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Anatomy
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112
Anatomy
Graduate
08/16/2012

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Term
Trapezius Origin
Definition
Medial 1/3 of superior nuchal line and occipital protuberance
of the cranium, nuchal ligament, spinous processes of C7-T12 vertebrae
Term
Trapezius Insertion
Definition
Lateral 1/3 of clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula.
Term
Action of superior fibers of trapezius
Definition
elevate the scapula
Term
Action of middle fibers of trapezius
Definition
retract the scapula
Term
Action of inferior fibers of trapezius
Definition
depress the scapula
Term
Action of all fibers of trapezius contracting
Definition
scapula rotates
Term
Classic direction of herniation
Definition
Posterior lateral
Term
Trapezius Blood Supply
Definition
Transverse Cervical Artery
Term
Trapezius Innervation
Definition
Spinal Accessory Nerve 11
Term
Rhomboid Major Blood Supply
Definition
Dorsal Scapular Artery
Term
Rhomboid Minor Blood Supply
Definition
Dorsal Scapular Artery
Term
Rhomboid Minor Innervation
Definition
Dorsal Scapular Nerve
Term
Rhomboid Major Innervation
Definition
Dorsal Scapular Nerve
Term
Latissimus Dorsi Blood Supply
Definition
Thoracodorsal Artery
Term
Latissimus Dorsi Innervation
Definition
Thoracodorsal Nerve
Term
Levator Scapula Blood Supply
Definition
Dorsal Scapular and Transverse Cervical Artery
Term
Levator Scapula Innervation
Definition
Dorsal Scapular Nerve
Term
Erector Spinae Muscles
Definition
Spinalis, Longissimus, Illiocostalis
Term
Central Nervous System
Definition
Brain and Spinal Cord
Term
Peripheral Nervous System
Definition
The spinal nerves and all of their branches
Term
Five Regions of the Spinal Cord
Definition
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccygeal
Term
Afferent Neurons
Definition
Carry information from the periphery toward the CNS and ascend the spinal cord to the brain
Term
First Order Afferent
Definition
peripheral sensory nerves whose cell bodies lie within the dorsal root ganglia
Term
Second Order Afferent
Definition
Sensory Neurons that have cell bodies located in the gray matter of the CNS
Term
Efferent Neurons
Definition
descend from the brain through the spinal cord and carry information toward the periphery
Term
Lower Motor Neurons
Definition
Have cell bodies located in the ventral horn of the gray matter and their axons terminate on effector organs in the periphery
Term
Upper Motor Neurons
Definition
efferent neurons that descend the spinal cord to synapse on lower motor neurons
Term
End of Spinal Cord
Definition
Conus Medullaris
Term
White Matter
Definition
Contains axons/dendrites and is mostly myelinated. Decreases inferiorly down spinal cord.
Term
Gray Matter
Definition
Contains neuronal cell bodies and is mostly unmyelinated.
Term
Where Lateral Horns of Gray Matter Exist
Definition
Between T1-L2 spinal cord levels
Term
Number of pairs of Spinal Nerves
Definition
31 pairs
Term
Number of Spinal Nerves by Spinal Region
Definition
Cervical-8, Thoracic-12, Lumbar-5, Sacral-5, Coccygeal-1
Term
C1 Spinal Nerve Exits Vertebral Canal
Definition
Superior to C1 Vertebra
Term
C2-C7 Spinal Nerves Exit Vertebral Canal
Definition
Through the intervertebral foramina superior to the arch of the vertebra of the same number
Term
Thoracic Spinal Nerves Exit the Vertebral Canal
Definition
Through the intervertebral foramen inferior to the arch of the vertebra of the same number.
Term
Lumbar Spinal Nerves Exit the Vertebral Canal
Definition
Through the intervertebral foramen inferior to the arch of the vertebra of the same number
Term
Ventral Rami of Sacral Spinal Nerves Exit the Vertebral Canal
Definition
Through Anterior Sacral Foramina
Term
Dorsal Rami of Sacral Spinal Nerves Exit the Vertebral Canal
Definition
Through Posterior Sacral Foramina
Term
Coccygeal Spinal Nerves Exit the Vertebral Canal
Definition
Through the Sacral Hiatus
Term
Dermatome
Definition
Region of cutaneous innervation by a single spinal nerve. No Dermatome for C1 spinal Nerve or Co1 spinal nerve.
