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Anatomy
Back
48
Anatomy
Graduate
10/07/2011

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Cards

Term
What are the superficial muscles of the back concerned with?
Definition
Positioning and moving the upper limbs
Term
There are four curves of the back. Which two are normal? When are the other two formed?
Definition
Thoracic and sacral curves are "normal"
Cervical curve is formed when baby can hold its head up by itself and lumbar curve is formed when baby can stand and walk on its own
Term
Describe movements of the head enabled by CI and CII
Definition
CI= atlas- allows head to flex and extend
CII= axis- allows head to rotate as CI moved on CII
Term
How many vertebrae are there? What are the five sections?
Definition
26. 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 fused sacral (plus coccyx)
Term
What are the deep muscles of the back concerned with?
Definition
maintaining the position of the axial skeleton
Term
When do the sacral vertebrae become fused?
Definition
when you become weight bearing
Term
Describe the position of the cervical and lumbar curves. Describe the position of the thoracic and sacral curves.
Definition
Cervical and lumbar are concave posteriorly or convex anteriorly. Thoracic and sacral are concave anteriorly or convex posteriorly
Term
What forms the spinal canal?
Definition
All the vertebral foramen together
Term
What forms the intervertebral foramen?
Definition
Superior and inferior vertebral notches of adjacent vertebrae
Term
What sections of the vertebrae is the sympathetic chain of the autonomic nervous system located? the parasympathetic chain?
Definition
symp= thoracolumbar
para=craniosacral
Term
What forms the zygapophysial facet joint?
Definition
Superior and inferior articular processes
Term
What does the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligament connect? ligamenta flava? interspinous ligaments?
Definition
-run vertically along the anterior and posterior sides of the vertebral bodies
-laminae of adjacent vertebrae
-spinous processes of adjacent ligaments
Term
Laminectomy are preformed to alleviate what?
Definition
neural impingement caused by spinal stenosis
Term
What is special about the space between the atlas and the axis?
Definition
There is no intervertebral disc
Term
What is unique about the transverse process of cervical vertebrae?
Definition
they contain the foramen trasversarium
Term
What do the lateral masses of the atlas articulate with superiorly?
Definition
the occipital condyle of the skull
Term
What is the special feature to the axis? How is it attached to the atlas?
Definition
the dens process (odontoid process), transverse ligament holds it in place at atlas. allows rotation
Term
Every single thoracic vertebrae articulates with what?
Definition
ribs
Term
There are three areas on the thoracic vertebrae that articulate with ribs, what are they?
Definition
superior and inferior costal (demi)facets and the transverse process
Term
what is special about the spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae?
Definition
they are bifid
Term
What marker on the back shows the SI joint?
Definition
The dimples on the lower back
Term
The extrinsic muscles are involved with the movement of what? What nerves are they innervated by?
Definition
upper limbs and thoracic wall, innervated by anterior rami
Term
Intrinsic muscles of the back are are associated with what? what nerves are they innervated by?
Definition
they are deep and support and move the vertebral column and participate in moving the head. innervated by the posterior rami of spinal nerves
Term
What are the three layers of meninges?
Definition
Pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
Term
What is the anterior wall of the vertebral canal made up of?
Definition
vertebral bodies, posterior longitudinal ligament, and intervetebral discs
Term
what are the lateral walls of the vertebral canal made up of?
Definition
ligaments and the vertebral arches
Term
How many spinal nerves are there? From where do they emerge?
Definition
31, from the vertebral canal between the pedicles
Term
posterior ramus innervates the what? anterior ramus innervates what?
Definition
posterior- back
anterior- most other regions except the head
Term
Explain spina bifida
Definition
failure of vertebral laminae to unite, nervous tissue is unprotected, paralysis
Term
What is kyphoplasty?
Definition
Filling a vertebral body with cement to restore it to its original height and reduce vertebral compression
Term
What is a cervical rib? What are some complications due to the presence of a cervical rib?
Definition
Part of the transverse process of C7 becomes enlarged and may become a complete rib. Puts pressure on subclavian artery and inferior trunk of the brachial plexus
Term
What is a Jefferson fracture?
Definition
A fracture of the CI ring due to an axial loading injury of the head
Term
What is the hangman's fracture?
Definition
Unstable fracture as a result of hyperextension of the head relative to the neck. Fracture of the C2 pedicles with forward displacement of C1 and the body of C2 on C3
Term
How can you palpate to find the sacral hiatus?
Definition
Identify the two PSIS and draw an equilateral triangle connecting the two, sacral hiatus is at apex. Also can palpate the convexity of the coccyx and move cephalic to palpate the concave sacral hiatus
Term
How many joints does a typical vertebrae have with adjacent vertebrae? What are they?
Definition
4 synovial joints between articular processes. 2 sympheses between intervertebral disc
Term
what type of cartilage lines each vertebrae between the vertebral body and the intervertebral disc?
Definition
hyaline cartilage
Term
What are zygapophysial joints?
Definition
Joints between the vertebral arches superior and inferior articular processes on adjacent vertebrae
Term
Zygapophysial joints in the cervical region allow what type of movement?
Definition
flexion and extension
Term
Zygapophysial in the thoracic region facilitate what kind of movement?
Definition
rotation
Term
Zygapophysial in the lumbar region facilitate what type of movement?
Definition
flexion and extension
Term
What are three signs of lumbar DDD?
Definition
-horizontal nuclear cleft
-signal loss
-height loss
Term
What lines the anterior surface of the vertebral canal?
Definition
posterior longitudinal ligament
Term
Where is the ligamentum lava? What is it composed of? What is its function?
Definition
Pass between the lamina of adjacent vertebrae and form part of the posterior surface of the vertebral canal. Composed of elastic connective tissue. Resists separation of lamina in flexion and assist in extension
Term
Describe the supraspinous ligament and ligamentum nuchae
Definition
Supraspinous= connects spinous processes from CVII to sacrum. Ligamentum nuchae connects from CVII up to skull
Term
What three instances cause spinal stenosis?
Definition
1. zygapophysial joint hypertrophy
2. ligamentum flava hypertrophy
3. mild disc protrusions
Term
Where is the lesion in a lumbar spondylolysis? Where do the majority occur?
Definition
pars interarticularis or the neural arch. most occur at L5
Term
what is a spondylolisthesis?
Definition
forward displacement of the vertebrae
Term
What nerve comes through the sub occipital triangle?
Definition
the posterior ramus of CI
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