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Anatomy
Lungs (G05) - Mediastina (G07)
50
Anatomy
Professional
08/30/2008

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Cards

Term
Diaphragm
Definition
attachments: Xiphoid process, costal margin of thoracic wall, ends of ribs XI and XII, vert. of the lumbar region, ligaments across the back of abd. wall.
Vascularization: pericardiacophrenic, superior and inferior phrenic arteries, musculophrenic
Innervation: phrenic nerves
Term
Types of pluera in teh thorax
Definition
visceral and parietal (costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic, cervicle)
Term
Two recesses in the thorax
Definition
costodiaphragmatic and costomediastinal
Term
Types of reflections in the thorax
Definition
pleural and diaphragmatic
Term
Location of pulmonary arteries (lateral veiw of the lung)
Definition
Right lung: Pulmonary artery is found anterior and mostly parallel but actually slightly inferior to the bronchus.
Left lung: the left lung is different, it is completely superior to everything, including the bronchus right below it.
Term
how is the left lung different from right?
Definition
The left lung has only two lobes whereas the right has three (superior middle and inferior--seperated by horizontal and oblique fissures respectively) the left lung has a cardiac notch and a lingula. orientation of p. arteries is also diff.
Term
What are the lymph nodes in the lungs called?
Definition
tracheobronchial lymph nodes
Term
The point at which the trachea bifurcates into the right and left main bronchus is called what?
Definition
carina (see pg. 151 of grays)
Term
describe order of airflow into the lungs.
Definition
trachea, right and left main bronchi (primary bronchi), lobar bronchi (secondary bronchi), segmental bronchi (tertiary bronchi).
Term
explain the sympathetic innervation of the pulmonary plexus:
Definition
postganglionic fibers from T1-T4 levels of the sympathetic trunk contribute to the pulmonary plexus causing bronchodialation and vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels.
Term
describe parasymp. effects on the pulmonary plexus:
Definition
comes via the vegas nerve (C.N.-X)--causes bronchoconstriction and vasodialation of the pulmonary vessels.
Term
What are the layers of the pericardium?
Definition
Fibrous pericardium, serous pericardium, visceral pericardium and pericardial space.
Term
What is the vascularization and innervation of the pericardium?
Definition
innervation: phrenic nerve
vasc.: pericardiophrenic vessels
Term
what are the 3 layers of the heart?
Definition
endocardium, myocardium, epicardium
Term
Where does the right coronary artery originate from?
Definition
the right aortic sinus.
Term
how many branches of the right coronary artery are there and what are they?
Definition
There are 3 main branches: SA nodal or Atrial branch, the acute marginal branch, and the posterior interventricular branch. (note:there is also a AV nodal branch, but this is not required for lab portion)
Term
From where does the left coronary artery originate?
Definition
the left aortic sinus
Term
What are the branches of the left coronary artery.
Definition
There are also three branches of the left coronary artery: the Anterior interventricular branch, the circumflex branch, and left marginal artery.
Term
Which cardiac veins drain into the coronary sinus?
Definition
Great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, and small cardiac vein)
Term
Which cardiac vein drians directly into the right atrium?
Definition
Anterior cardiac veins.
Term
Describe the path of the Great cardiac vein:
Definition
Originates on the anterior surface of the heart, near the apex and ascends with the left anterior interventricular coronary artery.
Term
Describe the path of the middle cardiac vein:
Definition
It originates on the posterior surface of the heart, ascends with the posterior interventricular coronary a.
Term
Describe the path of the small cardiac vein
Definition
originates on the anterior surface of the heart, on the inferior margin of the right ventricle, it ascends with the right marginal coronary a.
Term
Describe the path of the anterior cardiac vv.
Definition
spider over the right atrium and drain directly into it.
Term
describe sympathetic innervation of the heart:
Definition
increases heart rate and force of contraction, dialates the coronary a's.
Term
parasympathetic innervation on heart:
Definition
decreases heart rate, constricts coronary a's.
Term
What are the three important structures in the heart responsible for regulating conduction pathways:
Definition
the SA node known as the "pace-maker", the AV node, and the atrioventricular bundle (of HIS).
Term
Where is the SA node located?
Definition
where the right atrium meets the SVC. at the superior end of the crista terminalis.
Term
Where is the AV node located?
Definition
interatrial septum, just superior to the coronary sinus
Term
Where is the Atrioventricular Bundle of his?
Definition
begins at the AV node and descends and divides into the right and left bundles corresponding to the right and left ventricles, then travels up from apex to the aortic and pulmonic valves.
Term
What are the bounderies and anatomical contents of the mediastina?
Definition
medial to the pleural sacs, between the sternum and the vert. column, 1st rib and diaphragm.
Term
how many sub-parts of the mediastina are there? what are they?
Definition
2 parts: inferior and superior (divided by plane b/w t4/t5)--the inferior is further divided into anterior, middle and posterior parts.
Term
What is considered part of the anterior mediastinum?
Definition
region b/w the sternal angle, pericardial sac and diaphragm. (contains the inferior part of the thymus)
Term
What is considered part of the middle mediastinum?
Definition
contains the pericardial sac and heart.
Term
What is considered part of the posterior mediastinum?
Definition
contains the structures deep to the pericardial sac: the thoracic aorta, azygos system, thoracic duct, esophagus, vagus and symp. nerves. (this is the portion that we deal with most in this unit)
Term
What is considered part of the superior mediastinum?
Definition
region superior to the sternal angle, it contains aortic arch (its 3 branches), SVC, braciocephalic veins, trachea, esophagus, phrenic and vagus nerves and thymus tissue.
Term
location of the thymus?
Definition
most anterior component of the superior mediastinum, immediately posterior to the manubrium.
Term
function of the thymus?
Definition
in early development, its very imp. in the development of the immune system and is large in the child. (until puberty)
Term
age related changes in the thymus?
Definition
The thymus begins to atrophy at puberty. Is small in adults and is mostly fatty tissue.
Term
What is the ligamentum arteriosum?
Definition
remnant of the fetal ductus arteriousus. runs from the inferior surface of the aortic arch to left pulmonary vein.
Term
what are the three branches off the aortic arch?
Definition
From right to left: Brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian.
Term
What union forms the braciocephalic veins?
Definition
the internal jugular veins and subclavian veins.
Term
the two brachiocephalic veins come together to make what?
Definition
The Superior vena cava.--(this drains blood from ALL regions above the diaphragm except the heart into the right atrium.)
Term
What nerve innervates the diaphragm?
Definition
phrenic nerve (C3-5)
Term
what are the spinal levels for the greater splanchnic nerve?
Definition
T5-9
Term
what are the spinal levels for the lesser splanchnic nerve?
Definition
T10-11
Term
what are the spinal levels for the least splanchnic nerve?
Definition
T12
Term
Where does the thoracic lymphatic duct drain?
Definition
into the junction of the left internal jugular and subclavian vv.
Term
Where does the azygos system drain?
Definition
SVC
Term
At what spinal level does the aorta perforate the diaphragm?
Definition
T12
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