Term
Arterial Supply to Spinal Cord
Definition
Anterior Spinal Artery-supplies 2/3
Two Paired Posterior Spinal Arteries-supply 1/6 each
Term
Venous Drainage of Spinal Cord
Definition
3 Anterior Spinal Veins and 3 Posterior Spinal Veins that form an anastomotic plexus around the spinal cord. No valves so infection can spread freely
Term
The posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia attachment
Definition
Spinous process of lumbar vertebrae and the median sacral crest
Term
Tendonous origin of the latissimus dorsi
Definition
Posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia
Term
The tendonous origin of the serratus posterior inferior
Definition
Posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia
Term
The middle layer of the thoracolumbar fascia attaches
Definition
Transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae
Term
Where we artificially divide the “back” from the “posterior abdominal wall.”
Definition
The middle layer of thoracolumbar fascia
Term
Anterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia attachment
Definition
Transverse processes of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae.
Term
Splenius muscles function
Definition
extend the head and neck when contracting bilaterally and rotate of the head and neck when the contraction is unilateral
Term
Splenius Capitus Attachments
Definition
spinous processes of the C7-T4 vertebrae and the inferior portion of the nuchal ligament inferiorly, and to the lateral third of the superior nuchal line on the occipital bone and the mastoid process on the temporal bone.
Term
Splenius cervicis attachment
Definition
spinous processes of the T3-T6 vertebrae inferiorly and to the transverse processes of the C1-C3 vertebrae superiorly
Term
The erector spinae muscles common attachment
Definition
tendon attached to the spinous processes of inferior lumbar vertebrae, posterior sacrum, iliac crest, and sacroiliac ligaments.
Term
Iliocostalis attachments
Definition
Fibers arise from the common tendon of the erector spinae and lower ribs inferiorly and attach to the angle of the ribs
Term
Longissimus attachments
Definition
Transverse processes of the vertebrae inferiorly, to the ribs (lateral to the tubercle), and to the transverse processes of vertebrae and mastoid processes superiorly.
Term
Regions of iliocostalis
Definition
lumborum, thoracis, cervicis
Term
Regions of longissimus
Definition
thoracis, cervicis, capitus
Term
Regions of spinalis
Definition
thoracis, cervicis, capitus
Term
Spinalis attachments
Definition
spinous processes of inferior vertebrae and to spinous processes of superior vertebrae.
Term
The Transversospinalis muscles are
Definition
Semispinalis, Multifidus, Rotares
Term
Semispinalis span length
Definition
4-6 vertebral levels
Term
Semispinalis attachments
Definition
inferiorly to transverse processes and superiorly to spinous processes and the occipital bone of the skull between the inferior and superior nuchal lines
Term
Regions of Semispinalis
Definition
thoracis, cervicis, capitus
Term
Multifidus span length
Definition
2-4 vertebral levels (sacrum to C2)
Term
Multifidus attachments
Definition
transverse process inferiorly to spinous process superiorly
Term
Rotatores longus span length
Definition
2 vertebral levels (sacrum to C2)
Term
Rotatores brevis span length
Definition
1 vertebral level (sacrum to C2)
Term
Rotatores attachments
Definition
tranverse process of one vertebrae and the spinous process of a vertebra above (1 or 2 up depending on longus or brevis)
Term
The segmental muscles
Definition
Interspinales, Intertransversarii, and Levatores costarum
Term
Intertransversarii attachments
Definition
transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae.
Term
Interspinales attachments
Definition
spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae
Term
Levatores costarum attachments
Definition
transverse processes of C7-T11, and the fibers run inferolaterally to attach to the rib below
Term
Intrinsic back muscles innervation
Definition
posterior  rami  of  spinal  nerves (which also do cutaneous innervation of overlying skin)
Term
Do intervertebral discs have their own innervation?
Definition
Yes, the discs themselves have three nerve endings and can be independently painful
Term
Synovial joint in the spine
Definition
zygapophyseal joint
Term
Location of spinal tap
Definition
between L3 and L4 vertebrae typically, but could be between L2 and S2
Term
Kyphosis
Definition
curving of the spine that causes a bowing or rounding of the back, which leads to a hunchback or slouching posture
Term
Lordosis
Definition
inward curvature of a portion of the lumbar and cervical vertebral column
Term
Spina Bifada Occulta
Definition
Neural tube defect where the vertebral arch is unfused. Tuft of hair where only skin is covering.
