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Anatomy
KYCOM Block 1
514
Anatomy
Graduate
08/16/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Splenius capitus

general area, origin, insertion, layer, action, innervation

Definition

neck

deep superficial

origin: lower ligamentum nauche C7-T3

insertion: lateral nauchal line of occipital bone and mastoid process of temporal bone

does bilateral contraction of the head and neck, unilateral contaction, lateral flexion and roatation of the head and neck to the contracting side

inntervated by dorsal rami

Term

splenius cervicis

general area, origin, insertion, layer, action, innervation

Definition

neck

deep superficial

origin: T3-T6

insertion: transverse process of C1-C3/C4

does bilateral contraction of the head and neck, unilateral contaction, lateral flexion and roatation of the head and neck to the contracting side

inntervated by dorsal rami

Term
suboccipital muscles
Definition

innervated by the suboccipital nerve (dorsal rami of C1)

includes: obliquos capitis inferior and superior, rectus capitis posterior major and minor

Term

obliquos capitis superior

general area, origin, insertion, layer, action

Definition

suboccipital triangle

deep: minor deep

origin: transverse process of c1

insertion: occipital bone

extends head

lateral flexion towards contraction

Term

obliquus capitis inferior

general area, origin, insertion, layer, action

Definition

suboccipital triangle

minor deep

origin: spinous process of C2

insertion: transverse process of C1

rotation of head towards contraction

Term

rectus capitis posterior major

general area, origin, insertion, layer, action

Definition

suboccipital triangle

deep minor

origin: spinus process of C2

insertion; lateral inferior nauchal line

extension of head and lateral rotation towards contraction

Term

rectus capitis posterior minor

general area, origin, insertion, layer, action

Definition

suboccipital triangle

deep minor

origin: posterior tubercle C1

insertion: medial inferior nuchal line

extends head

Term

levator costraum

general area, origin, insertion, layer, action, innervation

Definition

between transverse processes and ribs

deep minor

origin: tips of transverse processes of C7-T11

insertion: rib between tubercle and angle

elevates ribs

lateral flexion of vertebral column

innervation: dorsal rami of C8-T11

Term

intertransversii

general area, layer, action, innervation

Definition

between transverse processes

deep minor

lateral flexion of vertebral column

innervated by dorsal rami

Term

erector spinae

action, innervation

Definition

central length of back

deep intermediate

three kinds: iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis

bilateral contraction of vertebral column

unilateral contraction

lateral flexion of spine to contracting muscles

contraction of spine in flexion against gravity

innervated by the dorsal rami

Term

iliocostalis

general area, layer, divisions

Definition

erector spinae muscle

deep intermediate

lumborum, thoracis, cervicis

 

Term

longissimus

general area, divisions, layer

Definition

erector spinae muscle

deep intermediate

thoracis, cervicis, capitis

Term

spinalis

general area, divisions, layer

Definition

rector spinae muscle

deep intermediate

thoracis, cervicis, capitis

Term

interspinales

general area, layer, action, innervation

Definition

between spinus processes

extend vertebral column

deep minor deep

innervated by dorsal rami

Term

transverseospinalis

general area, origin, insertion, layer, action, innervation, divisions

Definition

deep intermediate

origin and insertion: fibers run in a superior to medial direction from the transverse to spinus processes

bilateral contraction of vertebral column

unilateral contraction

lateral flexion of vertebral column towards contracting side

rotation of vertebral column to opposite side of contraction

stabilize vertebral column

innervated by the dorsal rami

divisions: semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores

Term

semispinalis

general area, layer, divisions

Definition

deep intermediate

part of transversospinalis

thoracis, cervicis, capitis

6 vertebre span

Term

multifidus

general area, layer

Definition

deep intermediate

part of transversospinalis

largest in the lumbar

3-5 vertebre span

Term

rotatores

general area, layer

Definition

deep intermediate

part of transversospinalis

largest in thorasic

1-2 vertebre span

Term
Deep: Superficial muscles
Definition

splenius capitus

splenius cervicis

Term
Deep: Intermediate muscles
Definition

erector spinae (illiocostalis, longissimus, spinalis)

transversospinalis (semispinalis, multififus, rotatores)

Term
Deep: Minor muscles
Definition

interspinales

intertransversii

levators costarum

 suboccipital triangle (obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior, rectus capitus major, rectus capitus minor)

Term

trapezius

general area, origin, insertion, layer, action, innervation

Definition

shoulder

superficial

origin: medial nuchal line, external ocipital produberance, ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of C7-T12

insertion: clavicle, acromion spine of scapula

elevation and depression of the scapula

innervation: cranial nerve XI and ventral rami of C3 and C4

Term

latissimus dorsi

general area, origin, insertion, layer, action, innervation

Definition

lower and central back

superficial

origin: T7-T12, lumbar, and saccral vertebre, posterior illiac crest, lower 3-4 ribs

