Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Anatomy
Abdomen
112
Anatomy
Graduate
10/26/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Name the abdominal regions (9)
Definition
Superior row from L to R: L hypochondriac, epigastric, R hypochondriac
Middle row: L lumbar, umbilical, R lumbar
Inferior row: L inguinal, pubic (hypogastric), R inguinal
Term
Increased intra abdominal pressure assists in what three processes?
Definition
defecation, micturition, parturition
Term
Does the abdominal contract or relax during inspiration? expiration?
Definition
-inspiration: relaxes
-expiration: contracts
Term
How do the fibers of the external obliques run? what is the O and I? N and F?
Definition
like hands into pockets.
-O: costal margin of ribs descend toward the line alba for I
N: anterior rami of T7-T12
F: compress abdominal contents, both flex trunk, separately bend trunk to same side,
Term
How do the fibers of the internal obliques run? O, I, N, F?
Definition
Like hands under suspenders (w/ thumbs tucked under armpits). They ascend from posterior to anterior-superior
O: thoracolumbar fascia
I: border of lower 3 or 4 ribs, line alba
N: anterior rami of T7-T12 and L1
F: compress abdominal contents, both flex trunk, separately each bends trunk and turns anterior part of abdomen to same side
Term
Which way do the fibers of the transverse abdominus run? O, I, N, F?
Definition
horizontally across the belly
O: thoracolumbar fascia
I: linea alba
N: anterior rami of T7-T12 and L1
F: compress abdominal contents
Term
What do aponeurosis connect?
Definition
muscle to muscle
Term
Abdominal viscera are either intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal. Explain each.
Definition
-Intraperitoneal structures are suspended from the abdominal wall by mesenteries
-retroperitoneal structures are those that lie between the parietal perineum and the abdominal wall (ex. kidneys and ureters)
Term
Abdominal viscera are either intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal. Explain each.
Definition
-Intraperitoneal structures are suspended from the abdominal wall by mesenteries
-retroperitoneal structures are those that lie between the parietal perineum and the abdominal wall (ex. kidneys and ureters)
Term
The diaphragm slopes posteriorly to what vertebral level? What attaches it to the vertebrae?
Definition
L2-L3, it is attached by the crus ligament
Term
Name the margins of the pelvic inlet
Definition
-posteriorly: sacrum
-anteriorly: pubic symphysis
-laterally: bony rim of the pelvic bone
Term
The N-A-V's of the pelvic cavity change names when they inferiorly cross the what?
Definition
inguinal ligament: from illiacis to femoris
Term
Which thoracic intercostal nerves supply the skin and muscle of the abdominal wall?
Definition
T7-T11 and T12
Term
Which thoracic intercostal nerves supply the upper external oblique?
Definition
T5-T6
Term
Which lumbar nerve supplies the skin and muscle in the inguinal and supra pubic regions?
Definition
L1
Term
The peritoneal cavity is subdivided into what?
Definition
The greater sac and the lesser sac
Term
Foramen of winslow (aka the omental foramen) is a common site for what?
Definition
potential herniation: small investing can go up into the foramen, become strangulated and cause bowel obstruction
Term
The large surface area of the peritoneal cavity makes it a common site for what?
Definition
The spread of infectious and malignant disease. If a surgeon excising a malignant tumor releases malignant cells into the peritoneal cavity it can worsen the patient's prognosis--> iatrogenic
Term
The greater omentum attaches where and drapes over what?
Definition
attaches to the greater curve of the stomach and drapes over the transverse colon
Term
The lesser omentum forms what site of potential herniation?
Definition
the winslows foramen (omental foramen)
Term
Where is the ligament of trietz located?
Definition
duodenal-jejunal ligament
Term
What is common of the esophageal cells of a patient with GERD.
Definition
The esophagus can't handle the acid, so its cells switch to columnar squamos mucosa. "Barret's esophagus)
Term
How many layers of smooth muscle does the stomach have? Name them
Definition
3: longitudinal, circular, oblique
Term
WHich is the more superior part of the stomach, the fundus or antrum?
Definition
fundus
Term
What is the first part of the small intestine? How many segments does it have?
Definition
The duodenum, it has 4 segments
Term
How many segment are there in the small intestine?
