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anatomy
osseous tissue and bones
87
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
09/21/2012

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Term
osseous tissue and bone function
Definition
-maintain body shape
-support soft tissues
-protect internal organs
-act as a lever arms to permit movement
-store mineral ions
-manufacture blood cells (hematopoesis)
Term
osseous tissue and bones
maintain body shape
Definition
provides a hard framework that supports the body and cradles its soft organs
Term
osseous tissue and bones
protect internal organs
Definition
fused bones of the skull protect the brain Vertebral column protects the spinal cord
-rib cage protects the heart and lungs
Term
osseous tissue and bones
act as lever arms to permit movement
Definition
skeleton muscles use the bones as levers to move the body and its parts
Term
osseous tissue and bones
store minerals and ions
Definition
reservoir for calcium, phosphate, magnesium, sodium, potassium. sulfate, carbonate, hydroxide ions
Term
osseous tissue and bones
manufacture blood cells
(hematopesis)
Definition
blood cell production occurs within the marrow cavities of certain bones
Term
categories of bones
Definition
macroscopic-shape
microscopic
Term
macroscopic-shape
Definition
-long
-short/round
-flat
-irregular
Term
microscopic
Definition
-compact
-spongy
Term
macroscopic shape
long
Definition
-considerably longer than wide
-made of a shaft and two ends
-primarily made of COMPACT BONES
-but many have spongy bone
-all bones of the limbs are long bones except the patella, wrist, ankle bones
Term
macroscopic shape
short/round
Definition
-cubelike
-contains mostly spongy bones
-outer layer of compact bone
-bones of wrist(carpal) and ankle(tarsal)
-SESAMOID BONES are embedded within a tendon
Term
macroscopic shape
flat
Definition
-are thin, flattened, usually a bit curved
-sternum and most of the skull bones
-two outer layers of compact bone seperated by a spongy middle layer (diploe)
Term
macroscopic shape
irregular
Definition
-include vertebrae and hip bones
-have complicated shapes and made mostly of spongy bone enclosed within compact bone
Term
compact
Definition
-appears dense and solid
-structural unit called OSTEON or HAVERSIAN SYSTEM
-growth rings called LAMELLAE which osteocytes embedded within cavities called LACUNAE
-designed to withstand torsion stress (resist twisting)
Term
spongy
Definition
-appears with numerous open cavities and loosely organized
-Trabeculae are aligned with the lines of stress
-no osteons present
Term
short, flat, irregular bones
Definition
1. outer layer of compact bone
2. inner layer of spongy bone(diploe)
Term
Long Bones
Definition
1.diaphysis
2.epiphysis
3.epiphyseal line (adults)
4.epiphyseal plate (children)
5.periosteum
6.atricular cartilage
7.endosteum
8.medullary cavity
Term
Long Bone
diaphysis
Definition
is the shaft which makes up the long axis of the bone
-thick collar of compact bone
-central medullary cavity (marrow cavity)
Term
Long Bone
epiphysis
Definition
-the ends of long bone which are made of spongy bone
-surface is covered with articular cartilage
Term
Long Bone
epiphyseal line (adults)
Definition
remnant of the epiphyseal plate
Term
Long Bone
epiphyseal plate (children)
Definition
a disk of hyaline cartilage that grows to lengthen the bone
Term
Long Bone
periosteum
Definition
-double-layer membrane surrounding the bone
-outer layer is made of dense irregular fibrous connective tissue with an inner layer made of OSTEOGENIC LAYER which contains osteoblasts and or osteoclasts
Term
Long Bone
articular cartilage
Definition
-hyaline caritlage covering the end of the bones
-joint surfaces
Term
Long Bone
endosteum
Definition
-membrane covering the internal bone medullary caivty
-contains both osteoblasts, osteoclasts
Term
Long Bone
medullary cavity
Definition
-central cavity of long bones which contains the bone marrow (yellow or red)
Term
the osteon or
haversian system is
Definition
the basis of compact bone
Term
the osteon or
haversian system is made up of
Definition
-central canal(haversian canal)
-lamellae
-perforating canal (volkmann's canal)
-lacunae
-canaliculi
Term
the osteon or
haversian system
central canal (haversian canal)
Definition
-basis of compact bone
-located in the center of the osteon unit
-contains blood vessels and nerves
Term
the osteon or
haversian system
lamellae
Definition
-cylinder shaped matrix tubes
-adjacent layers run in opposite directions for withstanding twisting and other stress
Term
the osteon or
haversian system
perforating canal (volkmann's canal)
Definition
-run at a right angles to the central canals
-connecting the central canals
Term
the osteon or
haversian system
lucunae
Definition
concaves cavities in which mature bone cells (osteocytes) resides
Term
the osteon or
haversian system
canaliculi
Definition
hairlike canals connecting the lacunae for passage of nutrients
Term
chemical compostition of bone
Definition
-osteoid
-mineral salts (calcium hydroxyapatite)
Term
chemical composition of bone
Osteoid
Definition
-the organic components of bone(proteoglycans, glycoproteins, collagen fibers)
-contribute to the bone's flexibility, tensile strength (ability to resist stretching and twisting)
Term
chemical composition of bone
mineral salts(calcium hydroxyapatite)
Definition
contributes to the bone hardness (resist compression)
Term
cells
Definition
1.osteoblasts
2.osteocytes
3.osteoclasts
4.stem cells
Term
cell
osteoblasts
Definition
bone forming cells
-building the matrix
Term
cell
osteocytes
Definition
mature bone cells
Term
cell
osteoclasts
Definition
break down bone
Term
cell
stem cells (for hematopoesis)
Definition
found in bone marrow
-red, yellow
Term
stem cells
red marrow
Definition
