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Anatomy
Chapter 2
67
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
02/09/2011

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Term
Inorganic Molecules
Definition
- Do not contain carbon
- Formed between metals and nonmetals
- Ionic bonding
Term
Organic Molecules
Definition
- Must contain carbon
- Usually large
- Covalently Bonded
- Formed between interactions between nonmeatals
Term
Polar Solvent properties of water
Definition
They orient themselves with their slightly negative ends toward the positive ends of the solutes, and vice versa, first attracting the solute molecules, and then surrounding them. This explains why ionic compounds and other small reactive molecules dissociate in water, their ions separating from each other and becoming evenly scattered in the water forming true solutions.
Term
Hydrolysis Reaction
Definition
Example: foods are digested to their building blocks by adding a water molecule to each bond to be broken. Water added is decomposing the substance.
Term
Dehydration Synthesis
Definition
When large carbohydrate or protein molecules are synthesized from smaller molecules, a water molecule is removed for every bond formed.
Term
Hydrogen Bonds
Definition
form when a hydrogen atom is attracted by another electron-hungry atom, so that a "bridge" forms between them.
Term
Hydrogen Bonds
Definition
important intramolecular bonds, which hold different parts of a single large molecule in a specific three-dimensional shape. Some large biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, have numerous ____________ that help maintain and stabilize their structures.
Term
Acids
Definition
Acids are proton (hydrogen ion) donors
(release H+ in solution)
HCl → H+ + Cl–
Term
Bases
Definition
- Bases are proton acceptors (take up H+ from solution)
- NaOH → Na+ + OH–
- OH– accepts an available proton (H+)
- OH– + H+ → H2O
Term
Bases
Definition
above 7
Term
Acids
Definition
Below 7
Term
Buffers
Definition
homeostasis of acid-base balance in carefully regulated by the kidneys and lungs and by chemical systems (proteins and other types of molecules) called ______
Term
Buffers
Definition
resist abrupt and large swings in the pH of body fluids by releasing hydrogen ions (acting as acids) when the pH begins to rise and by binding hydroge ions (acting as bases) when the pH drops.
Term
because blood comes into close contact with nearly every blood cell. Normally, blood pH varies within a very narrow range (7.35 to 7.45) If blood pH varies from these limits by more than a few tenths, it may be fatal.
Definition
Why is regulation of pH particularly critical to the body?
Term
Salts
Definition
an ionic compound containing cations other than H+ and anions other than the hydroxyl ion (OH-)
Term
Salt
Definition
-dissociate in water
- Ions (electrolytes) conduct electrical currents in solution
Term
Calcium
Definition
Common Uses of Electrolytes:

Muscle Contraction
Term
Sodium and potassium
Definition
Common Uses of Electrolytes:

Nerve Impulses
Term
Potassium and calcium
Definition
Common Uses of Electrolytes:

Blood Clotting
Term
Calcium
Definition
Common Uses of Electrolytes:

Bone Development
Term
Magnesium
Definition
Common Uses of Electrolytes:

Co-enzymes (help facilitate a reaction)
Term
Phosphate
Definition
Common Uses of Electrolytes:

Formation of ATP,DNA, and RNA
Term
Homeostatic role of the kidneys
Definition
maintaining proper ionic balance in our body fluids
Term
Solute
Definition
the substance that is dissolved in a solution
Term
Solvents
Definition
usually liquids such as water
Term
Solution
Definition
homogeneous mixtures of components that may be gases, liquids, or solids. Example: air we breathe ( a mixture of gases) and sea water (a mixture of salts, which are solids, and water)
Term
Carbohydrates
Definition
a group of molecules that includes sugars and starches, represent 1-2% of cell mass. Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and generally the hydrogen and oxygen atoms occur in the same 2:1 ratio as in water
Term
Carbohydrates
Definition
Function: Major source of cellular fuel
Term
Monosaccharides
Definition
single-chain or single-ring structures containing from three to seven carbon atoms.
Term
Monosaccharides
Definition
Examples
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Deoxyribose
Ribose
Term
Disaccharide
Definition
formed when two monosaccharides are joined by dehydration synthesis. A water molecule is lost as the bond is made.
Term
Sucrose
Definition
Disaccharides:

