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Anatomy
Unit 2-Skeletal System
110
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
02/09/2012

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Cards

Term
Bone tissue is better called:
Definition
Osseous tissue
Term
Functions of the skeletal system
Definition

1. Support-bones are the body's infrastructure

2. Storage of minerals-98% of body's calcium is in bones

3. Blood cell production-bone marrow produces new blood cells

4. Protection-delicate organs surrounded by bone

5. Leverage-muscles pull on bone to produce movement

Term

Classification (types) of bones

Examples

Definition

1. Long-humerous, radius, tibia, femur

2. Short-cube shaped-carpal and tarsal

3. Flat-sternum, ribs, scapula

4. Irregular-odd shapes-bones of the face and vertebrae

5. Suture-small bones filling in the space between skull bones

6. Sesamoid-surrounded by other types of tissue-patella

Term
Structure of bones
Definition

1.Supporting connective tissues (cells, calcified matrix)

2. Periosteum-Outer covering

3. Endosteum-inner lining

Term
Bone matrix
Definition

Specialized cells (osteoblasts/osteocytes)

Produce:

A) Collagen fibers

B) Ground substance:

calcium phosphate

some calcium carbonate

Term
Osteoid
Definition

Organic components of the matrix

-produced by osteoblasts and osteocytes

Term
Cells found in bone
Definition

1. Mesenchyme

2. Osteoprogenitor cells

3. Osteoblasts

4. Osteocytes

5. Osteoclasts

Term
Mesenchyme
Definition

Beginnning of ALL connective tissue (Embryonic Tissue)

-semi-fluid ground substance with delicate reticular fibers

*Becomes osteoprogenitor cells*

Term
Osteoprogenitor cells
Definition

Derived from mesenchymal cells

-found in inner and outer surfaces of a bone

-Divides by mitosis-->differentiate to form new osteoblasts

Term
Osteoblasts
Definition

Immature, active cells that build bone

*Derived from osteoprogenitor cells*

-CANNOT divide by mitosis

-Found on bone surfaces

-Performs osteogenesis

Term
Osteogenesis
Definition
Process of making new bone-->the beginning of bone
Term
Osteocytes
Definition

Mature cells

-maintain bone tissue

*Derived from osteoblasts*

-CANNOT divide by mitosis

Term
Osteoclasts
Definition

-Giant multinucleated cells

-Perform osteolysis

-Used in development, growth, and repair

(remodeling)

Term
Osteolysis
Definition

Bone reabsorption

Performed by osteoclasts

Term
Periosteum Functions
Definition

1. Isolates and Protects the bone from surrounding tissues

2. Provides a route and a place for attachment for circulatory and nervous supply

3. Actively participates in bone growth and repair

Term
Endosteum locations
Definition

1. Lines spicules/trabeculae of spongy bone (found in ends of long bones)

2. Lines medullary cavity (center bone cavity of shaft)

3. Lines central canals of osteons

Term
Two types of osseous tissue (bone)
Definition

1. Compact bone

2. Spongy bone

Term
Compact bone
Definition

Dense and solid

-Osteon is the funtional unit

(many osteons form compact bone)

Term
Spongy bone
Definition

open framework

-Spicule is the functional unit of spongy bone

(Many Spicules together (trabecula) make spongy bone) 

Term
[image]
Definition
Bone-Compact and Spongy
Term
[image]
Definition
Spongy bone
Term
[image]
Definition
Bone Regions
Term
Before 6 weeks of development, the skeleton is
Definition
cartilage
Term
Osteogenesis
Definition
bone formation-the beginning of bone
Term
Ossification
Definition

bone replacing existing tissue

-structural change into bone

Term
Calcification
Definition
process of depositing calcium salts into tissue
Term
Appositional growth
Definition

growth in diameter

-occurs in all types of bones

-increase in width at the periosteum

Term
Interstitial growth
Definition

growth in length

-occurs mainly in long bones

-increase in length at the epiphyseal plate

Term
How Intersitial growth occurs
Definition

-Bone builds off of epiphyseal plate (hyaline cartilage)

-When building ceases, the plate turns to bone and becomes the epiphyseal line

Term
Two types of bone development
Definition

1. Intramembranous ossification

2. Endochondral ossification

Term

Intramembranous ossification bone development

-type of growth performed

Definition

-occurs mainly in dermal bones (bones you can feel)-flat bones

-bone develops between 2 sheets of embryonic membranes (CT)