Definition
3: duodenum, jéjunum, ileum
Term
Pancreas sits in the cavity of _________
Definition
duodenum
Term
Which part of the small intestine opens into the large intestine? Which quadrant is this mostly located in?
Definition
ileum, right lower quadrant
Term
which duodenal ulcers are more serious and possibly fatal: posterior or anterior?
Definition
posterior bc the ulcers can erode into the gastroduodenal artery of the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery and cause hemorrhage
Term
What are two common ways for a physician to examine the GI tract?
Definition
-barium sulfate
-endoscopy
Term
What is the main function of the large intestine?
Definition
Reabsorb water from waste that is being carried to the anus.
Term
What is the taeniae coli?
Definition
A band of muscle that runs superiorly along the large intestine
Term
What is the cecum?
Definition
The first part of the large intestine, it is continuous with the ascending colon at the entrance of the ileum
Term
What structure has large aggregations of lymphoid tissue and is located at the base of the appendix?
Definition
The appendix
Term
How can the appendix be located by surface anatomy via McBurney's point?
Definition
At the junction of the lateral and middle 1/3 of a line from the ASIS to the umbilicus
Term
Is the appendix located at the same place on all patients?
Definition
No, it can project in different directions and varies by patient
Term
What are the symptoms of appendicitis? if a girl of child bearing age comes in presenting these symptoms what is the number one thing to check for first?
Definition
-localized right groin tenderness, after 6-10 hrs it localized in the right iliac fossa and becomes constant
-patient develops temperature, nausea, and vomiting
-check for pregnancy (ectopic) first
Term
Which segments of the colon are retroperitoneal and which are intraperitoneal?
Definition
retro=ascending and descending
intra=transverse
Term
What sides of the ascending and descending colon are the major vessels and lymphatics located on?
Definition
medial and posteromedial
Term
What is the largest visceral organ in the body?
Definition
liver
Term
What ligament divides the liver into right and left?
Definition
the falciform
Term
What is the name of the space that separates the diaphragmatic surface of the liver from the diaphragm?
Definition
the subphrenic recess
Term
What is the hepatorenal recess?
Definition
located on the right side between the liver and the right adrenal gland
Term
Which surface of the liver are the quadrate and caudate lobes seen from?
Definition
-Quadrate= anterior part of the visceral surface
-caudate= posterior part of the visceral surface
Term
Which sides of the liver are associated with the diaphragmatic surface?
Definition
posterior, superior, and anterior
Term
which side of the liver is associated with the visceral surface?
Definition
inferior
Term
Where is the gallbladder located in respect to the kidney?
Definition
between the right and quadrate lobes
Term
What forms the common hepatic duct? What does the common hepatic duct join with to form the bile duct?
Definition
-the right and left hepatic ducts
-joins with the cystic duct from the gallbladder
Term
The bile duct joins the pancreatic duct to enter the descending part of the duodenum at the what? At what structure on the duodenum is this located? What sphincter does it pass through?
Definition
-ampulla of vater
-major pancreatic papilla
-sphincter of oddi
Term
The major pancreatic papilla and ampulla of vater marks the transition from what to what? What is the vasculature related to these areas?
Definition
-Foregut (celiac trunk)
-Midgut (superior mesenteric)
Term
Who are gallstones most common in?
Definition
the 3 F's: fat females in their forties
Term
What produces the severe pain associated with gallstones?
Definition
The stones being lodged in the neck or bile duct and preventing the normal emptying, contractions ensue which produce pain
Term
Where is the pain from gallstones sometimes referred? Why?
Definition
Referred to the shoulder on the right side bc of the innervation of the visceral peritoneum by C3-C5
Term
What are two common substances that gallstones are composed of?
Definition
cholesterol and pigment
Term
What is the difference between pre-hepatic, hepatic, and post hepatic jaundice?
Definition
pre: excessive breakdown of RBC's (bilirubin is end product of heme degradation)
hepatic: inability to conjugate fat soluble into water soluble bilirubin
post: obstruction of bile ducts
Term
Where is the pancreas anatomically located?
Definition
It extends from the duodenum on the right to the spleen on the left
Term
Is the pancreas retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?
