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Anatomy
Endocrine System
57
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
12/06/2006

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Term
_______________ glands secrete hormones into _______________
Definition
Endocrine---- Body fluids
Term
Hormones affect target cells with certain___________
Definition
receptors
Term
Two classes of hormones are____________ and ____________
Definition
steroids--- amino acid based
Term
___________ hormones enter the target cell, then form a complex wth the receptor. The hormone-receptor complex then activates ______.
Definition
Steroid----- specific genes
Term
__________ hormones COMBINE with receptors on the target cell membrane,triggerin a membrane protein to produce a ________________.
Definition
Amino acid based------ 2nd messenger
Term
The second messenger activates _________ which alter cellular processes.
Definition
enzymes
Term
What is cyclic amp?
Definition
2nd messenger of amino acid based horomones
Term
Amplification of the effect of amino acid based hormones occurs because
Definition
complexes trigger formation of many 2nd messengers
Term
Eicosonoids are
Definition
lipids that affect only nearby cells
Term
Name three methods by which hormone secretions are controlled.
Definition
Nerve Impulses ---- releasing hormones secreted by hypothalamu ---- negative feedback systems
Term
In a negative feedback system, a gland is sensitive to
Definition
concentration of substance it regulates
Term
A high concentration of the substance the gland regulates causes _______________. The gland then produces ______ of the substance
Definition
inhibition of the gland ------ less
Term
Most secretions of the pituitary gland are controlled by ______________.
Definition
hormones produced by the hypothalamus
Term
Hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland are produced by the
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
Parathyroid glands produce
Definition
Parathyroid hormones
Term
Secretion of adrenal medulla hormones is stimulated by
Definition
sympathetic impulses from hypothalamus
Term
Aldosterone signals the kidneys to _____________. By doing this, aldosterone helps to maintain ___________. Aldosterone is secreted in response to _______________________.
Definition
conserve Na and H20 and excrete K ---- blood volume and pressure ---- increased K concentration
Term
Juxtaglmerular cells of the ____ detect decreasing blood pressure or Na concentration, then release the enzyme __________.
Definition
kidney ---- rennin
Term
Rennin breaks down the blood protein _________ to produce ____________, which is converted to angiotensin II in the __________.
Definition
angiotensenogen ---- angiotensenogen I --- lungs
Term
3 functions of cortisol are
Definition
inhibits protein synthesis, releases fatty acids, and stimulates glucose formation fom noncarbohydrates
Term
Secretion of cortisol is controlled by a _______________ involving ______________________
Definition
negative feedback system ---- CRH from hypothalamus, ACTH from anterior pituitary gland
Term
Adrenal sex hormones are ___________ some of which may be converted to __________. Generally their function is to_______________.
Definition
androgens ----- estrogen ---- supplement sex hormones
Term
Which hormones require iodine for their production?
Definition
T 3 and T 4 involved in metabolism
Term
_________ are clusters of cells in the pancreas that produce hormones.
Definition
Langerhans
Term
Alpha cells secrete
Definition
glucagon
Term
Beta cells secrete
Definition
insulin
Term
3 functions of glucagon are
Definition
increase blood glucose by stimulating liver, stimulates breakdown of fat, controlled by negative feedback system
Term
3 functions of insulin are
Definition
promotes storage of glucose, storage of fats, synthesis of protein
Term
Insulin receptors are lacking on ______ cells which must rely on diffusion for their ______
Definition
nerve ---- glucose
Term
Glucagon and insulin production are also controlled by
Definition
negative feedback system
Term
The pineal gland secretes ________ which is involved in___________.
Definition
melatonin ---- regulation of circadian rhythms
Term
Melatonin secretion is inhibited by
Definition
light
Term
The thymus gland secretes ________, which affects the production of __________________.
Definition
thymosins ---- some T lympocytes involved in immunity
Term
The ovaries secrete
Definition
estrogen ---- progesterone
Term
The placenta secretes
Definition
estrogen, progesterone, and gonadatropin
Term
The testes secrete
Definition
testosterone
Term
__________ causes kidneys to retain water in high concentrations constricts blood vessels raising blood pressure
Definition
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Term
_________ is an antidiuretic effect causes uterus to contract triggers production and ejection of milk from mammary glands
Definition
oxytocin
Term
oxytocin
Definition
posterior pituitary horomone
Term
oxytocin
Definition
posterior pituitary horomone
Term
____ and ____ increase rate of metabolism, protein synthesis and lipid breakdown
Definition
T 3 and T 4
Term
________ lowers blood concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions
Definition
calcitonin
Term
T 3 and T 4
Definition
thyroid gland hormone
Term
calcitonin
Definition
thyroid gland hormone
Term
5 actions of parathyroid hormone
Definition
increases blood Ca concentration ---- stimulates resorption of bone ---- signals kidneys to conserve ca and excrete phospate ions ---- causes intense to absorb Ca ---- regulated by neg. feedback mechanism between parathyroid glands and blood
Term
_____ and ______ are similar to sympathetic nervous system
Definition
epinephrine and norepinephrine
Term
epinephrine
Definition
adrenal medulla
Term
norepinephrine
Definition
adrenal medulla
Term
aldosterone
Definition
adrenal cortex
Term
cortisol
Definition
adrenal cortex
Term
adrenal sex hormone
Definition
adrenal cortex
Term
Growth hormone
Definition
anterior pituitary gland
Term
prolactin
Definition
anterior pituitary gland
Term
thyroid stimulating hormone
Definition
anterior pituitary gland
Term
Adrenocorticotropin hormone
Definition
anterior pituitary gland
Term
follicle stimulating hormone
Definition
anterior pituitary gland
Term
lutinizing hormone
Definition
anterior pituitary gland
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