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Anatomy
Intro
76
Anatomy
Graduate
10/06/2011

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Cards

Term
What is the regional approach to anatomy?
Definition
Considers the organization of the body as major segments or parts based on form and mass
Term
What are three ways a student can study the deep structures in regional anatomy?
Definition
CT scans, MRI's, and prosections
Term
What plane is a CT scan taken and viewed in?
Definition
Transverse
Term
Describe supination and pronation of the hand
Definition
Palm up = supination
Palm down = pronation
*in anatomical position
Term
Of what is the axial skeleton comprised?
Definition
Skull, hyoid, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, ear ossicles
Term
Of what is the appendicular skeleton comprised?
Definition
Upper and lower limbs, pelvic and pectoral girdles
Term
Name the two types of fibers that make up cartilage and when they are embedded in.
Definition
Collagen and elastic fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate
Term
Where are the chondrocytes of cartilage found?
Definition
With spaced called lacunae in the matrix
Term
What surrounds cartilage?
Definition
Perichondrium, a denser irregular connective tissue
Term
What does cartilage lack?
Definition
Blood vessels and nerves
Term
Name the three types of cartilage
Definition
Hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage
Term
Describe hyaline cartilage and where it can be found
Definition
Most abundant, but weakest. Reduces friction and absorbs shock. Affords flexibility and support at joints.
Term
Describe fibrocartilage and where it can be found
Definition
LACKS PERICHONDRIUM. Contains bundles of collagen fibers in its matrix and is the strongest of the three. Found in the intervertebral disks.
Term
Describe elastic cartilage and where it can be found
Definition
Contains threadlike network of elastic fibers. Provides strength and elasticity and maintains the shape of certain organs. Ex's ear, nose, and vocal cartilage
Term
What are the two types of bone and what is the difference between them?
Definition
Spongy and compact. Spongy bone contains trabeculae (which surrounds RM filled spaces) and compact bone's basic structure is the osteon
Term
Where does hemopoiesis occur?
Definition
Red bone marrow
Term
Where is energy stored in the bone?
Definition
yellow marrow
Term
Define the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone
Definition
The epiphysis is one end of a long bone and contains the metaphysics which contains the epiphyseal plate. The diaphysis is the shaft
Term
Give an example of each of the 5 basic types of bone.
Definition
Long-humerus
Short- trapezoid (wrist bone)
Flat- sternum
Irregular- vertebrae
Sesamoid- patella
Term
What is remodeling? What are the functions of osteoclasts and osteoblasts?
Definition
Remodeling is the ongoing replacement of old bone by new bone
-Osteoclasts- break down old bone
-Osteoblasts- form new bone
Term
What occurs in men and women who lack estrogen or estrogen receptors?
Definition
They grow taller than normal
Term
What types of cells provide the template for osteogenesis or ossification?
Definition
mesenchymal
Term
Name and describe the two types of bone formation.
Definition
*Intramembranous- the formation of bone directly from or within fibrous connective tissue membranes
*Endochondrial- the formation of bone from hyaline cartilage models (typically long bones)
Term
What do "hot spots" and "cold spots" indicate on a bone scan?
Definition
*hot- increased metabolic activity--> abnormal healing, abnormal growth, or cancer
*cold- decreased metabolism --> decalcified bone, fracture, infection
Term
Name and describe the three types of joints.
Definition
*Fibrous- Bones held closely by fibrous CT, little or no movement. Ex's sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses
*Cartilaginous- Bones tightly connected by fibro or hyaline cartilage, allows little or no movement. Ex's symphysis pubis, interverebral joints
*Synovial-has a synovial cavity separating bones, freely movable. Ex's: knee
Term
Joints transmit what sensation?
Definition
Propioception- the awareness of movement and position of body in space
Term
What type of tissue is the epidermis composed of? The dermis?
Definition
-epithelial
-connective
Term
Descrive the epidermis
Definition
No blood vessels or lymphatics, skin is supplied with afferent (free) nerve endings
Term
Describe the dermis
Definition
Collegen and elastic fibers, hair follicles, arrector muscles, sebaceous glands, part of sweat glands, capillary beds
Term
Is the subcutaneous tissue a part of the skin?
Definition
No
Term
What do the tension lines of the skin indicate?
Definition
Predominate direction of the collagen fibers
*Important for surgery--incisions along them have less tendency to gape
Term
What is the "rule of nines"
Definition
Method for determining the extent of a burn. For example the front of the arm counts for 4.5%, the whole arm counts for 9%, and two whole arms count for 18% of total body burn
Term
What is the wrapping, packing, and insulating material of the deep structures of the body?
Definition
Fascia
Term
Briefly describe the three types of muscle
Definition
Skeletal= striated and multi-nucleated
Smooth= non-striated and mono-nucleated
Cardiac= striated and mono-nucleated
Term
What do the intercalated discs of cardiac muscle do?
Definition
Synchronize heart contractions
Term
What is mean by "tonic contraction"?
