complete
Term
epidermal ridges
Definition
cause ridge patterns on the surface of the skin.
Term
Why do fair skinned individuals have to shield themselves from the sun more than dark skinned individuals?
Definition
fair skinned individuals produce less melanin in their melanocytes, and are therefore less able to prevent the absorption of potientally damaging ultraviolet radiation. Since more UV radiation reaches the deeper skin layers, it may cause a greater amount of damage
Term
How and why to calluses form?
Definition
mechanical stresses cause cells in the stratum basale to divide more rapidly, increasing the thickness of the epithelium
Term
What characteristics make the subcutaneous layer a region frequently targeted for hypodermic injection (shots)
Definition
It has no vital organs
Term
Why do washing the skin and applying deodrant reduce the odor of apocrine sweat glands?
Definition
These activites either reduce the amount of potentially odorous secretion on the surface of the skin or inhibit the activity of bacteria on these secretions
Term
What happens to an individual who is cyanotic, and what body structures whould show this condition most easily?
Definition
an individual who is cyanotic has a decrease in circualtion to the skin. As a result the skin takes on a bluish skin.
Term
Why are elderly people less able to adapt to temperature extremes?
Definition
In elderly people the blood supply to the dermis and the activity of seat glands secrease. This combination makes the elderly less able to lose body heat and less able to cool themselves when exposed to high temperatures.
Term
Skin can regenerate effectively even after considerable damage has occured because?
Definition
stem cells persist in both the epithelial and connective tissue components of the skin even after injury
Term
In a condition called sunstroke, the victim appears flushed the skin is warm and dry and the body temperature rises dramatically. Explain the observation based on what you know....
Definition
the body temperature increases, more blood flow is directed to the vessels of the skin. the red pigment in the blood gives the skin a redder than usual color and accounts for the person's flushed appearance. The skin is dry, and becomes more flushed and the temperatures rise
Term
You are about to undergo surgery. Why is it important that your physician have an excellent understanding of the lines of clevage of the skin.
Definition
lines of clevage are important because a cut that runs parallel to a clevage line closes more easily. will heal faster and less scaring
Term
Many medications can be administered transdermally by applying a patch that contain the medication to the surface of the skin. These patches can be attached anywhere on the skin except the palms of the skin and the soles of the feet. Why?
Definition
the palms and soles have a thicker epidermis and an extra layer in the epidermis, the stratum luciiiidum. The thicker layer slows down the absorption of the medication, decreasing the effectiveness.
Term
Describe a stretch mark?
Definition
When the dermis is stretched excessively, the elastic fibers are overstretched and are not able to recoil. The skin then forms folds or wrinkles, called stetch marks
Term
Whats the purpose of the hair follicles?
Definition
Produce hairs that protect skull
Produces hair that provide delicate touch snesations on general body service
Term
What are the accessory structures of the integumentary system?
Definition
-Hair Follicles
-Exocrine glands
-Nails
Term
What the function of exocrine glands?
Definition
Assist in thermoregulation
Excretes wastes
Lubricates epidermis
Term
Describe the function of Nails?
Definition
Protect and support tips of fingers and toes.
Term
Describe the function of the epidermis?
Definition
-Protects dermis from trauma, chemical
-Controls skin permeability, prevents water loss
-prevents entry of patogens
-synthesizes Vitamin D3
-Sensory receptors to detect touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
