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Anatomy
Chapter 12 & 14
210
Anatomy
12th Grade
11/11/2011

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Term
Two Anatomic Divisons of the Nervous System
Definition
  1. Central Nervous System (CNS)
  2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) 
Term
What does the Central Nervous System consist of?
Definition
Brain, and spinal cord
Term
What is the central nervous system responsible for?
Definition
integrating, processing, and coordinating sensory data and motor commands
Term
Other functions of the central nervous system include what?
Definition
intelligence, memory, learning, and emotions
Term
What does the peripheral nervous system consist of
Definition
all the neural tissue outside of the central nervous system.
Term
What does the peripheral nervous system do?
Definition
delivers sensory info to the central nervous system and sends motor commands to peripheral tissues and organs
Term
What does the peripheral nervous system include?
Definition

cranial nerves (attached to brain)

spinal nerves (attached to spinal cord)

Term
What is peripheral nervous system divided into?
Definition
afferent and efferent divisons
Term
What does the afferent divison do?
Definition
delivers sensory info into the central nervous system from tissue receptors
Term
What are receptors?
Definition
sensory structures that detect changes in internal enviroment, or respond to stimuli
Term
What are examples of receptors?
Definition

eyes

dendrites

neurons

specialized cells

Term
What does the efferent divison do?
Definition
carries out motor commands from the central nervous system to muscles, glands, and adipose tissues
Term
What is an effector?
Definition

responds to command and

carries out motor commands from central nervous system to muscles, glands, and adipose tissue

Term
What is the somatic nervous system (SNS)
Definition
controls skeletal muscle contractions (the ones you think about)
Term
voluntary
Definition
conscious control
Term
involuntary
Definition

automatic responces controlled subconsciously

(reflexes; hot stove)

Term
Structures of nerons include...
Definition

A. Cell body (soma)

B. Dendrites

C. Axon

D. Synapse

 

Term
What does the cell body (soma) contain?
Definition
nucleus and cytoplasm and what is around nucleus which is perikaryon
Term
 What does perikaryon contain?
Definition
clusters of RER and free ribosomes called nissle bodies which give gray matter its color
Term

Can central nervous system neurons divide?

If so how?

Definition

No it cannot divide (no centrioles)

 

Term
Where are adult stem cells active?
Definition
only in the nose to replace smell receptors
Term
What do dendrites do?
Definition
extend out from cell body
Term
Are dendrites highly branched?
Definition
yes, they each also have dendritic spines
Term
What do dendrites do?
Definition
recieves information
Term
How much surface area do dendrites cover?
Definition
80 to 90 percent
Term
Axon
Definition
long cytoplasmic process capable of propagating electrical impulse (action potiental)
Term
What does the axon include?
Definition

A. axoplasm

B. axolemma

C. axon hillock

D. collaterals

E. telodendria

F. synaptic terminals

Term
Axoplasm
Definition
cytoplasm of axon
Term
axolemma
Definition
plasma membrane of axon covered in either interstitial fluid or processes of neuroglia
Term
axon hillock
Definition
connects initial segment of axon to cell body
Term
collaterals
Definition
branches of axons
Term
telodendria
Definition
ends of branches of axon
Term
synaptic terminals
Definition
ends of telodendria
Term
synapse
Definition
site where one neuron communicate w/ another through the release of neurotransmitters
Term
presynaptic cell
Definition
sends messages by releasing neurotransmitters in synaptic vesicles
Term
Postsynaptic cell
Definition
recieve the message (can be a neuron or different type of cell)
Term
Kinesin and dynein
Definition
the cell bodies produce neurotransmitters moved along neurotubules in axon by "molecular motor"
Term
What is axoplasmic transport?
Definition
movement down the axon
Term
Anterograde
Definition
from the cell body to the synapse
Term
retrograde
Definition
toward cell body
Term
Anaxonic
Definition
small, can't tell axons from dendrites
Term
Where are anaxonic located
Definition

brain and special sense organs

* also poorly understood

Term
Bipolar
Definition
one dendritic process, small cell body in middle and one axon on other end
Term
Where are bipolar neurons located?
Definition

in sense organs where they relay info from sensory receptors to othe neurons

* also very rare

Term
Unipolar
Definition
dendrites and axon are continuous w/ cell body off to the side
Term
Where are unipolar neurons found?
Definition
in the central nervous system
Term
Multipolar
Definition
two ir nire dendrites and one axon
Term
Where are multipolar neurons most common?
Definition
 the central nervous system
Term
What are the functional classifications of neurons?
Definition

Sensory neurons

Motor neurons

Interneurons

Term
Sensory Neurons
Definition

(also called afferent neurons) delievers info from sensory receptors to the central nervous system