-perform appositional growth

Term

Endochondral ossification bone development

-type of growth performed

Definition

-occurs mainly in long bones

-bones develop from hyaline cartilage model

-growth is appositional OR interstitial

Term
Intramembranous ossification tracing
Definition

1. Mesenchymal cells

2. Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts

3. Osteoblasts secrete matrix

4. Matrix formed with osteocytes in lacunae

5. Spicules form

6. Spicules connect (trabeculae) to form spongy bone

7. Endosteum forms around spicules

8. Spongy bone differentiates to form compact bone

Term
Endochondral Ossification tracing
Definition

STEP 1

1. Mesencymal cells differentiate into chondroblasts

2. Chondroblasts secrete matrix

3. Chondroblasts surrounded by matrix become chondrocytes in lacunae

4. Cartilage model formed

STEP 2

1. Step 1

2. Blood vessels of perichondrium bring osteoblasts to form periosteum collar

3. Hypertrophy (build up of chondrocytes) and death of cartilage cells at primary ossification center

4. Bone replaces cartilage (osteoblasts from spicules)

5. Formation of secondary ossification center in epiphysis

6. Bone replaces cartilage at secondary ossification center

7. Hyaline cartilage remains at epiphyseal plate until growth completed and on articular surfaces forever--becomes epiphyseal line

Term
Factors regulating bone growth
Definition

Ions

-Calcium, phosphate, magnesium, citrate, carbonate, sodium

 

Vitamins

-Vitamins A and C

-Vitamin D derivatives

Term
Factors regulating bone growth
Definition

1. Parathyroid hormone

2. Calcitonin

3. Growth hormone and thyroxine

4. Sex hormones

Term
Parathyroid Hormone
Definition

Factor that regulates bone growth

-(PTH)

-acts to increase availability of calcium ions in the blood

-Increased osteoclast activity is the direct result of PTH levels

Term
Calcitonin
Definition

Factor that regulates bone growth

-antagonist of PTH

-decreases availability of calcium

 

Term
Growth hormone and thyroxine
Definition

Factor that regulates bone growth

-increases osteoblast activity, which leads to bone growth

Term
Sex hormones
Definition

Fator that regulates bone growth

-increase bone growth dramatically during puberty

Term
Bone injury and repair
Definition

1. Bleed-fracture hematoma develops

2. Callus-external callus of cartilage and bone stabilizes the outer edges

3. Remodel via osteoclasts-fragments of broken bone are removed and replaced, cartilage is replaced by bone

4. Repair-External callus will slowly diminish

Term
Aging and bone tissue
Definition

1. Calcium and other mineral loss (demineralization)--leads to osteoperosis

 

2. Decreased rate of protein synthesis

-decrease in collagen (bone strength)

-decrease in growth hormone

-bone becomes brittle and susceptible to fracture

Term

Osteoperosis

-those at risk

-prevention

Definition

Decreased bone mass resulting in porous bones

-Risk: 1-white, thin menopausal, smoking, drinking female with family history

2-Athletes who are not menstruating due to decreased body fat and estrogen levels

3-People with low calcium intake

 

Prevention

-adequate diet

-weight-bearing exercise

-estrogen replacement for menopausal women

 

Term
[image]
Definition
Osteon
Term
[image]
Definition
Endochondral Ossification
Term
Axial Skeleton includes:
Definition

1. bones from the skul, vertebral colmn, and thorax

2. special sense organs for taste, smell, hearing, balance, and vision

3. Serves as attachment sites for muscles

Term
Deviated septum occurs when:
Definition
Vomer and perpendicular plate do not grow together straight
Term

Fontanels

1. what are they?

2. What is their purpose?

Definition

1. Membrane filled regions between cranial bones of infant skull (soft spots)

2. Allow skull to be flexible for birth and for fast growth of the brain

Term
# of bones in adult vertebral column
Definition

26

(24 vertebra, 1 sacrum, 1 coccyx)

Term
Functions of vertebral column
Definition

1. Encloses and protects the spinal cord

2. Supports the skull

3. Supports the weight of the head, neck and trunk

4. Transfers weight to the lower limbs

5. Helps maintain upright position

Term

Name of the C1 vertebrae

Articulation of the C1 vertebrae

Definition

Atlas

Shake head up and down to nod "yes"

Term

Name of the C2 vertebrae

Articulation of the C2 vertebrae

Definition

Axis

Shake head side to side to nod "no"

Term
Thoracic cage includes:
Definition
Sternum, ribs, and costal cartilage
Term
Functions of thoracic cage
Definition

-Protects the heart, lungs, thymus, and other stuctures in cavity

-Serves as attachment sites for muscles involved in respiration, positioning the vertebral column, and movements of the pectoral girdle and upper limb

Term
Complications from deviated septum
Definition

1. Snoring

2. Sinusitis

Term
Fossa
Definition
Space
Term
Foramen
Definition
Hole
Term
Landmark of the Frontal bone
Definition
Frontal sinus
Term
Eye socket
Definition