insertion: intertubercular groove of the humerus

extends, adducts, and medialy rotates the humerus

innervation: thoracodorsal nerve

Term

serratus posterior superior

general area, origin, insertion, layer, action, innervation

Definition

upper back

intermediate

origin: ligamentum nuchae C7-T3/T4

insertion; ribs 2-5

elevates ribs

innervation: 2-5 intercostal nerves

Term

rhomboid minor

general area, origin, insertion, layer, action, innervation

Definition

upper back

superficial

origin: lower ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of C7 and T1

stabilizes, retracts, and inferiorly rotates the scapula

innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve

Term

rhomboid major

general area, origin, insertion, layer, action, innervation

Definition

upper back

superficial

origin: T2-T5

insertion: medial border of scaplua

stabilizes, retracts, and inferiorly rotates the scapula

innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve

Term

levator scapulae

general area, origin, insertion, layer, action, innervation

Definition

shoulder

superficial

origin: transverse process of C1-C4

insertion: medial border of scapula

stabilizes, elevates, and inferiorly rotates the scaplua

innervation: ventral rami of C3-C4, dorsal scapular nerve

Term

serratus posterior inferior

general area, origin, insertion, layer, action, innervation

Definition

lower back

intermediate

origin: T11-L2/L3

insertion: lower 4 ribs

depresses ribs

innervation: 9-11 intercostal nerves, subcostal nerves

Term
superficial muscles
Definition

trapezius

latissimus dorsi

rhomboid minor

rhomboid major

levator scapulae

Term
intermediate muscles
Definition

serratus posterior superior

serratus posterior inferior

Term
axial skeleton
Definition
bones of the scull, hyoid bone (anchors tounge, hard to break), vertebral column, sternum ribs
Term
appendicular skeleton
Definition
upper extremetry, pectoral girdle, lower extrimetry, pelvic girdle
Term
vertebral column functions
Definition

supports scull, percotal girdle, upper limbs, thorasic cage

transmits body weight to lower limbs

protects spinal nerves, roots, and meninges

Term
distribution of vertebre
Definition

33 total

7 cervical

12 thorasic

5 lumbar

5 saccral fused into one

1 coccyx (4 vertebre with the lower 3 fused)

Term
ligament
Definition
bone to bone connection
Term
intertransverse ligament
Definition
between transverse processes
Term
ligamentum flavum
Definition
connects laminae of vertebre
Term
interspinus ligament
Definition
between spines
Term
ligamentum nuchae
Definition
area in the cervical region with thickened interspinous ligaments and supraspinous ligaments
Term
supraspinous ligament
Definition
between tips of spines
Term
joint
Definition

covers hayline cartlidge on articular facets

the ones between vertebral arches are freely movable synovial joints

Term
anterior longitudinal ligament
Definition
continous, wide, attached to vertebra vodies and discs
Term
posterior longitudinal ligament
Definition

continous, weak, narrow

attached to posterior discs

Term
interveterbal discs
Definition

1/4 of length of column

thickest in cervical and lumbar where more movement is needed

shock absorption

elasticity allows vertebre to move on eachother

resiliance is lost with age

Term
anulus fibrosus
Definition

peripherial part of an interveterbal disc

fibrocartlidgein concentric sheets

Term
hayline end plate
Definition

aka nucleus pulposus

inner part of an intervetebral disc

permit vertebra rocking

gelatenous in kids and adolescents with lots of water.

as you age water turns into fibrocartlidge.

Term
saccrum
Definition

5 rudimentary vertebre fused

concave anteriorlly

upper border articulates L5

lateral border articulates illiac crest forming the sacroiliac joints

Term
sacroiliac joints
Definition
articulation of saccrum with illiac crest
Term
Ala
Definition
wings on side of saccrum
Term
sacral promonotory
Definition

first sacral bulge

upper margin anterior direction

Term
apex
Definition
line between sacrum and coccyx
Term
coccyx
Definition

4 vertebre fused

articulates with sacrum

1st vertebre is usually not fused though

Term
atlas: unique features, joints formed
Definition

C1

no spine or body

forms alanto-axial joint on inferior surface

forms alanto-occipital joints

Term
alanto axial joints
Definition

two joints formed between the interior surface of the atlas and dens of the axis

synovial joint

Term
alanto occipital joints
Definition

formed by the superior articular facets of the atlas with the occipital condyle

synovial joint

allows head to nod

Term
axis
Definition

C2

bifid spine

body

odontoid process (dens) was once the vertebral body of the atlas that fused with the axis body

makes alanto axial joints with atlas

Term
vertebra promines
Definition

C7

small foramen transversum that only transmits the vertebral vein

small and broad body

long non bifid spine

Term
typical cervical vertebre
Definition

bifid spine

body

superior articular facets

transverse processes

posterior/anterior tubericle

foramen transversum (transmits vertebral artery)

Term
defining features of the thorasic vertebre
Definition

small circular vertebral foramen

medium body

spinous process points down

super articular processes point backwards and lateral

transverse costal facets (except T11 and T12) articulate with tubercles of the ribs

inferior articular processes face forward and medial (exept T12 their lateral)