Definition
Even when relaxed, muscles always have tone but do not necessarily produce movement. Ex: gluteus
Term
Differentiate between isotonic and isometric contractions. Give the two types of isotonic.
Definition
Isotonic= moving of a muscle. Concentric= shortening and eccentric= lengthening
Isometric=static
Term
What are capillaries made of?
Definition
Simple squamos epithelial cells
Term
What do the vaso vasorum do?
Definition
Supply blood to the cells of the walls of arteries and veins
Term
What are anastomoses?
Definition
Communications between multiple branches of an artery, detours for blood flow in case the usual pathway is obstruct. HEART AND BRAIN
Term
What are vascular (venous) sinuses?
Definition
Veins with very thin walls with no smooth muscle to alter their diameters. Ex: coronary sinus of the heart
Term
What causes varicose veins?
Definition
Leaky venous valves which allow back flow or pooling of blood
Term
Which two structures drain lymph and from where do they drain it?
Definition
*Thoracic duct= left side of the head, neck, chest, left UE, and entire body below the ribs. drains via left subclavian vein *Right lymphatic duct= upper right side of the body, drains via right subclavian vein
Term
What does the PNS consist of?
Definition
cranial and spinal nerves
Term
What is contained in the gray matter of the spinal cord?
Definition
Nerve cell bodies
Term
What is contained in the white matter of the spinal cord?
Definition
Nerve tracts (myelin sheath made of lipids enhances speed of spreading signal)
Term
What are the names of the meninges?
Definition
Pia (innermost), arachnoid (middle), and dura (outer) mater
Term
Where is the CSF located?
Definition
In the subarachnoid space
Term
What are arachnoid granulations?
Definition
They project into the sinuses of dura mater and serve as sites where CSF diffuses into blood stream
Term
Where is CSF produced?
Definition
In the choroid plexus (4 ventricles of the brain that contain specialized cells for formation of CSF)
Term
What do dural sinuses do?
Definition
Provide route for CSF removal from the brain
Term
What are the two functional subdivisions of the nervous system?
Definition
*Somatic- innervates skin and skeletal muscle, responds to external enviro
*Visceral- innervates organ systems (smooth muscle and glands), responds to internal enviro
Term
Can the brain or spinal cord damaged axons recover?
Definition
If damaged, they PROBABLY will not recover
Term
Name and describe the two subdivisions of the PNS
Definition
*Somatic= Voluntary, neurons from cutaneous and special sensory receptors to CNS AND motor neurons to skeletal muscle tissue
*Autonomic= involuntary, sensory neurons fro visceral organs to CNS, motor neurons to smooth and cardiac muscle and glands
Term
What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
Definition
*Sympathetic- (flight or fight) speeds up heart rate
*Parasympathetic- slows down heart rate and reestablishes homeostasis
Term
Where do cranial nerves exit?
Definition
The cranial cavity, but they are a part of the PNS, not CNS.
Term
Which CN does not arise from the brain?
Definition
CN X1 arises from the spinal cord
Term
Where do spinal nerves exit?
Definition
Vertebral column
Term
Anterior root of spinal nerve gives rise to which fibers? Posterior?
Definition
*efferent
*afferent
Term
What are myotomes and dermatomes?
Definition
Areas of skeletal muscle and skin, respectively, that are innervated by the fibers from a single spinal nerve
Term
What does the denticulate ligament do?
Definition
It comes from the pia mater and holds the spinal cord in place
Term
What are spinal ganglia and what is another name for them?
Definition
They contain sensory info. DRG= dorsal root ganglia
Term
What constitutes the brachial plexus?
Definition
C5-T1 and it innervates the upper extremity
Term
What constitutes the lumbar plexus?
Definition
L1-L4 and it innervates the lower extremities
Term
How many cervical nerves are there?
Definition
8, but only 7 Cervical vertebrae
Term
What is a crushing injury?
Definition
damages or kills axons distal to the injury site, but neuronal cells usually cells usually survive.
Term
What is a cutting injury?
Definition
Require surgical intervention because regeneration of the axon requires apposition of the cut ends
Term
What is anterograde degeneration?
Definition
Degeneration of axons detached from the cell body
Term
What is a compression injury?
Definition
Prolonged ischemia. "saturday night syndrome"
Term
What regulates the ANS?
Definition
the hypothalamus and the brain stem
Term
What is the major difference between the motor neurons of the ANS and the SNS?
Definition
ANS neurons are not myelinated after the ganglion, SNS are.
Term
Where are the nerves of the symp NS located? para?
Definition
-Right agains the vertebral column
-Away from the spinal cord
Term
Where are the preganglionic bodies of the symp NS located?
Definition
T1-L2, thoracolumbar divison
Term
What is the location structure of the para NS?
Definition
craniosacral
Term
Specifically where are the preganglionic cell bodies of the para NS located?
Definition
*4 cranial nerves= III (occulomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus).
*S2-S4
Term
Parasympathetic sacral nerve fibers form what?
Definition
The pelvic splachnic nerves
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