-found in spongy bones
-mostly flat or irregular bones(skull,ribs,and hip bones)
-produces blood cell (both RBC's and WBC's)
Term
stem cells
yellow marrow
Definition
-found in medullary cavity of long bones
-does not produce blood cells
-can be reverted to red marrow
Term
bone landmarks
Definition
bumps and hollows
Term
bone landmarks has
Definition
-projections or processes
-depressions
Term
bone landmarks
projections or processes
line
Definition
narrow ridge of bone
-less prominent then a crest
Term
bone landmarks
projections or processes
crest
Definition
narroe ridge of a bone
-usually prominent
-shin bone
Term
bone landmarks
projections or processes
facet
Definition
smooth nearly flat articular surface
Term
bone landmarks
projections or processes
condyle
Definition
rounded articular surface
Term
bone landmarks
projections or processes
epicondyle
Definition
raised area on or above a condyle
Term
bone landmarks
projections or processes
head
Definition
bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
Term
bone landmarks
projections or processes
spine
Definition
sharp, slender, often pointed projection
Term
bone landmarks
projections or processes
ramus
Definition
armlike bar of bone
Term
bone landmarks
projections or processes
tuberosity
Definition
large rounded projection
-may be roughened
Term
bone landmarks
projections or processes
tubercle
Definition
small rounded projection or process
Term
bone landmarks
projections or processes
trochanter
Definition
very large, blunt irregular shaped process (femor)
Term
depression
fossa
Definition
-shallow basin like depression
-serving as an articular surface
Term
depression
groove
Definition
furrow
Term
depression
fissure
Definition
narrow slit like opening
Term
depression
foramen
Definition
round or oval opening through a bone
Term
depression
meatus
Definition
canal like passage way
Term
depression
sinus
Definition
cavity within a bone
-filled with air
-lined with mucus membranes
Term
osteogenesis
Definition
how bones form
Term
intramembraneous ossification
Definition
most of the bones of the skull and clavicle
Term
intramembraneous ossification is
Definition
-fibrous memebrane forms form mesenchyme cells
-osteoblasts begin to secrete osteoid and then mineralize it (clarification spicules)
-formation of woven bone and peristeum (network of trabeculae=woven bones)
-formation of comapact bone plates and red marrow (spongy bone persists internally and vascular tissue becomes red marrow)
Term
endochondral ossification
Definition
cartilage bone
Term
endochondral ossification has
Definition
1.formation of cartilage model
2.primary ossification center in diaphysis
3.secondary ossification
4.longitudinal growth
5.appositional growth
6.remodeling the Wolff's Rule
Term
primary ossification center in diaphysis
Definition
a.bone collar-formation of compact bone layer around the hyaline cartilage
b.medullary cavity is converted to spongy cartilage, as blood and lymph vessels invade along with nerves
c.osseous sponge replaces cartilage sponge
d.medullary cavity forms
Term
secondary ossification centers in epiphyses
Definition
a.formation delayed until after birth; epiphyseal surfaces are covered with articular (hyaline)cartilage
-epiphyseal plates form at the junction of the epiphysis and diaphysis
b.no medullary cavity
Term
longitudinal growth
Definition
a.chondroblasts in epiphyseal disk accelerate cartilage deposit
b.osteoblasts in primary and secondary ossification centers continue to convert cartilage to osseous tissue (bone)
c.longitudinal growth continues as long as chondroblasts are faster than osteoblasts
Term
appositional growth
Definition
-process of increaseing thickness(diameter)of bones
-osteoblasts beneath periosteum secrete bone matrix on the external surface of the bone
-osteoclasts on the endosteum surface of the diphysis(shaft) remove bone
Term
remodeling and Wolff's rule
Definition
-a bone grows or remodels in response to teh forces of demands placed on it
--mechanical stress (muscle pull) and gravity promote skeletal remodling
-keeping the bones strong where stressors are acting
Term
osteomalacia and
rickets
Definition
defective mineralization results in soft bones(lack of vitamin d for reabsorption of calcium)
Term
osteoporosis
Definition
-lack of bone mass; especially spongy bone
-lack of exercise, estrogen; increases brittleness
Term
paget disease of the bone
Definition
-rapid, disorderly bone remodling
-resulting in weak and deformed bones
Term
fracture types
Definition
a.simple
b.compound
c.spiral
d.greenstick
e.compression
f.depressed
g.impacted
Term
simple fracture
Definition
non-displaced
-skin not broken
Term
compound frature
Definition
-opened displaced
-skin broken
-bone protrudes through skin
Term
spiral fracture
Definition
fractures around the long axis of the shaft
Term
greenstick fracture
Definition
bone is bent on one side
-incomplete fracture on the other side
Term
compression fracture
Definition
bone is crushed
Term
depressed fracture
Definition
impact forms a concave cavity (skull fractures)
Term
impacted fracture
Definition
one bone fragment is driven into the medullary or spongy bone of another bone
Term
repairs of fractures
Definition
a.hematoma
b.soft or fibrous callus
c.hard or bony callus
d.remodeling
Term
hematoma
Definition
fracture breaks blood vessels causing the formation of a blood clot
Term
soft or fibrous callus
Definition
fibrocartilage replaces the broken bone
Term
hard or bony callus
Definition
fibrocartilage is replaced by compact bone
Term
remodeling
Definition
-hard callus remains for 3-4 weeks
-osteoclast dissolve fragments of broken bone
-osteoblast fill the gaps between broken parts
-fibrocartilage (and spongy bone) is ocnverted to compact bone
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