-Coordinates immune response to pathogens and skin cancers
Term
What's the 2 layers of the dermis?
Definition
Papillary layer
Recticular layer
Term
Describe the sebaceous glands and follicles function
Definition
secrete oily lipid that coats hair shafts and epidermis. provide lubrication and antibacterial action.
Term
What changes happen to the skin with aging?
Definition
-Changes in distribution of fat and hair. Due to the decrase in sex hormone levels
-Fewer active follicles-Thinner, sparse hairs
-fewer melanocytes: pale skin, decrease tolerance to sun exposure
-reduces blood supply: slow healing;reduce ability to lose heat
-thin dermis: sagging and wrinkling due to fiber loss
-reduce sweat gland activity : tendency to overheat
-thin epidermis :slow repairs, decrease vit.D. production reduce number of Langerhams cells
Term
Describe Stratum Germinativum (basale layer)
Definition
contains epidermal stem cells, melanocytes and merkel cells. Attach to basal lamina
Term
Describe stratum spinosum
Definition
8-10 layers of interlocking keratinocytes. Melanocytes insert melanin into keratinocyte here. Langerhans immune cells are found here.
Term
Describe the layer stratumgranulosum?
Definition
keratinocytes in which the nuclei and organelles begin to degenerate. Marks the transition between metabolically active and dead cells. Cells have dark staining granules of keratohyalin
Term
Describe Stratum Lucidum
Definition
More apparent in thick skin than thin. Appears clear.
Term
Describe Stratum Corneum?
Definition
Many layers of flattened, dead interlocking keratinocytes
Term
S. Basale and S. Spinosum contain?
Definition
Living cells
Term
Cell type in dermis?
Definition
fibroblasts, macrophages and adipocytes
Term
Dermis is composed of?
Definition
Connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers
Term
Excessive shedding of cells from the outer layer of skin in the scalp causes dandruff. What is the layer of this skin?
Definition
cells are constantly shed from the outer layer of the stratum corneum
Term
What is keratinization? what are the stages of the process?
Definition
Keratinization is the production of keratin by epidermal cells. It occurs in the stratum granulosum. As keratin fibers are produced, these cells become tinner and flatter and their plasmalemmae become thicker and less permeable. As the cells die, they form the densley paked layers of the stratum lucidum and stratum corneum.
Term
some criminals sand the tips of their fingers so as not to leave recoginiable fingerprints. ? would this practice permanetly remove the fingerprints? Why or why not?
Definition
Sanding the tips of one's fingers will not permanently remove fingerprint. SInce the epidermal ridges of the fingerprints are formed in layers of the skinthat are constantly regenenerated and will be reformed. The actual pattern of the ridges is determined by the arrangement of tissue in the dermis.
Term
Identify the sources of color of the epidermis?
Definition
The color of the epidermis is due to a combination of the dermal blood supply and variable quantities of two pigaments: carotene and melanin.
Term
What condition is produced by the contraction of the arrector pili?
Definition
Contraction of the arrector pili pulls the hair follicle erect, depressing the area of the base od the hair to appear higher. "goosebumps"
Term
What is sensible perspiration?
Definition
sensible perspiration is the sweat produced by merocrine sweat glands.
Term
Describethe functions of the reticular layer?
Definition
restricts spread of pathogens penetrating epidermis.
-stores lipid reserves
-attaches skin to deeper tissuesensory receptors dtetect touch, pressure, pain , vibration and temperature.
-vessel assist in thermoregulation
Term
How does hair color vary?
Definition
Variations in hair color reflect differences in hair structure and variations in the pigment produced by melanocytes zt the papills
Term
This structure on the patella marks an attachment site of the patellar ligaments?