* unipolar

Term
Somatic sensor neurons
Definition
monitors external enviroment and our position in it
Term
Visceral sensory neurons
Definition
monitors internal conditions and status of organ systems
Term
What are two types of sensory receptors?
Definition

interoceptors

exteroceptors

Term
Interoceptors
Definition

monitors internal organ system and provides sensations of taste, deep pressure, pain

*deep pressure-like having a baby

Term
Exteroceptors
Definition
info at external enviroment through touch, temp, pressure, sight, smell, hearing
Term
Motor neurons (efferent neurons)
Definition
carry info from CNS to effectors in tissues, organs
Term
Efferent fibers
Definition
axons going away from central nervous system
Term
Somatic motor neurons
Definition

innervate peripheral effectors other than skeletal muscles

*requires 2 different neurons

preganglionic and postganglionic

Term

Interneurons

(associations neurons)

Definition
between motor neurons and sensory neurons in the brain, spinal cord, and some autonomic ganglia distribute sensory info and coordinate motor commands
Term
Are interneurons more complex or less?
Definition

More complex because there are more interneurons involved

*involved in the higher functions(memory, planning, and learning)

Term
Ependymal cells
Definition
line the central canal along the spinal cord and ventricles in part of the brain that is filled with serebrospinal fluid
Term
What do ependymal cells form?
Definition
ependyma
Term
Astrocytes
Definition
largest and most numerous in the central nervous system
Term
Astrocytes functions
Definition

1.maintain the blood brain barrier

2. have suction cup feet and wrap around capillaries to exchange nutrients

3. provide framework

4.repair damaged neural tissue

 

Term
What neuroglia are found in the central nervous system?
Definition

ependymal cells

astrocytes

oligodendrocytes

microglia

Term
Oligodendrocytes
Definition
ends of the processes wrap around the axolemma of neurons forming layers of plasma membrane celled myelin.
Term
Internodes
Definition
areas of myelinated axon(white matter)
Term
Nodes (nodes of ranvier)
Definition
gap of axon without myelin between internodes
Term
Gray matter
Definition
areas of cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons that have a gray color
Term
Microglia
Definition

least common, small, capable of movement

"clean up crew"

Term
Neuroglia of the peripheral nervous system
Definition

Ganglia

Satellite cells

Schwann cells

 

Term
Ganglia
Definition
clusters of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
Term
satellite cells(amphicytes)
Definition
regulate enviroment around neurons, surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia
Term
Schwann cells
Definition
form sheths around peripheral axons
Term
Neurilemma
Definition
outer surface of schwann cell
Term
Neurons
Definition

Lack of O2 due to pressure can cause the axon to become unexcitable

*rubber band around wrist

also cannot recover

Term
In the PNS recovery is more difficult b/c
Definition

more axons invloved

astrocytes produce scar tissue and chemicals that prevent regrowth of axon

Term
How does action potential begin?
Definition
All begins with the cell at resting potiental
Term
Electrochemical gradient
Definition
sum of chemical forces and electrical forces across the membrane
Term
How action potential is produced?
Definition
First Na+ gates open the when the cell is approx 30 mv then the channel closes the K+ channel opens causing repolarization
Term
Passive channels (leak channels)
Definition
always open but can change permeability based on changs in protein shape
Term
Active channels (gated channels)
Definition

open in response to stimuli

if closed they can't reopen

Term
Graded potiental
Definition

a change in the transmembrane potiental that can be spread from the site of stimulation

*caused by the opening of gated channels

Term
Depolarization
Definition
a shift in resting potential that makes it more positive 
Term
Hyperpolarization
Definition
a shift in resting potential making the cell more negative
Term
Repolarization
Definition
when stimulis is removed and cell is restored to resting potential
Term
If depolarization is large enough what does it cause?
Definition
action potential
Term
Action potential
Definition
Cascade of transmembrane potiental that affects the entire excitable membrane
Term
Threshold
Definition
-60mv to -55mv
Term
Refractory period
Definition
membrane won't respond to additonal depolarization until hyperpolarization or resting potiental has been reached
Term
Continuous propagation
Definition
basic mechanism where an action potiental moves along unmylenated axon in steps
Term
Saltatory propagation
Definition
action potiental skips pasted the internodes
Term
types of axon
Definition

type A fibers

type B fibers

type C fibers

Term
Type A fibers
Definition
mylenated; senses information about position, balance, or pressure
Term
Type B fibers
Definition
smaller mylinated axons
Term
Type C fibers
Definition
unmylenated axons
Term
What do type B & C fibers do?
Definition
deliver info on temp, pain, touch, and carry instructions to smooth and cardiac muscles
Term
Nerve impulses
Definition

movement of action potentials from one location to another

*nerve impulse passes from presynaptic to postsynaptic

Term
Kinds of synapse
Definition

electrical

chemical

Term
Electrical synapse
Definition

presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes connected by gap junctions called connexons

