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Anatomy
Unit 1-Basics, Integumentary
193
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
01/25/2012

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Term
Anatomy
Definition

To dissect/cut

The study of the structure of the body

Term
Gross anatomy
Definition
macroscopic anatomy
Term
Cytology
Definition
Study of cells
Term
Histology
Definition
Study of tissues
Term
Systemic Anatomy
Definition
Study of the anatomy by individual organ systems
Term
Comparative Anatomy
Definition
study of anatomy by looking at other animals
Term
Noninvasive Diagnostic Techniques
Definition

1. Palpation

2. Auscultation

3. Percussion

Term
Palpation
Definition

Touch body surfaces

ie-pulse

Term
Auscultation
Definition

Listen to body sounds

ie-listen to lungs via stethoscope

Term
Percussion
Definition

tap on body surface and listen for echo

ie-abdominal tap

Term

Levels of Organization

from least to most complex

Definition

1. Chemical

2. Cellular

3. Tissue

4. Organ

5. Organ system

6. Organism

Term
Most prevalent elements of the body
Definition

1. Hydrogen

2. Oxygen

3. Carbon

4. Nitrogen

Term
Organ Systems
Definition

1. Integumentary

2. Skeletal

3. Muscular

4. Nervous

5. Endocrine

6. Cardiovascular

7. Lymphatic

8. Respiratory

9. Urinary

10. Digestive

11. Reproductive

Term
Characteristics of living organisms
Definition

1. Responsiveness

2. Adaptability

3. Growth

4. Differentiation

5. Reproduction

6. Movement

Term
Differentiation
Definition
becoming specialized in function as growth continues
Term
Metabolism
Definition
All of the chemical reactions in the body
Term
Anabolism
Definition
bonding of chemicals
Term
Catabolism
Definition

breaking of chemical bonds

ie-eating

Term
Fluid inside body cells
Definition
Cytoplasm
Term

Fluid outside of body cells

1. between tissues

2. in blood vessels

Definition

1. interstitial fluid, tissue fluid, intercellular fluid

2. Plasma

Term
Supine position
Definition
lying on back, face up
Term
Prone position
Definition
lying on stomach, face down
Term
[image]
Definition
Anatomical Directions
Term
[image]
Definition
Planes of section
Term
[image]
Definition
Term
Visceral Membrane
Definition
Membrane that covers or adheres directly to an organ
Term
Parietal Membrane
Definition
Membrane that covers or adheres to the cavity of the organ
Term
Function of the Integumentary System
Definition

Protects from the environment

Temperature control

Term
Function of the Skeletal System
Definition
movement, support, blood formation, mineral stores
Term
Function of the Muscular System
Definition

Movement

Heat production

Term
Function of the Nervous System
Definition
Coordinate bodily activities
Term
Function of the Endocrine System
Definition
Directs long-term changes in body
Term
Function of the Cardiovascular System
Definition
Transport materials
Term
Function of the Lymphatic System
Definition
Protect against illness and disease
Term
Function of the Respiratory System
Definition
Exchange gases
Term
Function of the Digestive System
Definition
Process food, absorb nutrients, excrete waste
Term
Function of the Urinary System
Definition
Remove excess salts and water
Term
Function of the Reproductive System
Definition
Produce sex cells, produce hormones
Term
MRI
Definition

uses magnetic field

-patient can have no metal on body

-best for soft tissues

Term
 CT Scan
Definition

X-ray beam

cross section

best for hard tissues

Term
[image]
Definition
Term
[image]
Definition
Term
[image]
Definition
Term
[image]
Definition
Term
[image]
Definition
Term
[image]
Definition
Term
Cells
Definition

Structual building blocks of all plants and animals

-produced by cell division

-smallest structural unit that perform all vital functions

Term
[image]
Definition
Term
Nonmembranous organelles
Definition

Cytoskeleton

Microvilli

Centrioles

Cillia

Flagella

Ribosomes

Term
Membranous organelles
Definition

Mitochondria

Nucleous

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Lysosomes

Peroxisomes

Term
Cytoplasm
Definition

material inside the cell

-fluid high in protein

Term
Cytosol
Definition
Intracellular fluid
Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition

"Little Hairs"

Structural framework

-Consists of microfilaments, microtubules

Term
Microvilli
Definition
Tiny plasma membrane extensions used to increase the cell's surface area for absorption
Term
Centrioles
Definition

multiple centrioles=centrosome

composed of microtubules

-responsible for chromosomal movement during cell division

Term
Ribosomes-2 types
Definition

1. Free Ribosomes-float in the cytoplasm

2. Fixed Ribosomes-attached to the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) 

Term
Mitochondria
Definition

Produces cellular energy in the form of ATP

-"POWERHOUSE" of the cell

Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum- 2 types
Definition

1. Rough ER-attached ribosomes-responsible for the production and packaging of protein

2. Smooth ER-no attached ribosomes-production and packaging of lipids and steroids

Term
Golgi apparatus
Definition

"The post office" of the cell

-flattened plate-like sacs

-packaging of secretions for export

Term
Lysosome
Definition

-produced by golgi apparatus

-contains strong digestive enzymes

-responsible for breakdown of damaged organelles

Term

Plasma Membrane

-lipid bilayer permeability

Definition

-Selectively permeable

-permeable to small, non-polar, uncharged molecules

-slightly permeable to water

Term
3 types of cell attachments
Definition

1. Tight Junctions

2. Gap Junctions

3. Desmosomes

Term
Tight Junctions-cell attachment
Definition

cell membranes tightly bound together by membrane proteins via adhesion belt, preventing passage of materials

IE-Stomach lining

Term
Gap Junctions
Definition

cell membranes bound together by membrane proteins called channel proteins, allowing smaill materials to pass through gaps

IE Heart

Term
Desmosomes
Definition

cell membranes held together by a thin layer and reinforced by a network of filaments for strenght

IE Skin

Term
Cancer
Definition

uncontrolled cell proliferation

-cells that divide without control

 

Term
Malignant
Definition
cancerous neoplasm-has the ability to spread
Term
Metastasis
Definition
spread of cancerous cells to other parts of the body
Term
benign tumor
Definition
non-cancerous growth
Term
Carcinoma
Definition
cancer in epthelial cells
Term
Melanoma
Definition
cancerous growths of melanocytes
Term
Sarcoma
Definition
cancer in muscle cells or connective tissues
Term
Leukemia
Definition
Cancer of blood-forming organs
Term
Lymphoma
Definition
cancer of lymphatic tissues
Term
4 types of tissues
Definition

1. Epithelial

2. Connective

3. Muscle

4. Nervous

Term
Epithelial Tissues
Definition
covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts; forms glands
Term
Connective Tissues
Definition
protects and supports the body and organs, binds organs together, stores energy reserves as fat, and provides immunity. IE blood, bones
Term
Muscle Tissues
Definition
responsible for movement and generation of force
Term
Nervous Tissue
Definition
initiates and transmits action potentials that help to coordinate body activities
Term
Functions of epithelial tissue
Definition

1. provide protection

2. control permeability

3. provide sensation

4. specialized secretions

5. filtration

6. excretion/absorption

 

Term
Characteristics of epithelial tissue
Definition

1. cellularity-closely connected cells

2. Polarity-cells have basal and apical borders

3. Avascular-blood supply from other tissues

4. Regeneration-creates new cells

 

CRAP

Term
Classification of epithelial by layers
Definition

1. SIMPLE epithelium

2. STRATIFIED

3. PSEUDOSTRATISFIED

Term
Simple epithelium
Definition

one layer of cells

-used to move or filter

Term
Stratified epithelium
Definition

2+ layers of cells

-used for protection

Term
Pseudostratisfied epithelium
Definition
one layer of cells but appears to have 2+ layers
Term
Classification of epithelia by shape
Definition

1. squamous

2. cuboid

3. columnar

4. transitional

Term
Squamous epithelia
Definition
thin flat cells
Term
Cuboid
Definition
height of cell equals width-cube like
Term
Columnar epithelia
Definition
height is usually 3-4 times the width-rectangular with nucleus close to the basal membrane
Term
Transitional epithelia
Definition