Term
definine features of the lumbar vertebre
Definition

large vertebral body

long slender transverse processes

superior articulating process medial facing

thick lamina

strong pedicle

short flat projected backwards spinous process

triangular vertebral foramen

inferior process articulation surface faces laterally

Term
main purpose of the spinous process
Definition

posterior

lever that attaches muscles and ligaments

Term
main purpose of the inferior articular processes andfacets and composition
Definition

articulate with superior vertebre below making a synovial joint

articular surface has hayline cartlidge

Term
main purpose of the inferior vertebral notch
Definition

forms intervetebral foramen with superior notch from vertebre below

transmits spinal nerves and blood vessels

where dorsal and ventral nerve roots of a spinal nerve unite

Term
articulation =
Definition
joint
Term
foramen magnum
Definition

hole in the bottom of the scull

where spinal cord begins

continous with the medulla oblongota

Term
cervical enlargement
Definition

C3-T2 (says google)

gives rise to the brachial plexus

innervates upper limbs

Term
8th cervical nerve accomodations
Definition
because there are 7 cervical vertebre the 8th nerve goes below the vertebre forcing all other nerves to exit below their respective vertebre
Term
lunbosacral enlargement
Definition

aka lumbar enlargement

L1-S3

gives rise to lumbar and sacral plexuses

innervates lower limbs

Term
conus medullaris
Definition

termination of the spinal cord in a cone shape

around L1/L2 in an adult

Term
cauda equina
Definition
nerves tha extend past the base of the spinal cord
Term
coccygeal ligament
Definition

aka filum terminale

derived from the pia mater

connective tissue filament

connects conus medullaris to coccyx

upper portion is in the dural sac

Term
spinal cord development at week 8, month 3, moth 6, birth, and adult
Definition

week 8: cord and vertebre are the same length

month 3: vertebral column begins to grow faster than the cord leaving the end of the cord higher in the canal and elongating nerve roots

month 6: the end of the cord is around S1

at birth: the end of the cord is around L3

adult: the end of the cord is around L1/L2

Term
central canal
Definition

central tube of the vertebre

remnemt of the lumen of the neural tube

communicates with the 4th ventricle of the brain

lined by ependymal cells like all ventricles

Term
posterior intermediate sulcus
Definition

notch in the posterior vertebre between the posterolaterall sulcus and posterior median sulcus

is only present in the cervical and upper thorasic vertebre

Term
posterior root
Definition

aka dorsal root

carries information to the spinal cord

afferent sensory fibers

Term
spinal ganglion
Definition

contains cell bodies of sensory neurons

aka posteior root ganglion

Term
anterior root
Definition

carries info away from the spinal cord

efferent motor fibers

Term
white matter
Definition

outside layer of the vertebre

has ascending and descending fibers or tracts

Term
anterior median fissure
Definition

contains anterior spinal vessels

deep groove almost to central canal

Term
anterolateral sulcus
Definition
attachment of rootlets of anterior roots of spinal nerves
Term
posterolateral sulcus
Definition
attachment area or rootlets of posterior spinal roots
Term
posterior horn
Definition

gray matter

sensory functions

influenced by information sent via posterior root

many neurons have axons extending into the white matter

Term
lateral horn
Definition

grey matter

interomedial lateral nucleus

only in T1-L2

preganglionic sympathetic neuron location

Term
intermediate zone
Definition

gray matter

interneurons for segmental and intersegmental integration

Term
anterior horn
Definition

grey matter

voluntary movements

neuron axons leave through anterior roots to supply skeletal muscle (somatic motor neurons)

horn is large in the cervical and lumbosacral enlargements where neurons for limbs are

Term
spinal nerves
Definition

formed by ventral and dorsal roots

mixed nerve

after exiting the vertebral column it splits into the posterior and anterior ramus

31 pairs

Term
mixed nerve
Definition

has both sensory and motor fibers

ex: spinal nerves

Term
posterior ramus
Definition

division of a spinal nerve after the vertebral canal

smaller

innervates skin and deep back muscles

Term
anterior ramus
Definition

division of a spinal nerve after the vertebral canal

larger

innervates skin and muscles of the limbs, and anterolateral trunk, and superficial back muscles

Term
breakdown of spinal nerve pairs
Definition

31 total

8 cervical

12 thorasic

5 lumbar

5 sacral

1 coccygeal

Term
dermatome
Definition

cutaneous sensory neuron that innervates areas of the skin that can be traced back to a specific spinal nerve

cutaneous nerves usually have sensory fibers from more than one spinal nerve

the limbs have a strange distribution pattern due to their development

helps map sensory deficit to a spinal nerve issue

 

Term
meninges
Definition

coverings of the spinal cord

connective tissue

Term
meningies and spaces from outside to inside
Definition

epidural space

dura mater

subdural space

arachnoid

subarachnoid space

pia mater

Term
dura mater
Definition

outermost, strong, fibrous, forms loose sac

terminates at S2

continous with brain dura

is picked up by filum terminale as it leaves sac

forms a sleeve around spinal nerves under they leave the intervetebral foramen then it fuses with the epinerum

Term
epinerum
Definition

connective tissue covering of a nerve

fuses with dura mater at interveterbal foramen

Term
epidural space
Definition
contains fat, loose connective tissue, and internal vetebral venous plexuses (aka veins near the vertebre)
Term
arachnoid
Definition

middle layer

continous with the cranial arachnoid

extends length of the dural sac

lines dural sleeves

Term
subarachnoid space
Definition

filled with CSF

continous with the subarachnoid space around the brain

extends to S2 and nerve root sleeves

area for spinal tap

Term
spinal tap
Definition

aka lumbar puncture

usually done in the lumbar cistern

done in the subarachnoid space at L3/4 or L4/5

Term
lumbar cistern
Definition

space in the dural sac where the conus medullaris ends and the cauda equina begins

area where a lumbar puncture in the subarachonid space occurs

Term
pia mater
Definition

continous with pia mater of the medulla oblongata

derives the filum terminale

contains denticulate ligament

Term
denticulate ligament
Definition

in the pia mater

extension of pia mater in the coronal plane

stabilizes the spinal cord

at lateral edge of the cord between anterior and posterior roots

extends across subarachnoid space attaching to the dura mater by 20-21 denticulation projections