Landmark

Bony orbital

Term
[image]
Definition
Cranial Bones
Term
[image]
Definition
Occipital Landmarks
Term
[image]
Definition
Cranial bones and landmarks
Term
Skull Cap
Definition
Calvarium
Term
[image]
Definition
Temporal LM-Facial Bones
Term
Parts of the nasal septum
Definition
Perpendicular plate and vomer
Term
[image]
Definition
Sphenoid Landmarks
Term
[image]
Definition
Mandible Landmarks
Term
[image]
Definition
Fontanels
Term
[image]
Definition
Vertebral Types
Term
[image]
Definition
Cervical Vertebrae
Term
[image]
Definition
Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebrae
Term
[image]
Definition
Ribs
Term
[image]
Definition
Sternum
Term
[image]
Definition
Orbital Complex
Term
Bifid process
Definition
Split spinous process of cervical vertebrae
Term
Function of pelvic girdle
Definition
Supports and protects the lower viscera and developing fetus in females
Term
Difference between male and female pelvis
Definition
Male pelvis is heavier.  Female pelvis has larger pelvic outlet, broader, lower pelvis.
Term
[image]
Definition
Scapula
Term
[image]
Definition
Clavicle
Term
[image]
Definition
Humerous
Term
[image]
Definition
Radius and Ulna
Term
[image]
Definition
Carpals and Metacarpals
Term
[image]
Definition
Pelvic Girdle
Term
[image]
Definition
Tibia and Fibula
Term
[image]
Definition
Tarsals and Metatarsals
Term
Joints
Definition
articulations or connections between bones that may or may not permit movement
Term
Classification of joints
Definition

1. Type of of movement (function)

2. Type of connective tissue (structure)

Term
Classification of joints by function
Definition

1. Synarthrosis

2. Amphiarthrosis

3. Diarthrosis/synovial

Term
Synarthrosis
Definition

no movement at the joint

IE-between skull bones

Term
Amphiarthrosis
Definition

slight motion at the joint

IE Symphysis pubis

Term
Diarthrosis/synovial
Definition

freely moveable with a joint cavity

IE elbow, femur, humerus

Term
Classification of joints by structue
Definition

1. Fibrous joints

2. Cartilaginous joints

3. Synovial joints

Term
Fibrous joints
Definition
Fibrous connective tissue holds the joint together
Term
Cartilginous joints
Definition
Cartilage holds the joints together
Term
Synovial joints
Definition
bones are held together by a joint cavity
Term
Types of fibrous joints
Definition

1. Sutures

2. Syndesmoses

3. Gomphosis

Term

Sutures

-general structure

-function

-example

Definition

holds bone together via suture bone

-structure=fibrous joint

-function=synarthrosis

-sutures of skull

Term

Syndesmoses

-general structure

-function

-example

Definition

long connective tissue bands

-structure=Fibrous joint

-function=amphiarthrosis

-example-interosseous membrane between bones in distal appendages

Term

Gomphosis

-general structure

-function

-example

Definition

short connective tissue bands

-Structure=fibrous joints

-function=synarthrosis

(ONLY EXAMPLE IS ligaments attached to teeth)

Term
Types of cartilaginous joints
Definition

1. Synchondroses

2. Symphyses

Term

Synchondroses

-general structure

-function

-examples

Definition

hyaline cartilage

-cartilaginous joint

-synarthrosis: short hyaline cartilage

 and amphiarthrosis: longer hyaline cartilage

-rib to sternum, epiphyseal plate in growing bone

Term

Symphyses

-structure

-function

-examples

Definition

Fibrocartilage holds bones together

-structure=cartilaginous joint

-function=amphiarthrosis

-example-symphysis pubis, intervertebral discs

Term
Functions of Synovial fluid
Definition

1. Shock absorber

2. Nourishes chondrocytes by entering and exiting the articular cartilages due to the forces acting on the joint

3. Lubricates the surfaces of the articular cartilages on the ends of the bones

Term

Terrible triad

-action that causes it

-ligaments torn

-what is felt by patient

-How to repair

Definition

-Medial collateral ligament and medial meniscus injury

-Lateral blow to the knee

-rupture of MCL and tear of medial meniscus, can include the ACL

-Patient hears a pop and feels a tear

-MCL heals with time, T-Tri requires surgury

Term
Ligament that runs down anterior side of vertebrae
Definition
anterior longitudinal ligament
Term
[image]
Definition
Pectoral Girdle Ligaments
Term
[image]
Definition
Pelvic Girdle Ligaments I
Term
[image]
Definition
Pelvic Girdle Ligaments II
Term
[image]
Definition
Knee Ligaments
Term
[image]
Definition
Ankle and Foot Ligaments
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