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Anatomy
Chapter 3
53
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
02/09/2011

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Term
Chromatin
Definition
Structures in the nucleus that carry the hereditary factors (genes)
Term
Nuclear Enevelope
Definition
The nucleus is bound by a double-layered porous membrane called...
Term
Nuclear pores
Definition
found on the nuclear envelope they permit easy passage of protein and RNA molecules
Term
Plasma Membrane
Definition
Separates cell contents from the surrounding environment. Its main structural building blocks are phospholipids (fats) and gobular protein molecules, but some of the externally facing proteins and lipids have carbohydrate side chains attached to them that are important in cellular interactions
Term
Microvilli
Definition
greatly increase the surface area of the cell available for absorption or passage of materials and for the binding of signaling molecules.
Term
cytosol
Definition
the fluid cytoplasmic material
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
Tiny spherical bodies composed of RNA and protein; actual sites of protein synthesis; floating free or attached to a membranous structure (the rough ER0 in the cytoplasm
Term
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
is studded with ribosomes (tubules of the rough ER provide an area for storage and transport of the proteins made on the ribosomes to other cell areas; external face synthesizes phospholipids and cholesterol)
Term
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
has no function in protein synthesis (rather it is a site of steroid and lipid synthesis, lipid metabolism, and drug detoxification)
Term
Golgi Apparatus
Definition
Stack of flattened sacs with bulbous ends and associated small vesicles; found close to the nucleus; plays a role in packaging proteins or other substances for export from the cell or incorporation into the plasma membrane and in packaging lysosomal enzymes
Term
Lysosomes
Definition
Various-sized membranous sacs containing digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases); function to digest worn out cell organelles and foreign substances that enter the cell; have the capacity of total cell destruction if ruptured
Term
Peroxisomes
Definition
Small lysosome-like membranous sacs containing oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
Generally rod-shaped bodies with a double membrane wall; inner membrane is thrown into folds, or cristae; contain enzymes that oxidize foodstuffs to produce cellular energy (ATP); often referred to as "powerhouses of the cell"
Term
Centioles
Definition
Paired, cylindrical bodies lie at right angles to each other, close to the nucleus; direct the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division; form the bases of cilia and flagella
Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition
Literally, cell skeleton. An elaborate series of rods running through the cystol, supporting cellular structures and providing the machinery to generate various cell movements.
Term
Microtubule
Definition
One of three types of rods in the cytoskeleton of a cell; hollow tubes made of spherical protein that determine the cell shape as well as the distribution of cellular organelles.
Term
Intermediate Filaments
Definition
are stable proteinaceous cytoskeltal elements that act as internal guy wires to resist mechanical forces acting on cells
Term
Microfilaments
Definition
Thin strands of the contractile protein actin.
Term
Tight Junctions
Definition
impermeable junctions prevent molecules from passing through the intercellular space.
Term
Desmosomes
Definition
Anchoring junctions bind adjacent cells together and help form an internal tension-reducing network of fibers
Term
Gap Junctions
Definition
communicating junctions allow ions and small molecules to pass from one cell to the net for intercellular communication.
Term
Tight Junctions between epithelial cells lining the digestive tract keep digestive enzymes and microorganisms in the intestine from seeping into the bloodstream.
Definition
Importance of Tight Junctions
Term
Desmosome
Definition
are abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress, such as skin and heart muscle.
Term
Gap Junction
Definition
present in electrically excitable tissues, such as the heart and smooth muscle, where ion passage from cell to cell helps synchronize their electrical activity and contraction.
Term
Gap Junction
Definition
present in electrically excitable tissues, such as the heart and smooth muscle, where ion passage from cell to cell helps synchronize their electrical activity and contraction.
Term
Diffusion
Definition
the tendency of molecules or ions to move from an area where they are in higher concentration to an area where they are in lower concentrations, that is, down or along their concentration gradient.
Term
Concentration Gradient
Definition
The difference in the concentration of a particular substance between two different areas.
Term
Osmosis
Definition
diffusion of a solvent such as water through a specific channel protein or through the lipid bilayer
Term
Active (Transport) process
Definition
(1) Membrane transport processes for which ATP is required, e.g., solute pumping and endocytosis. (2) “Active transport” also refers specifically to solute pumping.
Term
Isotonic Solutions
Definition
Cells retain their normal size and shape(same solute concentration as inside cells)
Term
Hypertonic
Definition
Cells lose water by osmosis and shrink (contains a higher concentration of solutes than are present inside teh cells)
Term
hypotonic
Definition
Cells take on water by osmosis until they become bloated and burst ( contains a lower concentration of solutes than are present in cells)
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
the type of endocytosis in which teh cell engulfs some relatively larege or solid material
Term
Pinocytosis
Definition
cell drinking (important in your digestive system)
Term
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
Definition
These proteins can be enzymes (green spheres)
These are smaller molecules but very specific
Term
Aerobic cellular respiration
Definition
require oxygen
Term
anaerobic cellular respiration
Definition
does not require oxygen
Term
Ribosomes, Rough ER, Golgi Apparatus
Definition
Organelles involved in protein synthesis
Term
dna
Definition
what is the master blueprint for protein synthesis
Term
-DNA serves as master blueprint for protein synthesis
-Genes are segments of DNA carrying instructions for a polypeptide chain
-Triplets of nucleotide bases form the genetic library
-Each triplet specifies coding for an amino acid
Definition
Protein Synthesis
Term
mRNA
Definition
carries the genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm
Term
tRNA
Definition
bind to amnio acids base pair with the codons of mRNA at the ribosome to begin the process of protein synthesis
Term
rRNA
Definition
a structural component of ribosomes
Term
Transcription
Definition
transfer of information from the strand of DNA to RNA
Term
4 phases of mitosis
Definition
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Term
Mitosis
Definition
the series of events that parcel out the relicated DNA of the moether cell to two daughter cells.
Term
Interphase
Definition
the period of a cell's life when it is carrying out its normal metabolic activities and growing.
Term
Prophase
Definition
nuclear envelope dissapears
Term
Metaphase
Definition
The chromosomes cluster at the middle of the cell precisely in line with the exact center of the cell
Term
Anaphase
Definition
begins abruptly as the centromeres of the chromosomes split, and each chromatid now becomes a choromosome in its own right.
Term
Telophase
Definition
Cleavage furrow shows up... two nuclei begin forming
Term
UAA UAG UGA
Definition
how to say stop in DNA
Term
UAA UAG UGA
Definition
how to say stop in DNA
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