Cells change between squamous and cuboidal, sometimes columnar

-allows for stretching

Term
Naming epithelia cells
Definition

layers-shape-epithelium

IE Simple squamous epithelium

Term
Simple squamous epithelium
Definition

"Fried egg"

-found where diffusion and filtration occur

IE heart, blood vessels, capillaries, lungs, kidneys, body cavities

Term
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Definition

Capable of secretions

IE secreting glands (thyroid, sweat, salivary)

Term
Simple Columnar epithelium
Definition

Large amounts of cytoplasm and organelles perform complex chemical reations

IE-GI tract and respiratory tract

Term
Stratified squamous epithelium
Definition

Found where abrasion occurs and cells slough off

IE epidermis, mouth, esophagus, anus

Term
Stratified columnar epithelium
Definition

found in few locations in the body

IE male urethra, epiglottis, anal canal, pharynx

Term
Transitional epithelium
Definition

Found where there is a great deal of stretching tissue to prevent rupturing

IE urethra, urinary bladder

Term
Glandular epithelial
Definition
glands with highly specialized secretory epithelial cells
Term
Types of glands
Definition

1. Endocrine

2. Exocrine

Term
Endocrine glands
Definition

Ductless and secrete their product into an extracellular fluid eventually making their way to the blood stream for indirect distribution

IE hormones 

Term
Exocrine glands
Definition
Secrete their product through a duct directly in 3 different ways
Term
Mechanisms of exocrine release
Definition

1. Merocrine

2. Apocrine

3. Holocrine

Term
Merocrine Secretion
Definition

secretions released by exocytosis

IE Salivary glands, sweat glands 

Term
Exocytosis
Definition

Moving molecules out of the cell

-vesicle fuses to the inside of the membrane and releases its contents to the extracellular fluid

Term
Apocrine Secretion
Definition

Secretions released when the apical end othe cell is shed

IE mammary/lactiferous glands

Term
Holocrine Secretion
Definition

Secretions are released when the cell membrane ruptures and dies

IE-Sebaceous glands (oily feel on hair and skin)

Term
Types of connective tissues
Definition

1. Connective Tissue Proper

2. Fluid Connective Tissue

3. Supporting Connective Tissue

Term
Characteristics of connective tissue
Definition

-Most abundant tissue

-No cellularity

-Vascular: has own blood supply and supports epithelial tissues

Term
Characteristics of connective tissues
Definition

1. Establish the structural framework for the body

2. Transport fluid and dissolve materials

3. Protect organs

4. Support, surround, and connect other tissues

5. Store energy (fat)

6. Defend the body from microorganisms

Term
3 components of connective tissues
Definition

1. Specialized cells that produce:

2. Extracellular protein fibers

3. Ground substance

Term
Matrix
Definition

Made up of protein fibers and ground substance

-varies from fluid (blood), gelatinous (symphysis pubis), to calcified (bones).

Term
-blast as a specialized cell in connective tissue
Definition
an immature cell that secretes matrix and divides
Term
-cyte as a specialized cell in connective tissue
Definition
a mature, less active cell
Term
Fibro, Chondro, osteo
Definition

Fibro-fiber cell

Chondro-cartilage cell

osteo-bone cell

Term
Types of Connective tissue fibers
Definition

1. Collagen

2. Reticular

3. Elastic

Term
Collagen fibers
Definition

Most abundant connective tissue fiber

-long, cylindrical and made up of 3 subunits coiled around one another

-Strongest fiber-IE tendons and ligaments

Term
Reticular fibers
Definition

single unit of collagen protein

IE liver, spleen: porous

Term
Elastic fibers
Definition

contain the protein elastin

-very rare, found between vertebrae

-stretches

Term
Types of connective tissue proper
Definition

1. Loose connective tissue

2. Dense connective tissue

Term
Types of loose CT
Definition

1. Loose/areolar

2. adipose

3. reticular

Term
Types of dense CT
Definition

1. Dense irregular

2. Dense regular

3. Elastic

Term
Areolar CT/Loose
Definition

-Moste abundant

-has unorganized structure

-used to attach skin and support blood vessels

Term
Adipose tissue
Definition

-fat cells surrounded by loose CT

-used for energy storage and protection

Term
Reticular CT
Definition
-Framework for organs such as liver, kidney, and spleen
Term
Dense regular CT
Definition