Term
function of the thoracic cage
Definition
protect heart, lungs, attach muscles of thorax upper limbs abdomen and back
Term
what is the only bony attachment to the sternum
Definition

clavicle

freely moveable

Term
name the puelral membranes and spaces in the thoracic cavity and their location
Definition

visceral pleura- around lungs

pleural cavity- between the two

parietal pleura- against back of thoracic cage

 

Term
what are pleural membranes made of
Definition

simple squamous epithelium

watery

Term
what are the boundries of the thorasic wall
Definition

posterior: thorasic vertebre

anterior: sternum

lateral: ribs and intercostal spaces

Term
posterior intercostal artery locations and branch it back to a major artery from each location
Definition

intercostal spaces 1-2: posterior intercostal artery > superior intercostal artery > subclavian artery costocervical trunk

intercostal spaces 2-10: posterior intercostal artery > descenting aorta

Term
anterior intercostal artery locations and branch each location back to a major artery
Definition

intercostal space 1-6: anterior intercostal artery > internal thorasic artery > subclavian artery

intercostal spaces 6-10: anterior intercostal artery > musculophernic artery > internal thoracic artery

Term
manubriosternal joint
Definition

aka sternal angle

aka angle of lewis

between T4 and T5

Term
manubrium
Definition

upper part of the sternum

articulates with the clavicle, 1st and 2nd costal cartilage

Term
xiphisternal joint
Definition

opposite the body of T9

articulation between sternum and xyphoid process

Term
xyphoid process
Definition

connected to sternum by xiphisternal joint

cartilage that becomes ossified at the proximal end with age

Term
true ribs
Definition

ribs 1-7

attach directly to the sternum via their own costal cartilage

Term
false ribs
Definition

ribs 8-9 and sometimes 10

cartilage is connected to the cartilage of the rib above it

indirect sternum attachment

Term
floating ribs
Definition

ribs sometimes 10 and 11-12

no sternum attachment

end at posterior abdominal musculature

Term
costal groove
Definition
sharp boarder on a rib bottom that holds the vessels and nerves
Term
the articular facet in the tubericle area of the rib articulates with what process on the vertebre
Definition
transverse process
Term
the head of the rib articulates with what process on the vertebre
Definition
the inferior costal facet of the top rib and the sperior costal facet on the bottom rib both located on the body
Term
defining features of the first rib
Definition
no angle, broad, flat, short, most curved, only 1 facet for T1, two grooves for subclavian vein and artery (nearest the head), scalene tubercle and ridge for anterior scalene muscle attachment
Term
defining features of the second rib
Definition

has two facets for T1 and T2

has the tuberosity for the serratus anterior origin that is rough

Term
defining features of ribs 10-12
Definition

rib 10 only has one articulation other wise its normal

ribs 11 and 2 are short and have no neck or tubercle, end in muslce

Term
superior articulating process
Definition
facet on transverse process of a rib to articulate with rib tubericle
Term
superior thorasic aperture definition, boundries, and structures that pass through
Definition

the hole in the top of the thorasic cage

posterior boundry: T1

lateral: 1 par of ribs and cartilage

anterior: superior border of manubrium

trachea, esophagus, nerves, vessels for limbs, head and neck

Term
inferior thoracic aperature definition, boundries, stuff that passes through
Definition

hole in bottom of the thorasic cage

posterior: T12

posteriolateral: 11th and 12th ribs

anterolateral: joined cartilage of ribs 7-10

anterior: xyphisternal joint

esophagus, large vessels, nerves

Term
costrovertebral joints
Definition
anywhere a rib touches a vertebre
Term
movements of the thoracic wall
Definition

contraction of diaphgram > elevation of upper ribs > incrases thoracic cage dimensions > air goes in

diaphgram relaxation > decompression of abdominal organs > diaphragm pushed up > reduces dimensions > air goes out

Term
posterior intercostal vein
Definition
drains into ayzgos or hemizygos veins backwards
Term
anterior intercostal vein
Definition
drains forward into the internal thoracic and musculophernic veins
Term
mammary glands
Definition

modified sewat glands

men have smaller and fewer

glandular and fibrous connective tissue embedded in fat, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves

lobes seperated by the suspensory ligament

15-20 lobes radiating from the nipple

Term
breast tissue
Definition
subcutaneous tissue that overlies pectoralis major
Term
axillary tail
Definition
breast tissue that extends into the axillary region piercing into deep fascia at the lower pectoralis major
Term
ampulla
Definition
widened area just before termination of a duct in the nipple
Term
suspensory ligament
Definition

aka of cooper

seperates lobes of glands in the breast

Term
aerola
Definition
base of nipple
Term
aerolar glands
Definition
bumps around nipple
Term
retromammary space
Definition
loose connective tissue behind breast
Term
arterial / venous supply to the breast
Definition
internal thoracic artery / vein, intercostal artery / vein, axillary artery / vein
Term
breast cancer
Definition
spread of (metastasis) of milignant cells in lumph vessels and nodes
Term
drainage of lymph for the lateral quadrent of the breast
Definition
drain into anterior axillary or pectoral group of nodes just posterior to the lower border of the pectoralis major
Term
drainage of lymph for the medial quadrent of the brease
Definition
drain in vessels that pierce the intercostal space and enter the thorasic nodes
Term
list all ways lymph can drain from the breast
Definition

medially

laterally

follow posterior intercostals and drain into intercostal nodes

some communicate with vessels of opposite breast

some communicate with vessels of anterior abdominal wall

Term
innermost intercostal
Definition

deepest layer

corresponds with transversus abdominis of abdominal wall

incomplete muscle layer, croses more than one intercostal space

can be divided into the subcostal muscle and transversus thoracis

lined by endothoracic fascia which is lined by parietal pleura

intecostal vessels and nerves run between these and the internal intercostals

 