Glucose+Fructose
Term
Maltose
Definition
Disaccharides:

Glucose+Glucose
Term
Lactose
Definition
Disaccharides:

Galactose+Glucose
Term
Polysaccharides
Definition
polymers of simple sugars linked together by dehydration synthesis. Ideal storage products. They lack the sweetness of simple and double sugars.
Term
Starch and Glycogen
Definition
Two examples of polysaccharides
Term
Starch
Definition
the storage carbohydrate formed by plants
Term
Glycogen
Definition
the storage carbohydrate of animal tissues
Term
Lipids
Definition
Organic compound formed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; examples are fats and cholesterol. Do not have the same 2 to 1 hydrogen oxygen atom ratio as carbohydrates
Term
Lipids
Definition
Function: energy storage, insulation in the body, and protection
Term
Fat Synthesis
Definition
involves attaching three fatty acid chains to a single glycerol molecule by dehydration synthesis.
Term
Neutral Fats (Triglycerides)
Definition
Consist of fatty acid chains and glycerol; also called triglycerides or triacylglycerols. Commonly known as oils when liquid.
Term
Triglycerides
Definition
Function:

provide the body's most efficient and compact form of store energy, and when they are oxidized, they yield large amounts of energy
Term
Saturated
Definition
Fatty acid chains with only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms
Term
Unsatturated (mono and ply unsaturated)
Definition
fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms
Term
Phospholipids
Definition
although the hydrocarbon portion of the molecule in nonpolar (the tail) and interacts only with nonpolar molecules, the phosphorous-containing part (the head) is polar and attracts other polar or charged particles, such as water or ions.
Term
Phospholipids
Definition
Function: used as the chief material for building cellular membranes
Term
Steroids
Definition
Group of chemical substances including certain hormones and cholesterol; they are fat soluble and contain little oxygen.
Term
cholesterol
Definition
single most important molecule in our steroid chemistry
Term
Cholesterol
Definition
found in cell membranes and is the raw material for synthesis of vitamin D. steroid hormones, and bile salts.
Term
Protein
Definition
long chains of amino acids joined together by dehydration synthesis, with the amine end of the amino acid linked to the acid end of the next
Term
20
Definition
How many amino acids are there?
Term
Peptide Bond
Definition
Bond joining the amine group of one amino acid to the acid carboxyl group of a second amino acid with the loss of a water molecule.
Term
Primary Structure
Definition
The sequence of amino acids forms the polypeptide chain
Term
Secondary Structure
Definition
The primary chain forms spirals(alpha helices) and sheets (betas sheets)
Term
Tertiary Structure
Definition
superimposed on secondary structure. alpha helices and/or beta sheets are folded up to form a compact goubluar molecule held together by intramolecular bonds.
Term
Quaternary Structure
Definition
Two or more polypeptide chains, each with its own tertiary structure, combine to form a functional protein.
Term
DNA
Definition
it replicates itself before a cell divides, ensuring that it provides the basic instructions for building every protein in the body.
Term
DNA
Definition
it provides basic instructions for building every protein in the body
Term
Nucleotide
Definition
Building block of nucleic acids; consists of a sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and a phosphate group.
Term
A,C,G,T
Definition
What are the 4 bases of DNA
Term
Deoxyribose
Definition
What is the pentose sugar of DNA?
Term
RNA
Definition
located outside of the nucleus
Term
A,G,C, U
Definition
What are the four RNA bases?
Term
ATP
Definition
the primary energy-transferring molecule in cells and it provides a form of energy that is immediately usable by all body cells
Term
ATP
Definition
an adenine- containing RNA nucleotide to which two additional phosphate groups have been added.
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