-Strong parallel fibers

-Found in tendons and ligaments

Term
Dense irregular CT
Definition

-irregular fibers

-forms the dermis layer

Term
Elastic CT
Definition

-allows stretching

-found in walls of arteries, and ligaments of vertebrae

Term
2 types of Fluid CT
Definition

1. Blood

-matrix=plasma with other cells (formed elements)

2. Lymph-interstitial fluid travels through lymphatic vessels

Term
Characteristics of supporting CT
Definition

1. few cells (more matrix)

2. high amounts of fiber

3. ground substance may contain insoluble calcium salts

Term
Two types of supporting CT
Definition

1.cartilage

2. bone

Term
3 Types of cartilage
Definition

1. Hyaline Cartliage

2. Elastic cartilage

3. Fibrocartilage

Term
Hyaline cartilage
Definition

-most abundant with tight collagen fibers

-used for strength

*found in tracheal rings, joints, nose

Term
Elasic cartilage
Definition

elastic fibers

-stretches, but returns back to its original shape

*found in outter ear (pinnae) and epiglottis

Term
Fibrocartilage
Definition

-tough, compressible

-important for shock absorption

*found in knee joint, symphisis pubis

Term
3 types of Muscle tissue
Definition

1. Smooth

2. Cardiac

3. Skeletal

Term
Smooth MT
Definition

-Located in hollow structures ie blood vessels, GI tract, where activity is NOT controlled (is automatic)

-No striations

-Centrally located nuclei

Term
Cardiac MT
Definition

HEART

-striated (railroad tracks through cells)

-Branching cells with centrally located nuclei

-Involuntary control

Term
Skeletal MT
Definition

-Attached to bone

-long cylindrical cells, regularly arranged

-can have multiple nuclei

-voluntary control

Term
Neural Tissue
Definition

-conducts electrical signals through the body

-contains neurons and neuroglia

Term
Neurons
Definition

cells that actually transmit the electrical signals

*Working cells

Term
Neuroglia
Definition

supporting cells of the neural tissues

*Supporting cell

Term
Tissues and aging
Definition

-less efficiency of repair and maintenance with age

-Effected by hormonal and lifestyle changes

-Epithelial and connect become thin and weak

-cardiac and muscle have less ability to regenerate and repair

Term
[image]
Definition
Term
[image]
Definition
Term
[image]
Definition
Term
[image]
Definition
Term
[image]
Definition
Term
[image]
Definition
Term
[image]
Definition
Term
Regional Anatomy
Definition
considers all structures in a specific area of the body, whether they are superficial or deep
Term
Surface anatomy
Definition
general form or morphology, and superficial anatomical markings
Term
Developmental Anatomy
Definition
structural changes over time
Term
Medical anatomy
Definition
Anatomical changes during disease
Term
Radiographic anatomy
Definition
noninvasive imaging procedures
Term
Surgical anatomy
Definition
anatomical landmarks important to surgical procedures
Term
Skin
Definition

Integumentary system

-largest organ

Term
2 parts of the integumentary system
Definition

1-Cutaneous membrane

2-Accessory structures

Term
6 functions of the integument
Definition

1. Physical protection

2. Regulation of body temperature

3. Excretion (secretion)

4. Nutrition

5. Sensation

6. Blood reservoir

Term
Physical protection of integument
Definition

-protects against dehydration

-against invasion of microorganisms

-UV block

-first defense for internal organs

Term
Regulation of body temperature by integument
Definition

-Cold: blood vessell constriction, goose bumps

-Hot: increased blood flow to surface, sweat

Term
Excretion of integument
Definition
-via sweat: excretes wastes, salts, etc
Term
Nutrition of integument
Definition
-vitamin d produced by UV light
Term
Sensation of integument
Definition
-abundant nerve endings to detect pain, pressure, temp, touch
Term
Bloor reservoir of integument
Definition
-blood vessel arrangement stores blood for exercise, temp control
Term
[image]
Definition
Integumentary System
Term