Term
external intercostals
Definition

most superficial

fibers directed down and forward from the inferior border of the rib above to the superior border of the rib below

extends forward to the costal cartilage where it is replaced by the external intercostal membrane

Term
external intercostal membrane
Definition
an aponeurosis, flat sheet like tendon, near the costal cartilage that replaces the external intercostals
Term
internal intercostals
Definition

intermediate layer

fibers directed downward and backwards from the subcostal groove of the rib above to the upper border of the rib below

it extends backwards from the sternum in front to the angles of the ribs behind where the muscle is replaced by the internal intercostal membrane

Term
subcostal muscle
Definition

an inntermost intercostal

at the interior surface of the lower ribs and their angles

Term
transversus thoracis
Definition

an internal intercostal

posteror to the sternum

Term
action of the intercostals
Definition

pull ribs together

if first rib is fixed by neck contractions like by scaleni muscles: intercostals raise ribs 2-12 up towards 1

if the 12th rib is fixed by the quadratus lumborum: ribs 1-11 are pulled down to the 12th (like expiration)

Term
what is the span of the trachea
Definition
coricoid cartilage (C6) of larynx to the sternal angle
Term
what is the first division of the trachea
Definition
near the sternal angel divides into the principal (main) bronchi
Term
how many cardliages are in the tracha? describe them
Definition
16-20, U shape with a posterior opening
Term
fibromuscular membrane
Definition

posterior wall of the trachea

membranous wall

Term
trachealis muscle
Definition
contracts trachea
Term
describe the borders of the trachea
Definition

anterior: thymus, aortich arch, brachiocephalic trunk (artery), left bracheocephalic vein

posterior: esophagus

right: arch of ayzgos vein, right vagus nerve, right pleura and lung

left: arch of aorta, left common carotid arteries, left subclavian arteries

 

Term
where is the left recurrent laryngeal nerve located
Definition
between the trachea and esophagus on the left side, loops under aorta going to the larynx
Term
compare the two prinicial bronchi
Definition
the right is wider, shorter, more verticle
Term
if a foriegn body is inhaled where will it go
Definition
the right primary bronchi usually
Term
what branches off of the right primary bronchi
Definition
superior, middle, and inferior secondary bronchi corresponding to the lobes
Term
what branches off of the left primary bronchi
Definition
two secondary branches, 1 per lobe
Term
describe the location of the right primary bronchi
Definition
inferior to the azygos vein arch
Term
describe the location of the left primary bronchi
Definition
under the aorta
Term
what covers the lungs
Definition
visceral pleura
Term
how are the lungs attached to the medistanium
Definition
vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, bronchus
Term
apex
Definition
upper part of the lungs above the clavicle and thorasic aperature (2-3 cm above the first rib)
Term
diphragmatic surface
Definition
the lower, concave bast of the lungs
Term
costal surface
Definition
the sides of the lungs by the ribs, convex
Term
medistanial surface
Definition
surface of the lungs in the medistanial region
Term
describe the shape of the right lung it divides the costal and mediastinal surfaces, what border is this
Definition
anterior border, thin and sharp
Term
describe the shape of the left lung on the anterior border
Definition
there is an indentation for the cardiac notch, there is a tounge (lingula) around the heart coming from the superior node
Term
inferior border of the lungs
Definition

thin and sharp where it seperates the base and costal surface

rounded where it seperates the base and mediastinal surface

Term
hilum
Definition
depression on the medaistanial surface where structures enter and leave the pleura of the lungs. so the root of the lung passes through the hilum
Term
how many lobes does the right lung have
Definition
3 lobes
Term
how many lobes does the left lung have
Definition
2 lobes
Term
fissure
Definition
seperate lobes of the lungs
Term
what fissures does the right lung have
Definition