Term
Spina Bifida with meningomyelocele
Definition
Neural tube defect with a membranous sac protruding and a displaced spinal cord in it.
Term
Retinaculum function
Definition
fibrous band that binds down tendons and provides tunnels for vessels
Term
Axillary Lymph Nodes
Definition
Apical, Central, Lateral (Humoral), Posterior (Subscapular), Anterior (Pectoral)
Term
Drains lymph from median antebrachium
Definition
Cubital lymph nodes
Term
Breast Cancer Staging depends on
Definition
knowing lymph drainage
Term
3 Ways cancers can metastasize
Definition
Lymphatics, local tissues, veins
Term
Where most of the breast tissue lymph drains into
Definition
The anterior (pectoral) lymph nodes, which drains into the central and apical lymph nodes
Term
Deep lymph destination that receives about 25% of breast lymph
Definition
Internal thoracic lymph nodes
Term
Level I Nodes
Definition
Inferior to pectoralis minor (low)
Term
Level II Nodes
Definition
Deep to pectoralis minor (middle)
Term
Level III Nodes
Definition
Superior to pectoralis minor, between pectoralis minor and the clavicle (upper or apical)
Term
Sentinel lymph node
Definition
the first node that the cancer should have spread to (metastasized)
Term
Benefit of Subglandular breast implant
Definition
Quicker and easier recovery
Term
Benefit of Submuscular breast implant
Definition
Mammograms are easier to interpret
Term
Two heads of pectoralis major
Definition
clavicular and sternocostal
Term
Location of cephalic vein between the deltoid and pectoralis major
Definition
Deltopectoral groove
Term
Clavicular head of Pectoralis Major Origin and Insertion
Definition
Origin: Median 1/3 of the clavical
Insertion: Intertubercular groove
Term
Innervation of Clavicular head of Pectoralis Major
Definition
Medial and Lateral Pectoral Nerves
Term
Sternocostal head of Pectoralis Major Origin and Insertion
Definition
Origin: Sternum, Medial Costal Margin
Insertion: Intertubercular groove
Term
Sternocostal head of Pectoralis Major
Definition
Median and Lateral Pectoral Nerves
Term
Function of Pectoralis Major with arm at rest
Definition
-Flexes
-Adducts
-Medially rotates
Term
Pectoralis Minor origin and insertion
Definition
Origin: Ribs 3-5, plus or minus one rib
Insertion: Coracoid Process of the Scapula
Term
Pectoralis Minor Innervation
Definition
Median Pectoral Nerve
Term
Function of Pectoralis Minor
Definition
-Depression of the shoulders by pulling down on medial side of scapula, resulting in downward rotation.
-Pulls scapula forward against body wall
Term
Clavipectoral Fascia is made up of...
Definition
-Costocoracoid membrane: clavicle to pectoralis minor
-Fascia of the Pectoralis minor
-Suspensory ligament of the Axilla.
Term
Rotator Cuff Muscles
Definition
Teres minor, Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Subscapularis
Term
Boundaries of the Axilla
Definition
Clavicle/Subclavius (apex), serratus anterior/ribs (medial), pec major/minor (anterior), scapula/subscapularis (posterior), humerus/intertubercular groove (lateral), and axillary fascia (base)
Term
Brachial plexus organization levels
Definition
Root (C5-T1), Trunk, Division, Chord, Terminal Nerve
Term
Ligimenta flava
Definition
elastic ligaments between lamina of adjacent vertebral arches; resist separation of the arches limiting flexion of the vertebral column.
Term
Supraspinous ligament
Definition
connects the apices of spinous processes from C7 to the sacrum, limiting flexion of the vertebral column.
Term
The nuchal ligament
Definition
extends along the spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae from C1 to C7. It connects to the occipital protuberance.
Term
The anterior longitudinal ligament
Definition
A strong, broad fibrous band that covers and connects the anterior aspects of the bodies of the vertebrae and intervertebral discs. It prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column
Term
The posterior longitudinal ligament
Definition
This is a narrower, weaker band than the anterior longitudinal ligament. It runs along the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies, within the vertebral canal. It prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column and posterior protrusion of the nucleus pulposus of the disc.
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