*in eyes and PNS ganglia

Term
Chemical synapse
Definition
may or may not cause cell to release neurotransmitters to stimulate action potential in the postsynaptic cell
Term
excitatory neurotransmitters
Definition
cause depolarization and promotion of action potential
Term
Inhibitory neurotransmitters
Definition
cause hyperpolarization and surpress action potiental
Term
Dopamine
Definition

in brain precise, control of movement

*destructions of dopamine causes parkinsons

Term
 Opiods
Definition

consists of endorphins, enkephalins, endomorpins, dynorphins

Relieves pain

Term
EPSP
Definition
graded depolarization cause by arrival of neurotransmitters
Term
IPSP
Definition
graded hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membrane
Term
Summation
Definition
the sum of EPSP and IPSP
Term
Temporal summation
Definition
additon of stimuli in rapid succession (poking over and over) to stimulate action potiental
Term
spatial summation
Definition
simultaneus stimuli have cumliative effect on membrane potiental
Term
neural tube
Definition

hollow tube that is filled with fluid

 

Term
Primary brain vesicles
Definition

prosencephalon

mesencephalon

rhombencephalon

Term
prosencephalon
Definition
forebrain (forward)
Term

mesencephalon

midbrain (middle)

Definition
Term

rhombencephalon

hindbrain (back)

Definition
Term
Lateral ventricles
Definition
in each cerebral hemisphere sepreated by septum pellucidum
Term
Third ventricle
Definition
in diencephealon; connected to lateral ventricles by interventricular foramen
Term
Fourth ventricle
Definition
connected to third ventricle by aqueduct of midbrain; filled with CSF
Term
How is the brain supported?
Definition

Cranium

Cranial meninges

CSF

 

Term
dura mater
Definition

superficial layer

delievers blood to dural sinuses that empty into jugluar veins

Term
Arachnoid mater
Definition
middle layer
Term
Pia mater
Definition
deepest layer; sticks tp surface of brain
Term
PAD
Definition
inside out
Term
Dural folds
Definition
dura mater that extends into crainal cavity to provide additional support and stabilization
Term
Dural sinuses
Definition
collecting veins located in dural folds
Term
Three largest dural folds
Definition

falx cerebri

tentorium cerebelli

falx cerebelli

Term
falx cerebri
Definition
dural fold in longitudinal fissure
Term
tentorium cerebelli
Definition
seperate cerebellar hemispheres
Term
falx cerebelli
Definition
divide the two cerebellar hemispheres
Term
Fuctions of meninges
Definition

act like seat belts that hold the brain in position

CSF cushions agianst jolts and shocks

Term
CSF
Definition

surrounds and bathes the central nervous system

*brain floats in it

Term
choroid plexus
Definition
combo of specialized ependymal cells and permeable capillaries that produce CSF in ventricles
Term
Circulation of CSF
Definition
starts in choroid plexus then goes to ventricles and central canal where diffusion occurs across ependymacellsl
Term
arterial blood
Definition
runs through internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries
Term
venous blood
Definition
leaves through dural sinus that empty into jugular veins
Term
Blood brain barrier
Definition
neural tissue is isolated from general circulation b/c endothelial cells of capillaries are extensively bound by tight junctions restricting permibility
Term
What is the blood brain barrier created by?
Definition
ependymal cells
Term
Cerebrum
Definition
controls higher thinking, conscious thought, sensation, intellect, memory, and complex movement
Term
nueral cortex
Definition
surface of cerebrum; highly folded
Term
gyri
Definition
are ridges
Term
sulci
Definition
shallow grooves
Term
fissures
Definition
deeper grooves
Term
lateral sulcus
Definition
divides frontal lobe from temporal lobe
Term
central sulcus
Definition
divides frontal lobe from parietal lobe
Term
axons can be
Definition

-association fibers

-commissural fibers

-projection fibers

Term
association fibers
Definition
connect axon within one cerebral hemisphere
Term
commissural fibers
Definition
connect hemispheres
Term
projection fibers
Definition
connect cerebral cortex to dienchephalon, brain stem, cerebellum, and spinal cord
Term
basal nuclei
Definition
masses of  gray matter that lie within the cerebrum near the lateral ventricle 
Term
primary motor cortex
Definition
surface of precentral gyrus antierior to central sulcus
Term
Visual cortex
Definition
vision
Term
Auditory cortex
Definition
hearing
Term
Olfactory cortex
Definition
smell
Term
Gustatory cortex
Definition
taste
Term
Association areas
Definition
interprest incoming data or coordinate motor responses
Term
somatic sensory association area
Definition
monitors primary sensory cortex
Term
visual association area
Definition
monitors and interprests activites in the visual cortex (the meaning of what you see) 
Term
Somatic motor association area
Definition
coordinates learned movements; patterns of stimulation stored here
Term
Integrative centers
Definition
recieve info from amny association areas and direct complex motor or analytical activites
Term