Definition
Retro, except for a small part of the tail
Term
Where is the pancreatic duct anatomically located?
Definition
Begins in the tail and passes toward the right through the body of the pancreas
Term
The pancreatic duct joins the bile duct to form what?
Definition
ampulla of vater
Term
Where does the accessory pancreatic duct empty?
Definition
the minor duodenal papilla above the major duodenal papilla
Term
What is an annular pancreas?
Definition
If the ventral bud (which forms the uncinate process and part of the head) becomes bifid the segments can encircle the duodenum and constrict it. which can cause many problems which causes the fetus to fail to thrive
Term
At what level of the ribs does the spleen lie? What quadrant is it located in?
Definition
ribs 9 and 10, it s in the left upper quadrant
Term
Name the ligament that connects the spleen to the kidney and the ligament that connects it to the stomach
Definition
-splenorenal and gastrosplenic ligaments
Term
The spleen is surrounded by visceral peritoneum, except for what area?
Definition
the splenic hilum which is the entry point for splenic vessels
Term
What are two diseases that may contribute to splenic enlargement?
Definition
-leukemia
-lymphoma
Term
The aorta branches into three segments in the abdomen, what are they and what do they supply?
Definition
-celiac trunk: foregut
-superior mesenteric: supplies the midgut
-inferior mesenteric: supplies the hind gut
Term
Which branch of the celiac trunk supplies the esophagus? This same branch supplies the surface of the stomach in conjunction with which other artery?
Definition
-Left gastric artery
-right gastric artery
Term
which branch of the celiac trunk supplies the spleen and pancreas?
Definition
splenic artery
Term
The superior mesenteric artery supplies the midgut, what specific viscera does that include?
Definition
-jejunum
-ileum
-cecum
-ascending colon
-2/3 of the transverse colon
Term
What are the three branches of the mesenteric artery and what do they supply?
Definition
-left colic artery: distal part of transverse colon and the descending colon
-sigmoid arteries: lowest part of descending colon and sigmoid colon
-superior rectal artery: rectum
Term
Venous drainage of the spleen, pancreas, gallbladder, and the abdominal part of the GI tract (except the inferior rectum) is through what system of veins?
Definition
portal
Term
Which two veins form the portal vein?
Definition
splenic and superior mesenteric vein
Term
Everything from the abdominal viscera drains via the portal vein back to what?
Definition
the liver
Term
What does portal hypertension cause in the portal veins?
Definition
development of varicosities and shunts
Term
What is the metabolic function of the liver?
Definition
-carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism
-drug and hormone metabolism
-bile production
-clotting proteins
Term
What are the splanchnic nerves?
Definition
nerves that pass from the sympathetic trunk, or sympathetic ganglia associated with the trunk, to the pre vertebral plexus and ganglia anterior to the abdominal aorta
Term
Are the pelvic splanchnic nerves considered parasympathetic or sympathetic?
Definition
parasympathetic
Term
What are the three thoracic splanchnic nerves?
Definition
-greater, lesser, least
Term
What vertebral level does the lumbar splanchnic nerve arise from?
Definition
L2-L4
Term
Where do the pelvic splanchnic nerves arise from (vertebral level)? What do they innervate?
Definition
-S2-S4
-distal 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon
Term
What is the abdominal pre vertebral plexus? What are the three divisions?
Definition
-a collection of nerve fibers that surround the abdominal aorta and its major branches
-divisions: celiac, aortic, and superior hypogastric
Term
The parasympathetic innervation of the abdominal part of the GI tract, spleen, pancreas, gallbladder, and liver is from what nerves?
Definition
-vagus
-pelvic splanchnic nerves
Term
What are the two interconnected plexuses of the enteric nervous system?
Definition
myenteric and submucosal
Term
What ribs are posterior to the superior parts of the kidneys
Definition
-XI to the left kidney
-XII to both
Term
What is the O,, I, N ,F for the rectus abdominus?