oblique: between upper and lower lobe

horizontal: upper and middle lobe

Term
what fissures does the left lung have
Definition
oblique fissure
Term
lingula
Definition
part of the upper lobe of the left lung, is the pseudo third lobe of the left lung
Term
what surface of the lungs has lots of indentations
Definition
the medialstinal
Term
what indentations are on the right surface of the lungs
Definition
heart, vena cava, esophagus
Term
what indentations are on the left lung
Definition
heart (large), aortic arch, descending aorta
Term
what branch off of the secondary bronchi in each lobe
Definition
segmental or tertiary bronchi, each segment has about 10 branches supplying a section of a lobe (the bronchopulmonary segments)
Term
describe the blood supply to the tertiary bronchi
Definition
the broncho pulmonary segments each have a segmental bronchus and segmental artery. the veins are intersegmental and not exclusive to one branch area
Term
what is the surgical significance of the broncho pulmonary segments
Definition
it is the smallest / deepest a surgon can go into the lungs and repair without removing pieces, it is the fartherst a camera can go down
Term
a patient is laying on their back and aspirates a substance where does it end up?
Definition
in the superior segment of the right lower lobe
Term
what is the significance of the pleura near the root of the lungs
Definition
it is loose allowing space for the lungs to move up and down, there is a piece that hangs below allowing movement (pulmonary ligament)
Term
pulmonary ligament
Definition
extra piece of pleura that hangs down below the root of the lungs allowing for movement
Term
name everything in one lung root
Definition
principal bronchus, pulmonary arteries, 2 pulmonary veins, bronchial vessels, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, autonomic nerves (anterior and posterior pulmonary plexus)
Term
what are the two pleural cavities in the thoracic cavity
Definition
lungs and pleural membranes
Term
mediastinum
Definition
contains thymus, heart, blood vessels entering heart, trachea, esophagus, azygos venous system, thoracic duct, lymph nodes, vagus and phrenic nerves, sympathetic trunks
Term
carina
Definition
ridge that marks the division of the trachea into principal bronchii
Term
describe the general shape of a lung
Definition
conical
Term
where is there no well defined border in the lungs
Definition
between the costal and mediastinal surfaces
Term
bronchopulmonary segments
Definition
group of tertiary bronchi supplying a lobe
Term
how many bronchopulmonary segments does the upper left lung have
Definition
4 (2 upper and 2 lingular)
Term
how many bronchopulmonary segments does the lower left lung have
Definition
4
Term
how many bronchopulmonary segments does the upper right lung have
Definition
3
Term
how many bronchopulmonary segments does the middle right lung have
Definition
2
Term
how many bronchopulmonary segments does the lower right lung have
Definition
5
Term
pulmonary vessels
Definition
take blood from the heart, oxygenate it, and take it back to the heart to be pumped out. the vessels have reverse oxygenation
Term
what is the main purpose of the bronchial vessels
Definition
oxygenate lungs not near aveoli
Term
where do the left bronchial arteries come from, where do they go
Definition
the descending aorta, follow bronchi
Term
where do the right bronchial arteries come from, where do they go
Definition
posterior inercostal space #3 or the left bronchial artery, follow bronchi
Term
bronchial veins
Definition

do not recieve all bronchial artery blood, some comes back through the pulmonary veins

drain into azygos vein on the right and hemizygos on the left

Term
how many left and right bronchial arteries are there
Definition
2 left and 1 right
Term
where are the pulmonary arteries located in each lung
Definition

right: anterior to the principal bronchi

left: superior to the princial bronchi

Term
superficial lymphatic plexus
Definition
under the visceral pleura, drains outer part of lung to the bronchopulmonary lymph nodes in the hilum
Term
deep lymphatic plexus
Definition
travels along bronchi and pulmonary vessels towards hilum bronchopulmonary nodes, some pass pulmonary nodes in lung
Term
describe the passage of lymph from the lungs starting with the common gathering place of lung lymph, the bronchopulmonary nodes
Definition
bronchopulmonary nodes > tracheobronchial nodes > paratracheal nodes (sides of trachea) > bronchomedistanial lymph trunks > thoracic ducts on left and lymphatic duct on right > juglosubclavian junction
Term
what is specal about the lymph in the lower left lung
Definition
some is drained directly by the right bronchomediastinal lymph trunk
Term
what are the nerves innervating the lungs
Definition

anterior and posterior pulmonary plexus

parasympathetic

sympathetic

Term
what do parasympatheric nerves in the lung cause
Definition
broncho constriction, increased secretions
Term
what do sympathetic nerves in the lungs cause
Definition
broncho dilation
Term
anterior and posterior root pulmonary plexuses
Definition

nerves innervating the lungs

sensory and motor autonomic nerve fibers

come from

vegus nerve or come from thorasic sympathetic trunk

has sensory fibers from bronchial mucous membrane and aveoli

Term
what is the relationship of the lung and pleura during development
Definition
the pleura is already there and the lung grows into the cavity filling most of it
Term
what is the pleura made of
Definition