QUIZ 4
Definition
Apex
Term
Rib 11 and 12 are known as?

and Why?

QUIZ 4
Definition
Floating ribs

they are not connected to the sternum
Term
The clavicle articulates with the ______of the sternum

QUIZ 4
Definition
Manubrium
Term
This structure forms the point of the elbow and is accepted into the posterior fossa of the humerus when the arm is extended?

QUIZ 4
Definition
olecranon
Term
This structure is the most superior point of the pelvic girdle. Don't just name the bone

Quiz 4
Definition
illiac crest
Term
The protuberance that can be palpated on the lateral side of the ankle is the _____a____. It is a structure on the _________b.

QUIZ4
Definition
a lateral malleolus
b. fibula
Term
which is the following characteristics of the male pelvis?
QUIZ4
Definition
coccyx points into the pelvic outlet
Term
while jumping off the back step of his house, Mark lands on his right heel and breaks his foot. What bone is likely broken?
Definition
calcaneus
Term
Archaeologists find the pelvis of a primitive human and are able to tell the sex, the relative age, and some physicial characteristicsof the individual. How is this possible from the pelvis only?
Definition
the general appearance of the pelvis, the shape of the pelvic inlet, the depth of the iliac fossa, the characteristics of the ilium, the angle inferior to the pubic symphysis, the position of the acetabulum, the shape of the obturator foramen, and the characteristics of the ischium are all important in determining an individuals sex of the skeleton. Age can be determined by the size, degree of mineralization, and various marking on the bone. The individual's general appearance can be constructed by looking at the markings where muscle attach to the bones. this can indicate the size, shape of muscle and thus the individual
Term
These two carpal bone articulate with the radius?
Quiz #4
Definition
scaphoid, lunate
Term
This is the name for the distal aspect of the articular condyle of the humerus to which the ulna articulates?

Quiz #4
Definition
trochlea
Term
This is the name for the structure of the scapula that the head of the humerus articulates?

Quiz #4
Definition
glenoid fossa
Term
Three muscles attach to (insert on) the greater tubercle of the humerus?


Quiz #4
Definition
teres minor

supraspinatus
Term
The biceps brachii attaches to (or originates on) these two structures of the scapula. Name them

Quiz #4
Definition
supraglenoid tubercle

coracoid process
Term
What is the significance of the ulnar tuberosity?

Quiz #4
Definition
brachialis muscle attaches
Term
What is the significance of the intertubercular groove?

Quiz #4
Definition
A tendon biceps brachii passes through
Term
This is the depression on the anterior and distal surface of the humerus that a projection from the ulna goes into when you flex your arm?

Quiz #4
Definition
coronoid fossa
Term
The prominence of your elbow is called ______and is part of this bone

Quiz #4
Definition
olecranon process, ulna
Term
If someone is wearing a wedding ring, it is wore around what bone?

Quiz #4
Definition
4th proximal phalanx
Term
Name all of the distal carpal bones. Lateral----
Medial______

Quiz #4
Definition
Lateral: trapezium and trapezoid

Medial: hamate, Lunate
Term
This is the structure that is the most superior aspect of the pelvic girdle. This structure can be easily palpated

name the muscle that attaches to this structure?

Quiz #4
Definition
--illeac crest

muscle gluteus maximus
Term
Name the structure that the head of the femur articulates with the pelvic girdle?

Quiz #4
Definition
acetabular fossa
Term
Is the head of the radius proximal or distal?

Quiz #4
Definition
proximal
Term
This coxal bone is both anterior and inferior?

Quiz #4
Definition
pubic bone
Term
There are several differences between the pelvis of a male and female. Name three?

Quiz #4
Definition
rounder pelvic inlet in females

less curvature of sacrum and coccyx in females

bigger/wider pelvic outlet in females
Term
This is the posterior projection of the scapula and is an attachment point for several muscles. Name the projection here and on the following line, name the muscle that attaches to it>

Quiz #4
Definition
Spine
deltoid muscle
Term
The subscapularis muscle attaches to 2 bone structures that we discussed in class. Name both of them (one is the orgin and the other is the insertion)

Quiz #4
Definition
subscapular fossa (scapula)
lesser tubercle (humerus)
Term
Pronation is a special movement that can occur at this joint?

Quiz #4
Definition
Joint between radius and ulns at end of both bones proximal radial ulnar joint
Term
Many muscles orginate on the posterior surface of the scapula. Name one of them and indicate how they are associated with the scapula ?

Quiz #4
Definition
infraspinatus, attached to infraspinous fossa, inferior to spine of scapula
Term
This is the name for the structure of the pelvic girdle which bears your weight when seated?

