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Anatomy
Reproduction, Pelvis, and Perineum
115
Anatomy
Graduate
11/29/2011

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Term
What is the definition of infertility?
Definition
the failure to achieve pregnancy after one year of unprotected intercourse
Term
What are 4 causes of female infertility?
Definition
-ovulation issues
-tubal issues
-PCOS
-endometriosis
Term
What are 3 causes of male infertility?
Definition
-low sperm count
-azoospermia (no sperm)
-low motility (fewer than normal are moving at the speed that is normal)
Term
What is the purpose of the preparatory medication given to females undergoing IVF?
Definition
to hyper-stimulate oocyte (egg) production
Term
What are the three main steps of IVF?
Definition
-egg retrieval
-fertilization
-embryo transfer, 4-5 days after fertilization (1-4 eggs are inserted into the uterus)
Term
What is the process for freezing embryos?
Definition
-intracellular water is removed and replaced with a cryoprotectant and then stored at 196 degree C. Cellular activity has now ceased and the embryos are in a state of "suspended animation"
Term
T or F costs of embryo adoption are significantly lower than traditional adoption and IVF
Definition
true
Term
T or F, Under current law, once the embryos have been transferred the genetic parents still have a legal claim to the resulting children.
Definition
False. once they have been transferred the genetic parents have NO legal claim
Term
What does the Uniform Parentage Act (UPA) state regarding birth mothers with respect to IVF and embryo adoption?
Definition
provides that a woman who gives birth to a child is the legal mother
Term
Can genetic parents change their mind and try to obtain custody of children resulting from Embryo Donation and Adoption?
Definition
No.
Term
Gonads in males and females descend from their sites of origin on the __________ abdominal wall into the _________/_______ in women and _________ in men
Definition
-posterior
-pelvic cavity
-scrotum
Term
What is the passage through the anterior abdominal wall?
Definition
the inguinal canal
Term
Is the inguinal region considered strong or weak in men and women?
Definition
weak
Term
What pulls the testes and ovaries down into their mature position?
Definition
gubernaculum
Term
What is the name for the area of junction between the anterior abdominal wall and the thigh?
Definition
the groin
Term
In men, as the testes descend their accompanying ______,______, and ________ pass through the inguinal canal and are surrounded by the same fascial layers of the abdominal wall
Definition
-vessels, ducts, and nerves
Term
Testicular descent completes the formation of the _________/________ in men
Definition
spermatic cord
Term
The passage that extends in a downward and medial direction, just above and parallel to the inguinal ligament is the _______/_______
Definition
inguinal canal
Term
What are the contents of the inguinal canal in men and women?
Definition
-men: spermatic cord
-women: round ligament of the uterus
-genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve (which in men is a part of the spermatic cord)
Term
The aponeurosis of what muscle sweeps down and joins with the inguinal ligament?
Definition
external oblique
Term
Describe the position of the deep inguinal ring
Definition
-it is the beginning of the inguinal canal and is midway between the ASIS and the pubic symphysis. It is just above the inguinal ligament.
Term
The deep inguinal ring is the beginning of the tubular evagination of the _______________ fascia that forms one of the coverings of the spermatic cord in men and the round ligament in women
Definition
transversalis
Term
Describe the superficial inguinal ring
Definition
it is the end of the inguinal canal and is superior to the pubic tubercle, it is a triangular opening in the aponeurosis of the external oblique
Term
The superficial inguinal ring is the beginning of the tubular evagination of the aponeurosis of the _________/_______ muscle onto the structures traversing the inguinal canal and emerging from the superficial ring. The continuation of this tissue over the spermatic cord is the __________/________ fascia
Definition
-external oblique
-external spermatic
Term
What forms the posterior wall of the inguinal canal? what reinforces it?
Definition
the transversals fascia, reinforced by the conjoint tendon
Term
What forms the anterior wall of the inguinal canal? What reinforces it?
Definition
The aponeurosis of the external oblique. It is reinforced laterally by the medial fibers of the internal oblique muscle
Term
The conjoint tendon is the combined insertion of what two muscles into what?