serous membrane

simple squamous epithelium

Term
where does the visceral turn into parietal pleura
Definition
at the lung root
Term
describe a healthy pleural cavity
Definition
little to no space, a little fluid, prevents friction
Term
desribe the pleural cavity of somene who is unhealthy
Definition
it becomes a larger space
Term
portions of the pleura
Definition
diaphragmatic, mediastinal, cervical (extends into root of neck and lung apex
Term
costial diaphragamatic recess
Definition
lowest pleural cavity between lung and diaphragm. allows room for deep inspiration, most in the back region
Term
costal mediastinal recess
Definition
pleura comes across under sternum leaving a crease for deep breath expansion
Term
nerve supply of the costal pleura
Definition
intercostal nerves
Term
nerve supply of the mediastinal pleura
Definition
frenic nerve (innervates diaphgram)
Term
nerve supply of the diaphragamatic pleura
Definition
phrenic nerve in the central region, intercostal nerve in the lateral region
Term
nerve supply of the visceral pleura
Definition
autonomic fibers of pulmonary nervous plexus
Term
which pleura is sensitive to pain
Definition
parietal
Term
where does the lung end on the midclavicular line
Definition
6th rib
Term
where does the lung end on the midaxillary line
Definition
8th rib
Term
where does the lung end on the paravertebral line
Definition
10th rib
Term
where does the pleura end on the midclavicular line
Definition
8th rib
Term
where does the pleura end on the midaxillary line
Definition
10th rib
Term
where does the pleura end on the paravertebral line
Definition
12th rib where diaphragm attaches
Term
what does the pericardium surround?
Definition
the heart and roots of great vessels
Term
what are the layers of the pericardium?
Definition
fibrous pericardium, serous pericardium
Term
where is the fibrous perocardium located? how is it attached?
Definition
outer part of the pericardial sac, attached inferiorly to the central tendon of the diaphragm
Term
how does the fibrous pericardium end on the superior end?
Definition
it becomes continous with the adventitia (outer layer) of the great vessels passing through it
Term
where is the serous pericardium located?
Definition
deep to the fibrous pericardium
Term
what layers does the serous pericardium have?
Definition
parietal and visceral (on surface of the heart)
Term
how does the parietal layer of the serous pericardium end?
Definition
it becomes continous with the visceral pericardium near the roots of the great vessels
Term
visceral pericardium + connective tissue and fat beneath it =
Definition
epicadrium
Term
where is the pericardial cavity located?
Definition
between the visceral and parietal pericardium
Term
what is inside the pericardial cavity? what is the function?
Definition
it is a potential space that becomes a space when sick, has a little fluid that lubricates
Term
where is the transverse sinus located?
Definition
a passage from the right to left sides of the pericardial cavity, behind aorta
Term
where is the oblique sinus located?
Definition
dead end room, between the left atrium and esophagus (which is outside the sac)
Term
what supplies blood to the fibrous and parietal pericardium?
Definition
pericardiacophrenic artery, a little from the musculophrenic artery and small pericardial branches of the descending aorta
Term
what removes blood from the fibrous and parietal pericardium?
Definition
pericardiacophrenic veins that drain into the aygos system
Term
what supplies the pericardiacophrenic artery? what travels with it?
Definition
the internal thoracic artery, phrenic nerve
Term
where does the pericardiacophrenic vein drain into?
Definition
internal thoracic or brachiocephalic veins
Term
what veins and arteries supply the visceral pericardium?
Definition
coronary erteries, cardiac veins
Term
what nerve innervates the fibrous and parital percardium?
Definition
phrenic nerve
Term
what nerve innervates the visceral pericardium?
Definition
autonomic innervation via the cardiac plexus
Term
where is the heart located
Definition
the middle of the medistinum
Term
in which direction is the longest axis of the heart orientated
Definition
anteriorly, ineriorly, and to the left
Term
what drains into the right atrium?
Definition
superior and inferior vena cava, coronary sinus
Term
what drains into the left atrium?
Definition
4 pulmonary veins
Term
where does the right ventricle pump blood to?
Definition
pulmonary arteries
Term
where does the left ventricle pump blood to?
Definition
aorta
Term
what are the pumps of the heart?
Definition
right (RA + RV) and left heart (LA + LV)
Term
what are the external features of the heart?
Definition
base, apex, sternocostal (anterior) surface, diaphragmatic surface), right and left pulmonary surfaces
Term
where is the sternocostal surface of the heart? what are the major things on it?
Definition
it faces anterior, it has the right ventrical, right atrium, right auricle, left auricle
Term
where is the apex of the heart, what forms it
Definition
the apex is at the base of the heart at the level of the 5th intercostal space, formed by the left ventricle
Term
where is the base of the heart, what forms it
Definition
it is opposite the apex and posterior, lines up with T6-T9, formed by left atrium and some right atrium and the base of te pulmonary veins
Term
what is the line that shows where the superior vs inferior vena cava drain from
Definition
diaphragm
Term
what does the coronary (atrioventricular) sulcus seperate
Definition
seperates the atria and ventricles
Term
what is on the diaphagmatic surface
Definition
mostly left ventricle, some right ventricle
Term
what does the posterior interventricular sulcus seperate
Definition
seperates the ventricles on diaphragmatic surface
Term
what parts of the heart make up the left pulmonary surface
Definition
left ventricle, and a little from the left atrium and auricle
Term
what parts of the heart make up the right pulmonary surface
Definition
right atrium
Term
where does the right coronary artery originate, where does it go
Definition
the right aortic sinus, goes down the coronary sulcus to the posterior part of the heart
Term
what does the right coronary artery branch into
Definition
posterior interventricular artery, sinuatrial nodal branch, right marginal branch, atrioventricular nodal branch
Term
where is the posterior interventricular artery located
Definition
in the posterior intraventricular sulcus toawrds the apex
Term
what determines which coronary artery is dominent
Definition
which side gives off the interventricular branch, it is usually the right, but sometimes left, rarley codominate
Term
what does the right coronary artery supply
Definition
most of the right ventricle (except for a little by the interventricular sulcus), some of the diaphragmatic surface of the left ventricle, posterior third of the intraventricular septum, right atrium, interatrial septum, AV node (80%), SA node (60%)
Term
where does the left coronary artery come from, where does it go