General interpretive area

(wernicke or gnostic area)

Definition
recieves info from all association areas; involved in personality by intergrating info and occessing visual and auditory memories
Term

Speech center

(broca or motor speech area)

Definition
regulates breathing patterns and speech by coordinating respitory muscles, throat muscles, and muscles of mouth
Term
prefrontal cortex
Definition
coordinates relay of info from association areas to entire cortex; responsible for abstract intellect like prediction of consequences
Term
Prefrontal lobotomy
Definition
severing attachment between prefrontal lobe and rest of brain to "cure" mental illness association w/ violence or antisocial behavior
Term
Hemispheric lateralization
Definition
specilization of each hemisphere.
Term
Left hemisphere
Definition
has general interppretive and speech centers; responsible for language based on skills like reading, writing, and analytical tasks like math
Term
Right hemisphere
Definition
analyzes sensory info and relates to enviroment; responsible for idenification by touch, smell, taste, sight or feel
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
adjusts postural muscles that coordinate rapid, automatic adjustment to maintain balance and equilibrum
Term
Folia
Definition
folds of cerebellar surface
Term
primary fissure
Definition
separates anterior and postier lobes
Term
vermis
Definition
band of cerebellar cortex that seperates cerebellar hemisphere
Term
Perkinjie cells
Definition
cells of cerebellarcortex whose extensively branched dedrites recieve info (gray matter)
Term
Arbor vitae
Definition

"tree of life"

branching array of cerebellar white matter

Term
cerebellar penduncles
Definition
link cerebellum to rest of brain and spinal cord
Term
Diencephalon
Definition
intergrates sensory info with motor output at subconscious  level
Term
Diencephalon consists of
Definition

-epithalamus

-thalamus

-hypothalamus

 

Term
Epithalamus
Definition

roof; contains chorid plexus and pineal gland(secrets melatonin)

regulates day/night cycles and reproduction

Term
Thalamus
Definition
forms lateral walls and acts as a filter
Term
anterior
Definition
part of limbic system; emotion and motivation
Term
medial
Definition
awarness of emotion
Term
ventral
Definition
relay info from basal nuclei to cerebral cortex about touch, pressure, temperature and position
Term
posterior
Definition
relays visual info from optic tract to occipital lobe
Term
lateral
Definition
feedback loops with limbic system and parietal lobes; affects emotion and integration of sensory info
Term
hypothalamus
Definition

floor; contains centers that can be stimulated by sensory info from brain to spinal cord

**No blood brain barrier

Term
hypothalamus subconsciously controls
Definition
skeletal muscles association with rage, pleasure, pain, and sexural arrousal
Term
Hypothalamus controls
Definition
autonomic center in charge of controlling heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion
Term
Hypothalamus coordinates
Definition
nervous and endocrine functions by releasing regulatory hormones
Term
Mesencephalon has
Definition
superior and inferior collicui which recieve visual and auditory info and controls eye, head, neck, and upper trunk reflexes(sudden sounds)
Term
red nucleus
Definition
red brm abundance of blood vessels; recieves info from cerebrum and cerebellum and effect subcouncious upper limb movement and background muscle tone
Term
substantia nigra
Definition
dark ray matter
Term
reticular activating system (RAS)
Definition
part of reticular formation; alertness attentiveness and maintain consciousness
Term
pons
Definition
links parts of brain
Term
medulla oblongata
Definition
continuous with spinal cord; passes info from brain to spinal cord and controls autonomic reflexes and visceral functions
Term
reticular formation
Definition
has nuclei with two centers; cardiovasular center and respirtory rhythmicity centers
Term
limbic system
Definition

nuclei and tracts that establish emotional states link conscious intellect of cerebral cortex with autonomic functionof brain stem, and facilitate memory

*makes you want to do things

Term
amygdaliod body
Definition
regulate heart rate, links emotions with memories
Term
hippocampus
Definition

means seahorse; important in learning

*long term memory

Term
fornix
Definition
connects hippocampus to the hypothalamus
Term
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Definition
report of electrical activity in the brain
Term
Alpha waves
Definition
healthy awake adult
Term
Beta waves
Definition
concentrating, under stress, or tension adult
Term
Theta waves
Definition
sometimes during sleep or most often in children or intensly frustrated adults
Term
Delta waves
Definition
deep sleep, infants, awake adults with tumor or damage to the brain
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