Definition
combined insertion of the transversus abdominis and the internal oblique muscles into the pubic crest
Term
After the spermatic cord enters the deep inguinal ring and proceeds down the inguinal canal and exits the superficial ring, how many fascial coverings has it acquired? Name each and their origin
Definition
3, from deep to superficial:
-internal spermatic fascia: from transversalis fascia
-cremasteric fascia: associated with the cremaster muscle arises from the internal oblique m.
-external spermatic fascia: arises from aponeurosis of the external oblique and is attached to the margins of the superficial inguinal ring
Term
What do the cremaster muscle and fascia form with respect to the spermatic cord?
Definition
they form the middle or second covering of the spermatic cord (supplied by the genitofemoral nerve L1 and L2)
Term
What is the cremasteric reflex?
Definition
Contraction of the cremaster muscle is stimulated by a reflex arch. Gentle touch around the skin of the medial aspect of the superior part of the thigh stimulates the sensory fibers. It pulls up the scrotum and testis on the side stroked.
Term
What is an inguinal hernia?
Definition
protrusion or a passage of a peritoneal sac, with or without abdominal contents, through a weakened part of the abdominal wall in the groin
Term
What is an indirect inguinal hernia?
Definition
a hernia that goes through the deep inguinal ring
Term
What is a direct inguinal hernia? In what population is this commonly seen? Where does the bulging typically occur?
Definition
A hernia that goes through the posterior wall of the inguinal canal. Usually acquired because it develops when abdominal musculature has been weakened. Often seen in older men and the building occurs medial to the inferior epigastric vessels in the inguinal triangle (hesslbach's)
Term
What is the most common hernia?
Definition
indirect inguinal hernia
Term
What type of inguinal hernia does not traverse the entire length of the inguinal canal but may exit through the superficial inguinal ring? What would then occur?
Definition
-direct inguinal hernia
-when it exits through the superficial inguinal ring the peritoneal sac acquires a layer of spermatic fascia and can extend like an indirect hernia into the scrotum
Term
What is the key to the groin examination?
Definition
To determine the position of the inguinal ligament
Term
What does the inguinal ligament pass between medially and laterally?
Definition
-medially: pubic tubercle
-laterally: ASIS
Term
What is an example of a potential problem with a hernia?
Definition
bowel and fat may get stuck in the hernial sac, this can cause pain and bowel obstruction and necessitates urgent surgery
Term
Describe femoral hernias. What canal do they pass through and where is this canal anatomically located? In what population are these hernias most commonly seen?
Definition
-pass through the femoral canal
-femoral canal is at the medial edge of the femoral sheath which contains the femoral artery, vein, and lymphatics.
-most commonly seen in middle aged and elderly populations, more common in women than men
Term
What is the occasional cause of an umbilical hernia?
Definition
Occasionally they are congenital and result from failure of the small bowel to return to the abdominal cavity from the umbilical cord during development. They are rare and most close in the first year of life.
Term
What is an incisional hernia?
Definition
one that occurs through a defect in a scar from a previous abdominal operation
Term
What is the name of the peritoneal outpouching that protrudes through the anterior abdominal wall and acquires coverings from the transversals fascia, internal oblique, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique, as a result transforming into the basic structure of the inguinal canal?
Definition
the processus vaginalis
Term
the processus vaginalis is immediately ________ to the gubernaculum within the inguinal canal
Definition
anterior
Term
What is the definition of sexual reproduction?
Definition
a process in which organisms produce offspring by means of germ cells called gametes
Term
What are the three groups of organs of reproduction?
Definition
-gonads: produce gametes and secrete hormones
-ducts: transport, receive, and store gametes
-accessory sex glands: produce materials that support gametes
Term
What is the male gamete and the female gamete before fertilization?
Definition
sperm and secondary oocyte
Term
What does semen contain?
Definition
sperm plus glandular secretions
Term
What causes the wrinkling of the scrotum?
Definition
the skin contains dartos muscle
Term
Sperm survival requires ______ degrees lower temperature than core body temperature
Definition
3
Term
What does the cremaster muscle in the spermatic cord do with respect to temperature regulation of the testes?
Definition
-elevates the testes on exposure to cold and during arousal
-warmth reverses the process
Term
Where are the sperm cells made in the testes?
