Term
| What are the superficial muscles of the back concerned with? |
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Definition
| Positioning and moving the upper limbs |
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Term
| There are four curves of the back. Which two are normal? When are the other two formed? |
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Definition
Thoracic and sacral curves are "normal"
Cervical curve is formed when baby can hold its head up by itself and lumbar curve is formed when baby can stand and walk on its own |
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Term
| Describe movements of the head enabled by CI and CII |
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Definition
CI= atlas- allows head to flex and extend
CII= axis- allows head to rotate as CI moved on CII |
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Term
| How many vertebrae are there? What are the five sections? |
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Definition
| 26. 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 fused sacral (plus coccyx) |
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Term
| What are the deep muscles of the back concerned with? |
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Definition
| maintaining the position of the axial skeleton |
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Term
| When do the sacral vertebrae become fused? |
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Definition
| when you become weight bearing |
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Term
| Describe the position of the cervical and lumbar curves. Describe the position of the thoracic and sacral curves. |
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Definition
| Cervical and lumbar are concave posteriorly or convex anteriorly. Thoracic and sacral are concave anteriorly or convex posteriorly |
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Term
| What forms the spinal canal? |
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Definition
| All the vertebral foramen together |
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Term
| What forms the intervertebral foramen? |
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Definition
| Superior and inferior vertebral notches of adjacent vertebrae |
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Term
| What sections of the vertebrae is the sympathetic chain of the autonomic nervous system located? the parasympathetic chain? |
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Definition
symp= thoracolumbar
para=craniosacral |
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Term
| What forms the zygapophysial facet joint? |
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Definition
| Superior and inferior articular processes |
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Term
| What does the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligament connect? ligamenta flava? interspinous ligaments? |
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Definition
-run vertically along the anterior and posterior sides of the vertebral bodies
-laminae of adjacent vertebrae
-spinous processes of adjacent ligaments |
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Term
| Laminectomy are preformed to alleviate what? |
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Definition
| neural impingement caused by spinal stenosis |
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Term
| What is special about the space between the atlas and the axis? |
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Definition
| There is no intervertebral disc |
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Term
| What is unique about the transverse process of cervical vertebrae? |
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Definition
| they contain the foramen trasversarium |
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Term
| What do the lateral masses of the atlas articulate with superiorly? |
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Definition
| the occipital condyle of the skull |
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Term
| What is the special feature to the axis? How is it attached to the atlas? |
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Definition
| the dens process (odontoid process), transverse ligament holds it in place at atlas. allows rotation |
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Term
| Every single thoracic vertebrae articulates with what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| There are three areas on the thoracic vertebrae that articulate with ribs, what are they? |
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Definition
| superior and inferior costal (demi)facets and the transverse process |
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Term
| what is special about the spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae? |
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Definition
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Term
| What marker on the back shows the SI joint? |
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Definition
| The dimples on the lower back |
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Term
| The extrinsic muscles are involved with the movement of what? What nerves are they innervated by? |
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Definition
| upper limbs and thoracic wall, innervated by anterior rami |
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Term
| Intrinsic muscles of the back are are associated with what? what nerves are they innervated by? |
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Definition
| they are deep and support and move the vertebral column and participate in moving the head. innervated by the posterior rami of spinal nerves |
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Term
| What are the three layers of meninges? |
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Definition
| Pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater |
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Term
| What is the anterior wall of the vertebral canal made up of? |
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Definition
| vertebral bodies, posterior longitudinal ligament, and intervetebral discs |
|
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Term
| what are the lateral walls of the vertebral canal made up of? |
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Definition
| ligaments and the vertebral arches |
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Term
| How many spinal nerves are there? From where do they emerge? |
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Definition
| 31, from the vertebral canal between the pedicles |
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Term
| posterior ramus innervates the what? anterior ramus innervates what? |
|
Definition
posterior- back
anterior- most other regions except the head |
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Term
|
Definition
| failure of vertebral laminae to unite, nervous tissue is unprotected, paralysis |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Filling a vertebral body with cement to restore it to its original height and reduce vertebral compression |
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Term
| What is a cervical rib? What are some complications due to the presence of a cervical rib? |
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Definition
| Part of the transverse process of C7 becomes enlarged and may become a complete rib. Puts pressure on subclavian artery and inferior trunk of the brachial plexus |
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Term
| What is a Jefferson fracture? |
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Definition
| A fracture of the CI ring due to an axial loading injury of the head |
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|
Term
| What is the hangman's fracture? |
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Definition
| Unstable fracture as a result of hyperextension of the head relative to the neck. Fracture of the C2 pedicles with forward displacement of C1 and the body of C2 on C3 |
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Term
| How can you palpate to find the sacral hiatus? |
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Definition
| Identify the two PSIS and draw an equilateral triangle connecting the two, sacral hiatus is at apex. Also can palpate the convexity of the coccyx and move cephalic to palpate the concave sacral hiatus |
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Term
| How many joints does a typical vertebrae have with adjacent vertebrae? What are they? |
|
Definition
| 4 synovial joints between articular processes. 2 sympheses between intervertebral disc |
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Term
| what type of cartilage lines each vertebrae between the vertebral body and the intervertebral disc? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are zygapophysial joints? |
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Definition
| Joints between the vertebral arches superior and inferior articular processes on adjacent vertebrae |
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Term
| Zygapophysial joints in the cervical region allow what type of movement? |
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Definition
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Term
| Zygapophysial in the thoracic region facilitate what kind of movement? |
|
Definition
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Term
| Zygapophysial in the lumbar region facilitate what type of movement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three signs of lumbar DDD? |
|
Definition
-horizontal nuclear cleft
-signal loss
-height loss |
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|
Term
| What lines the anterior surface of the vertebral canal? |
|
Definition
| posterior longitudinal ligament |
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Term
| Where is the ligamentum lava? What is it composed of? What is its function? |
|
Definition
| Pass between the lamina of adjacent vertebrae and form part of the posterior surface of the vertebral canal. Composed of elastic connective tissue. Resists separation of lamina in flexion and assist in extension |
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Term
| Describe the supraspinous ligament and ligamentum nuchae |
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Definition
| Supraspinous= connects spinous processes from CVII to sacrum. Ligamentum nuchae connects from CVII up to skull |
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Term
| What three instances cause spinal stenosis? |
|
Definition
1. zygapophysial joint hypertrophy
2. ligamentum flava hypertrophy
3. mild disc protrusions |
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Term
| Where is the lesion in a lumbar spondylolysis? Where do the majority occur? |
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Definition
| pars interarticularis or the neural arch. most occur at L5 |
|
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Term
| what is a spondylolisthesis? |
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Definition
| forward displacement of the vertebrae |
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Term
| What nerve comes through the sub occipital triangle? |
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Definition
| the posterior ramus of CI |
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