Quiz #4
Definition
Ishium
Term
Connective tissue proper

Loose fibers
Definition
Loose fibers
Areolar tissue
Adipose tissue
Reticular tissue
Term
synovial membrane
Definition
lines the joint cavities-reduce friction within the joint
Term
cutaneous membrane
Definition
makes up skin and is waterproof
Term
serous membrane
Definition
lines pleural, pericardial and peritoneal cavities
Term
Mucous membrane
Definition
lines digestive and respiratory tract
Term
Three types of muscle tissue
Definition
skeletal
smooth
cardiac
Term
Describe skeletal muscle tissue
location
function
Definition
muscle tissue cells are long, cylindrical, striated, multinucleate

location: combine connective tissue and neural tissue in skeletal muscle

Function: moves are stabilizes the portion of skeleton, guards entrance and exits of digestive system, respiratory, urinary tracts generates heat and protects organs
Term
Describe smooth muscle location and function
Definition
cells are short, spindle shaped, non-striated and single ventral nuclei

Location: walls of blood vessels and in digestive system, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive

Functions moves food, urine, reproductive fluids, regulates diameter of vessels
Term
Cardiac muscle tissue
Location
Function
Definition
cells are short, branched, striated, single nuclei, cells are interconnected
location: heart
Function: Maintains circulation, and b/p
Term
Neural tissue
Definition
specialized to conduct electrical signals through the body
neurons-cells that transmit impulse
neuroglia- supporting cells of of the neural tissue
Term
The skeletal system is made of:
Definition

Cartilage

ligaments

connective tissue to stabilize the skeleton

skeletal bones

Term
Funtion of the skeletal system
Definition

Support

Storage of minerals

Leverage

Protection

 

Term
Outer lining of bones called
Definition
periosteum
Term
Inner lining of bones called?
Definition
endosteum
Term
Describe histological organization of mature bones
Definition

the matrix-calcium phosphate eventually coverts to hydroxyapatite crystals which resist compression

 

Collagen fibers- make up 2/3 bone matrix

contribute to tensile strength of bones

 

bone cells

 

Term
Name the cells of the mature bone
Definition

osteocytes

 

osteoblasts

 

osteoprogenitor cells

 

osteoclasts

Term
osteocytes
Definition

mature bone cell

maintain the protein and mineral content of the matrix

Term
osteoblasts
Definition

immature bone cells

found on inner and outer surface of bone

produce osteoid; which is involved in making the matrix

can convert to osteocytes

Term
osteogenesis
Definition
the making of new bone
Term
osteoprogenitor cells
Definition

found on inner and outer surface of bone

heavily involved in the repair of bone once broken

Term
osteolysis
Definition
dissolve bone thereby causing the release of stored calcium ions into the blood
Term
name the 2 types of osseous tissue
Definition

compact

 

and

 

spongy

Term

describe compact bone

 

Definition

Dense and solid

forms the walls of bone

Term
Describe spongy bone
Definition
open network of plates
Term
Structural difference between compact and spongy bone
Definition

compact

-consists of osteons

makes updense solid portion of bone

 

Spongy

trabeculae are arranged in parallel struts form branching platesand open networks. Create the lightweight nature of the bone

Term
Functional difference between compact and spongy bone
Definition

Compact

conducts stress from one part of body to another

generates tremendous strength from end to end

weak strength when stress applied to side

 

spongy

trabeculae create strength to deal with stress from side to side

Term
structure of bone
Definition

epiphysis-each end of long bone

 

diaphysis-shaft of long bone

 

metaphysis- narrow growth zone inbetween

 

Term
Describe periosteum
Definition

outer surface of bone

 

isolates and protects bone from surrounding tissue

 

provides a route and place of attachment for circulatory and nervous supply

 

active in bone growth and repair

 

attaches bone to the connective tissue network

Term
decribe the relationship of periosteum and tendons
Definition

Tendons are cemented into the lamellae by osteoblasts

therefore tendons are actually part of the bone

Term
Describe endosteum
Definition

inner surface of bone

 

consists of osteoprogenitor cells

 

actively involved in growth and repair

Term

osteogenesis

 

 

Definition
bone formation
Term
Four major sets of blood vessels associated with the long bones.
Definition