Epidermal Layers

Deepest to most superficial

Definition

1. Stratum basale

2. stratum spinosum

3. stratum granulosum

4. stratum lucidum

5. stratum corneum

Term
Stratum basale
Definition

-deepest layer

-attaches to basal membrane

-most active cell-->mitosis-constant reproduction

Term
Stratum spinosum
Definition

-appears to be covered in spines

-some mitosis

Term
stratum granulosum
Definition

-flattened cells that contain granuals, cells in various stages of degeneration

*Provides waterproofing, strength

Term
Stratum lucidum
Definition

-clear, flattened, dead cells found mainly in thick skin

*soles of feet, palms 

Term
Stratum corneum
Definition

-most superficial

-densely-packed, keratin-filled dead cells

-continuously being lost to abrasion

-friction created an increase of cells (corns, callous)

Term
4 types of epidermal cells
Definition

1. keratinocytes

2. melanocytes

3. merkel cells

4. langerhans cells

Term
Keratinocytes
Definition

-most abundant cells in epidermis

-attached by desmosomes

-produce keratin protein that replaces their cytoplasm and once dead, is pushed to the surface for strength and waterproofing

 

Term
Melanocytes
Definition

-pigment cells found deep in the epidermis (stratum basale)

-cells release melanin

-melanin protects from UV

Term
Merkel Cells
Definition

Sensory cells

-cells form touch receptors called merkel discs

Term
Langerhans cells
Definition
fixed macrophages that play a role in immunity
Term
2 layers of the dermis
Definition

1. Papillary layer

2. Reticular layer

Term
Papillary layer of the dermis
Definition

-made of areolar (loose) CT

-layer that sits against the basal membrane of the epidermis

Term
Dermal papillae
Definition

-in the papillary layer

-project into the stratum basale

creating ridges-->foot/fingerprints

Term
Reticular layer of the dermis
Definition

Made of dense irregular CT

-surrounds blood vessels, hair follicles, and glands

-contains mostly collagen

Term

Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)

Functions

Definition

-Loose/areolar CT mixed with adipose

-stabilizes position of organs

-reduces heat loss

-Energy reserve

-cushion

Term
Accessory srtuctures of integumentary structure
Definition

1. Hair/hair follicles

2. Exocrine Glands

Term
Hair and follicles
Definition

-non-living, keratinized structured

-98% are NOT on the head

-follicles form the hair 

Term
Exocrine glands in the skin
Definition

1. Sebaceous

2. Sweat

Term
Types of sweat glands in the skin
Definition

1. Apocrine sweat-stinky

2. Merocrine/eccrine sweat-regular

Term
Eccrine/Merocrine Sweat glands
Definition

-perform merocine secretion

-watery secretions found mainly on soles and palms

-empties at surface via pores

Term
Apocrine sweat glands
Definition

-perform merocrine secretion

-viscous, smelly secretion

-found mainly in genital and armpit regions

-empties onto hair follicle

Term
Sebaceous gland
Definition

-performs holocrine secretion

-secretes sebum (oily substance) that coats skin and hair

-contains toxic substances for bacteria

-ducts empty to hair follicle or directly to skin surface

Term
Aging and the integumentary system
Definition

-collagen fibers decreasee in number

-elastic fibers lose elasticity

-fibroblasts become less active

-melanocyted decrease-causing blotchiness

-decrease in langerhans (more prone to infections)

-slow healing from reduced blood supply

Term

Burns

1st degree

 

Damage

Affected organs

Appearance/sensation

 

Definition

Damage: superficial cells of epidermis are killed.  Papillary layer of dermis is injured

 

Affected organs: hair follicles and glands unaffected

 

Appearance/sensation: Inflamed/tender

Term

Burns

2nd degree

 

Damage

Affected organs

Appearance/sensation

Definition

Damage: injury to dermis-reticular layer

 

Affected organs: hair follicles and glands usually unaffected

 

Appearance/sensation: blister, pain

Term

Burns

3rd degree

 

Damage

Affected organs

appearance/sensation

Definition

Damage: all dermal cells are killed.  Injury to the hypodermis

 

Affected organs: sensory nerves, accessory structures, blood vessels destroyed

 

Appearance/sensation: charred, less pain than 1st & 2nd degree

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