Definition
the seminiferous tubules
Term
The tight junctions between __________ form the blood-testis barrier. What does this barrier prevent?
Definition
-sertoli or sustenacular cells
-BTB prevents an immune response against the surface antigens of the spermatogenic cells
Term
What is the dense white capsule that surrounds the testes?
Definition
the tunica albuginea
Term
What is the tunica vaginalis?
Definition
the piece of peritoneum that descends with the testes into the scrotal sac. it facilitates movement of testes within the scrotum
Term
What is the term for the failure of the testes to descend?
Definition
cryptorchidism
Term
What cells secrete testosterone? Where are they located?
Definition
-leydig cells or interstitial endocrinocytes found in the spaces between adjacent seminiferous tubules
Term
spermatogenesis is the process by which the seminiferous tubules of the testes produce _________ sperm
Definition
haploid
Term
Describe the 3 sections of the sperm
Definition
-head: contains DNA and acrosome
-midpiece: contains mitochondria to form ATP
-tail: flagellum used for locomotion
Term
How many sperm are produced per day on average? What is the life expectancy within the female reproductive tract?
Definition
-300 million per day
-48 hours within female reproductive tract
Term
What is the function of LH and FSH with respect to the testes?
Definition
-LH: assists in spermatogenesis and stimulates testosterone production
-FSH: initiates spermatogenesis
Term
What are the prenatal effects of testosterone and the effects at puberty?
Definition
-prenatal: male genitalia formation
-puberty: sexual behavior and libido, male metabolism (bone and muscle mass heavier), deepening of the voice
Term
Hormonal control of the testes begins with The hypothalamus secreting _______ which influences the anterior pituitary secretion of ________ and ______
Definition
GnRH, LH, FSH
Term
What is the effect of inhibin hormone?
Definition
when sperm production is sufficient the sertoli cells release inhibin which inhibits FSH secretion by the anterior pituitary and decreases sperm production. opposite occurs if sperm production is proceeding too slowly
Term
What is the function of the ductus epididymis?
Definition
the site of sperm maturation and storage, sperm may remain in storage here for at least a month after which they are either expelled or degenerated and reabsorbed
Term
Tail region of the epididymis continues as the _______/______
Definition
ductus deferens
Term
What happens in the head region of the epididymis?
Definition
multiple efferent ducts become a single ductus epididymis
Term
What stores sperm and propels them toward the urethra during ejaculation?
Definition
the ductus (vas) deferens
Term
What are 5 contents of the spermatic cord?
Definition
-ductus deferens
-testicular artery
-autonomic nerves
-veins and lymphatic vessels
-cremaster muscle
Term
What is the shared terminal duct of the reproductive and urinary systems which serves as a passageway for semen and urine?
Definition
the urethera
Term
What is cut and tied off in a vasectomy?
Definition
the vas deferens
Term
What do the seminal vesicles secrete?
Definition
an alakaline, viscous fluid that contains fructose, prostoglandins and clotting proteins
-alkaline bc it helps to neutralize acid in the male urethra and female reproductive tract
-fructose is for ATP production by sperm
-prostoglandins contribute to sperm motility and viability
-semenogelin is the main protein that causes coagulation of semen after ejaculation
Term
What is a donught shaped, golf ball sized gland which is inferior to the urinary bladder and surround the prostatic urethra?
Definition
the prostate gland
Term
What do the bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands secrete?
Definition
mucus for lubrication and an alkaline substance that neutralizes acid
Term
What are the upper, paired, erectile tissue mass of the penis?
Definition
the corpora cavernosa
Term
what is the lower erectile tissue mass of the penis?
Definition
the corpus spongiosum
Term
Of erection and ejaculation which is a sympathetic reflex and which is a parasympathetic reflex?
Definition
-erection: parasympathetic
-ejaculation: sympathetic
Term
What are 2 things the ovaries produce?
Definition
2nd oocytes and hormones
Term
What do the uterine tubes transport?
Definition
fertilized ova
Term
Where does fetal development occur?
Definition
the uterus
Term
What constitutes the vulva?
Definition
the vagina and external genitalia
Term
what do the mammary glands produce?