1. nutrient vessels-centeral canals odosteons

2. Metaphyseal vessels-supply nutrients to the diaphyseal edge of the epiphysis

3. Epiphyseal vessels- supply nutrients tot he medullary cavities of the epiphysis

4. Periosteal vessels- supply nutrients to the superfical osetons

Term
Factors that regulate bone growth
Definition

nutrition

calcium ions

phosphate ions

magnesium ions

citrate

carbonate ions

sodium ions

Vitamins A,C,D calcitriol

Hormones- release parathyroid hormone and stimulates osteoclasts and osteoblast and < calcium absorption

 

Term
Hormones that regulate bone growth
Definition

thyroid gland releases calcitonin inhibits osteoclasts removes calcium ions from blood and adds to bones

 

releases thyroxine (T4) maintains normal activity of epiphyseal cartilage

 

Pituitary gland -release growth hormone (somatotropin)

Maintains normal activity of epiphyseal cartilage

Term
Fractures are described by this classification
Definition

Position of the bone

compllletness of break

wheter the skin was penetrated

also describe the location external appearance and nature of the break

Term

Describe the position of the bone ends after fracture

Nondisplaced- (______)

Displaced - (________)

 

completeness of the break

Complete-(________)

Incomplete-(________)

 

open- (compound) (________)

closed (simple) (________)

Definition

Nondisplaced-ends retain in normal position

 

displaced-ends out of normal alignment

 

completeness of the break

Complete-broken all the way through

Incomplete-not broken all the way through

 

whether skin is penetrated-

open- (compound) skin is pentrated

closed (simple) skin is not penetrated

 

Term

Type of fracture

 

comminuted

Definition
bone fragment into 3 or more pieces.  Particulary common in the aged whose bones are more brittle
Term

Type of fracture

 

compression

Definition
Bone is crushed.  Subject to extreme trauma, as in a fall
Term

Type of fracture

 

Spiral

Definition

ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied.

such as sports injury or child abuse cases

Term

Type of fracture

 

Epiphyseal

Definition
tends to occur where cartilage cells are dying and calcification of the matrix is occuring
Term

Type of fracture

 

Depressed

Definition
Typical fracture of skull.  Broken bone portion is pressed inward
Term

Type of fracture

 

 

Greenstick

Definition
Bone breaks incomplletely, much the way a green twig breaks. one side breaks and the other side bends.  Common in children because their bones are more flexable than adults
Term
Treatment of fracture
Definition

reduction-re-align bone ends. Closed reduction the doctor manipulates the bone to get it back into place

or

open reduction is sugery with pins and wirres

 

Immoblization-by cast or traction till healed

Term

Disorders of the skeleton-

 

Osteomalacia

Definition
bones are poorly mineralized, calcium salts not adequate. soft, weak, with pain upon bearing weight.
Term

Disorders of the skeleton-

 

rickets

Definition

 

Bowed legs and other bone deformatiy

Bones ends enlarged and abnormally long

Cause:  Vitamin D deficiency or insufficient dietary calcium

 

Term

Disorders of the skeleton-

 

Giantism

Definition

Due to hypersecretion of growth hormone before puberity

if it occurs in adullthood it is called "acromegaly"

Term

Disorders of the skeleton-

 

Dwarfism

Definition

caused by the pituitary

hyposecretion of growth hormone before puberty

Term

Disorders of the skeleton-

 

achondroplasia

Definition

"Little people"

due to abnormal epiphyseal activity; it grows very slowly

adults will have short stocky limbs but truncks of normal size and sexual and mental development is normal

condition arises from an abnormal gene in chromoosome 4 that effects fibroblast growth factor

Term

Disorders of the skeleton-

 

Marfan's syndrome

Definition

linked to defective tissue structure development, resulting in extremly lonf and slender limbs.

due to excessive cartilage formation at the epiphyseal plate

condition arise from an abnormal gene in chromosome 15, that codes for the protein fibrillin

Term
osteoporosis
Definition

bone resorption outpaces depossssit .

 

spongy bone of spine and neck of femur most susceptable

vetebral and hip fractures

30% 60-70 years of age; 70% after 80

 

men to a lesser degree

petite body formation

insuffient exercise to stress bones

smoking, hormone related

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