Definition
O: pubic crest, pubic symphysis
I: costal cartilage of ribs 5-7
N: anterior rami of T7-T12
F: compress abdominal contents, flex vertebral column, tense abdominal wall
Term
What is the O, I, N F of the pyramidalis
Definition
O: front of pubis and pubic symphysis
I: into linea alba
N: anterior ramus of T12
F: tense the linea alba
Term
Psoas Major O,I,N,F
Definition
O: lumbar vertebrae
I: lesser trochanter of femur
N: anterior rami of L1-L3
F: flexes thigh at hip
Term
Psoas Minor O,I,N,F
Definition
O: t12 and l1 bodies
I: pelvic brim
N: anterior rami of L1
F: weak flexion of lumbar vertebral column
Term
Quadratus lumborum O, I, N, F
Definition
O: L5 and iliac crest
I: L1-L4
N: anterior rami T12 and L1-L4
F: depress and stabilize rib 12 and some lateral bending of trunk
Term
Iliacus O, I, N, F
Definition
O: iliac fossa, lateral upper surface of sacrum
I: lesser trochanter of femur
N: femoral nerve
:F: flexes thigh at hip
Term
What produces the right dome of the liver? The left?
Definition
R: liver
L: spleen and fundus of stomach
Term
What is the diaphragm primarily innervate by?
Definition
the phrenic nerves
Term
What structure pulls the diaphragm inferiorly during inspiration?
Definition
central tendon
Term
Are kidneys retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?
Definition
retroperitoneal
Term
Is the L or R kidney lower?
Definition
right
Term
Define the renal capsule, adipose capsule and renal fascia.
Definition
renal capsule: maintains organ shape
adipose capsule: helps protect from trauma
renal fascia: dense, irregular CT that holds against back body wall
Term
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
What constitutes the functional portion of the parenchyma of the kidney?
Definition
-nephron
-renal cortex and renal pyramids
Term
After going through the nephron, what is the path of urine drainage?
Definition
-collecting duct-papillary duct in renal pyramid-minor calyx-major calyx-renal pelvis-ureter-urinary bladder.
Term
WHat is the nerve supply to the kidney derived from?
Definition
the renal plexus (sympathetic division of ANS)
Term
What is the path of blood flow through the kidney?
Definition
renal artery-segmental arteries-interlobar arteries- arcuate arteries- interlobar arteries- afferent arterioles- glomerular capillaries-efferent arterioles- peritubular capillaries-interlobularveins-arcuate veins-interlobular veins- renal vein
Term
What do the ureters do? are the retro or intraperitoneal?
Definition
transport urine from kidneys to bladder. retroperitoneal
Term
Where are they adrenal glands located? Which hormones does the adrenal cortex produce? The adrenal medulla?
Definition
-on top of the kidneys
-cortex: mineral corticoids, glucocorticoids, and andergens
-medulla: E and NE
Term
In the GI, the lymphatics of the mucosa are called what?
Definition
Lacteals
Term
What is the origin and target of the greater splanchnic nerves?
Definition
T5-T10, celiac ganglia
Term
What is the origin and target of the lesser splanchnic nerves?
Definition
T10-T11, superior mesenteric ganglia, and aorticorenal ganglia
Term
What is the origin and target of the least splanchnic nerve?
Definition
T12, renal plexus
Term
What is the origin and target of the lumbar splanchnic nerves?
Definition
L2-L4, inferior mesenteric ganglia, ganglia of the inter mesenteric and hypogastric plexuses
Term
What is the origin and target of the sacral splanchnic nerves?
Definition
sacral part of the sympathetic trunk, inferior hypogastric plexus and ganglia to the pelvic viscera
Term
What is the origin and target of the pelvic splanchnic nerves?
Definition
S2-S4, intrinsic ganglia of descending and sigmoid colon, rectum, and inferior hypogastric plexus, and ganglia to the pelvic viscera
Term
What are the three major divisions of the abdominal pre vertebral plexus?
Definition
celiac, aortic, and superior hypogastric
Term
Which nerve and segment of the lumbar plexus innervates the abdominal muscles (IO, EO, and TA)? Which cutaneous branches are involved?
Definition
iliohypogastic, T12-L1, anterior cutaneous ramus and lateral cutaneous ramus
Term
Which nerve and segment of the lumbar plexus innervates the internal oblique? Which cutaneous branches are involved?
Definition
ilioinguinal, L1, anterior scrotal nerves in males, anterior labial nerves in females
Supporting users have an ad free experience!