Definition
milk
Term
What ligament suspends the uterus from the side wall of the pelvis?
Definition
the broad ligament
Term
What attaches the ovaries to the broad ligament?
Definition
mesovarium
Term
What anchors the ovaries to the uterus?
Definition
ovarian ligament
Term
What attaches the ovaries to the inguinal canal?
Definition
the round ligament
Term
The ___________ epithelium covers the surface of the ovary but does not give rise to the ova.
Definition
germinal
Term
What contains the ovarian follicles?
Definition
the ovarian cortex
Term
What contains the blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves of the ovaries?
Definition
the ovarian medulla
Term
What do ovarian follicles consist of?
Definition
oocytes in various stages of development. A mature (graafian) follicle expels a secondary oocyte by a process called ovulation
Term
What is the function of the corpus luteum?
Definition
contains remnants of an ovulated follicle and produces progesterone, estrogens, relaxin, and inhibin until it degenerates into a corpus albicans
Term
What does oogenesis result in the formation of?
Definition
a haploid secondary oocyte
Term
When does meiosis I begin? end?
Definition
-begins during fetal development
-after puberty primary oocytes complete meiosis I, which produces a secondary oocyte and a first polar body
Term
What begins meiosis II?
Definition
-the secondary oocyte begins meiosis II
-after fertilization, meiosis II resumes
Term
What part of the fallopian tube is the open, funnel-shaped portion near the ovary? what are the moving finger-like processes?
Definition
infundibulum, fimbriae
Term
What is the central region of the fallopian tube? what is the narrowest portion that joins the uterus?
Definition
-ampulla
-isthmus
Term
What is the normal site of fertilization in the female?
Definition
the fallopian tubes
Term
histologically, how many layers are there in the uterine tube? name them going from deepest to most superficial
Definition
3
-mucosa, muscularis, serosa
Term
How many days after ovulation does a zygote reach the uterus?
Definition
7 days
Term
What are the 4 subdivisions of the uterus going from superior to inferior?
Definition
-fundus, body, isthmus, cervix
Term
The uterus normally projects _________ and _________ to the urinary bladder in a position called _________
Definition
-anterior
-superior
-anteroflexion
Term
Histologically, what are the three subdivisions of the uterus?
Definition
-outer perimetrium
-middle myometrium
-inner endometrium (stratum functionalis- shed during menstruation, and stratum basalis- gives rise to a new SF after each menstruation)
Term
What is the uterine artery a branch of? What are the ovarian arteries branches of?
Definition
-internal iliac
-abdominal aorta
Term
What are the three layers of the vagina?
Definition
-mucosal, muscularis, and adventitia (a loose connective tissue that binds it to other organs)
Term
The mucosa contains large stores of ________ which decompose and set up an _________ environment for the sperm
Definition
-glycogen
-acidic
Term
What are two terms that are used to refer to the external genitalia of the female?
Definition
-vulva or pudendum
Term
What is the fatty pad over the pubis symphysis?
Definition
mons pubis
Term
What is the diamond shaped area between the thighs and the buttocks in both males and females that contains the external genitals and anus?
Definition
-perineum
Term
What are the boundaries of the perineum?
Definition
pubic symphysis and coccyx
Term
What are the two triangles of the perineum and each of their contents?
Definition
-urogenital: contains external genitals
-anal: contains anus
Term
what is the name of the deep pouch that occurs in women between the uterus and rectum?
Definition
rectouterine
Term
What form the largest components of the bowl shaped structure known as the pelvic diaphragm?
Definition
the levator ani muscles
Term
What hormone released by the hypothalamus controls the female reproductive cycle? Of what does it stimulate the release?
Definition
-GnRH
-FSH and LH by the anterior pituitary
Term
The spike in what hormone around day 14 of the menstrual cycle is responsible for ovulation?
Definition
LH
Term
what are the functions of LH and FSH?
Definition
-LH- stimulates ovulation and promotes formation of corpus luteum (which secretes estrogens, progesterone, relaxin and inhibin)
-FSH- initiates growth of follicles that secrete estrogen
Term
What is the definition of abortion?
Definition
the delivery of loss of the products of conception before the 20th week of pregnancy
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