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Anatomy
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32
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
04/18/2014

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Term
megakaryocyte
Definition
basically a white blood cell; but it fragments and becomes platelets
Term
blood travels from the right ventricle to the lungs through the pulmonary ______, which then becomes the pulmonary _________
Definition
pulmonary trunk --> pulmonary arteries
Term
myocardium
Definition
heart muscle
Term
diastole and systole
Definition
diastole: heart is relaxed; atria contract, forcing blood into the ventricles

systole: ventricles contract, forcing blood out of pulmonary trunk and aorta
Term
sinoatrial node/SA node/Sinus node
Definition
in the right atrium near the opening of the superior vena cava; the heart's natural pacemaker, about 120 impulses/minute
Term
vagus nerve in the heart
Definition
parasympathetic nervous system
slows down the SA node to a normal heartrate of 50-75 impulses/minute
Term
AV node/atrioventricular node
Definition
at the intersection of the four heart chambers; conducts the SA node's electrical impulse through the heart via the bundle of His and then the Purkinje fibers, which spread throughout the ventricle walls.
Term
hematocrit
Definition
the percentage of whole blood volume that's red blood cells
Term
serum
Definition
blood without any proteins in it (aka defibrinated plasma)
Term
hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure
Definition
hydrostatic: water tries to flow out of capillaries into tissues

oncotic: water tries to stay in capillaries; caused by protein concentration like serum albumin
Term
a breakdown of capillary walls could cause edema. What is edema?
Definition
Oncotic pressure can't hold the water in, so it flows out into the tissues.
Term
thoracic duct vs. right lymphatic duct
Definition
these are the two major ducts of the lympatic system. The thoracic duct takes care of the lower body and the upper left body; the right lymphatic duct takes care of the upper right side of the body.
Term
lymph nodes
Definition
found along the lymphatic vessels; contain lymphocytes, which are a kind of leukocyte which fights infection.
Term
spleen and thymus
Definition
- both part of lymphatic system

spleen: basically a big lymph node, but it filters blood instead of the lymph fluid.

thymus: lymph organ; T-lymphocytes mature here. it degenerates after adolescence.
Term
T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes
Definition
T lymphocytes: cell-mediated immunity. (this means no antibodies, just cells eating nasy stuff.) mature in the thymus.

B lymphocytes: humoral immunity - i.e. antibodies.
Term
in the stomach, HCl is released by ________, which then activates ___________, secreted by chief cells, into _______.
Definition
HCl is released by parietal cells --> activates the pepsinogen secreted by chief cells into pepsin
Term
peristalsis
Definition
the esophagus pushing food down into the stomach.
Term
pancreatic duct
Definition
how pancreatic enzymes like trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen get into the small intestine.
Term
an inactive enzyme, like pepsinogen or trypsinogen, is called
Definition
a zymogen
Term
enterokinase/enteropeptidase
Definition
an enzyme in the small intestine that cleaves trypsinogen into trypsin after trypsinogen has been secreted by the pancreas through the pancreatic duct.
Term
name the four digestive enzymes secreted from the pancreas into the small intestine
Definition
1. pancreatic amylase (digests carbs/starch)
2. trypsin/chymotrypsin (proteins)
3. lipase (fats)
Term
bile is produced in the _________ and stored in the __________
Definition
bile: produced in the liver, stored in the gall bladder.
Term
what is the function of bile?
Definition
it's an emulsifying agent that gets poured into the small intestine from the gall bladder through the common bile duct. It breaks up lipid globs so the lipase can work on it with greater surface area.
Term
ileocecal valve
Definition
how food gets from the small intestine through into the large intestine
Term
what are the principal inorganic constituents of bone?
Definition
calcium and phosphorus
Term
hydroxyapatite
Definition
the crytalline combination of calcium and phosphate in bone
Term
type I collagen and ground substance
Definition
the organic component of the bone matrix. Ground substance is made of glycosamines and proteins.
Term
osteocytes
Definition
bone cells that hang out in lacunae (little spaces in the bone matrix) and maintain the matrix. they are osteoblasts with reduced collagen-making ability.
Term
red marrow and yellow marrow
Definition
red marrow: red blood cell and platelet production. In adults, mostly hangs out in flat bones like ribs and skull bones.

yellow marrow: full of adipocytes (fat cells)
Term
osteon/Haversian system
Definition
the unit of compact bone. Concentric circles running around it: lamellae. Channel down the middle: Haversian canal.
Term
thin segments of bone surrounding marrow spaces in spongy bone
Definition
spicules
Term
there are three kinds of joints: fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial. The most flexible joints are:
Definition
synovial.
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