Definition
it comes from left aortic sinus to posterior to pulmonary trunk and divides into two branches
Term
what are the branches of the left coronary artery
Definition
anterior interventricular artery. circumflex artery
Term
where is the anterior interventricular artery located
Definition
descends down the anterior interventricular sulcus, turns around inferior border of the heart, has a branch on the left ventricle
Term
where is the circumflux artery located
Definition
curves around the coronary sulcus,
Term
what branches off the circumflux artery
Definition
marginal artery
Term
what does the left coronary artery supply
Definition
most of the left ventricle (except a little by the posterior interventricular sulcus), small part of the right ventricle (by anterior interventricular sulcus), left atrium, AV bundle and its branches, SA node (40%), AV node (20%)
Term
what collects most of the venus drainage of the heart
Definition
coronary sinus
Term
where is the coronary sinus located
Definition
from left to right in the posterior part of the coronary sulus
Term
where does the coronary sinus drain into
Definition
right atrium
Term
what veins dump into the coronary sinus
Definition
great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, small cardiac vein, posterior vein of the left ventricle
Term
where is the great cardiac vein located
Definition
ascends in the anterior interventricular sulcus with the anteior interventricular artery, at the sulcus it turns left and accompanies the circumflux artery, continous with coronary sinus
Term
where is the middle cardiac vein located
Definition
in the posterior interventricular sulcus with the posterior interventricular artery
Term
where is the samll cardiac vein located
Definition
runs with the right marginal artery then with the right coronary artery in the coronary sulcus
Term
what area does the posterior vein of the left ventricle drain
Definition
the diaphragmatic surface of the left ventricle
Term
describe the path of the anterior cardiac vein
Definition
originates at the anteiror surface of the right ventricle, passes over the coronary artery, opens into the right atrium
Term
where are the smallest cardiac veins located
Definition
muscular walls of the heart, open directly into the chambers, mostly on the right side of the heart, sometimes on the left
Term
where is the rudimentary valve
Definition
between inferior vena cava and the right atrium, between coronar sinus and the right atrium
Term
where is the coronary sinus opening
Definition
opens into right atrium between right ateioventricular oriface and the inferior vena cava
Term
where is the right atrioventricular oriface
Definition
on right ventricle anteior to the opening of the inferior venacava and the coronary sinus, has a tricuspid valve
Term
what are the parts of the tricuspid for the right atrioventricular orifce
Definition
3 cusps: anterior, posterior, septal
Term
where is the fossa ovalis
Definition
shallow depression in the eall of the right and left atrium on the interatrial septum
Term
what is the function of the fossa ovalis
Definition
indicates the site of the formaen ovale during development
Term
what is the limbus
Definition
the upper border of the fossa ovalis
Term
srptum primum
Definition
the valve of the foramen ovaule in the left atrium that closes due to the higher pressure in the atrium due to the pressure change after birth
Term
atrioventricular oriface
Definition
communication between the right atrium and ventricle
Term
pulmonary oriface
Definition
communication between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk, contains pulmonary valve
Term
describe the walls of the right ventricle near the pulmonary oriface
Definition
funnel shaped, smooth, infundibulum, conus arterosis
Term
describe the walls of the right ventricle near the conus arterosis
Definition
muscular ridges, traveculae carneae
Term
papillary muscle
Definition
con shaped muscles that project into the ventricles, attached to the ventricle walls, connected to cusps of the atrioventricular valves by tendineae, 3 sets
Term
what are the three types of papillary muscles
Definition
anterior (largest), posterior, septal
Term
what happens to the AV valve in the ventricular systole
Definition
papillary muscles contract via cordae tendineae holding down the cusps of the atrioventricular valves peventing blackflow into the atria
Term
atrioventricular valve
Definition
between the right atrium and ventricle
Term
what is the septomarginal trabecula
Definition
muscular ridge from the interventricular septum to the anterior wall of right ventricle, convays the right branch of the AV bundle
Term
semilunar cusps
Definition
aka pulmonary valves. in the rigt ventricle, 3 cusps: anterior, right, left, gaurd pulmonary oiface
Term
pulmonary sinus
Definition
pocket between the cusps of the pulmonary valve and the pulmonary trunk
Term
what happens to the pulmonary valves during ventricular systole
Definition
press against wall of pulmonary trunk letting blood through
Term
what happens to the pulmonary valves during ventricular diastole
Definition
blood flows back to the heart and filles the pulmonary sinuses, valve cusos close preventing backflow
Term
describe the texture of the left atrium
Definition
main cavity is smooth
Term
describe the texture of the left auricle
Definition
trabeculated walls due to pectinate muscles
Term
left atrioventricular oriface
Definition
opening between left atrium and left ventricle gaurded by the mitral valve
Term
mitral valve
Definition
bicuspid,left atrioventricular. two cusps: anterior, posterior
Term
which ventricle has more pressure, what adaptation has been done to accomodate this
Definition
the left ventricle, it has thicker walls
Term
aortic oriface
Definition
communication between the aorta and left ventricle, gaurded by the aortic valve
Term
aortic vestivule
Definition
part of left ventricle below the aortic oriface with smooth walls
Term
describe the texture of the left ventricle
Definition
muscular ridges due to traveculae carneae
Term
papillary muscles of the left ventricle origin and insertion, how are they attached
Definition
go from the ventricle wall to the cusps of the mitral valve attached by cordae tendineae
Term
aortic valve
Definition
semilunar, 3 cusps: right, left, posterior, gaurds aortic oriface
Term
aortic sinus
Definition
pocket like spaces between the cusps of the aortic valve and wall of aorta, contain orifaces for the coronary arteries
Term
where are the orifaces for the coronary arteries
Definition
aortic sinuses
Term
interventricular septum seperates? what is the location?
Definition
seperates the right and left ventricles, oblique, bulges towards right ventricle
Term
parts of the interventricular septum
Definition
muscular and membranous
Term
muscular interventricular septum
Definition
forms most of the septum
Term
membranous interventricular septum
Definition
small part, close to atroventricular oriface, no muscle
Term
ventricular septum defect
Definition
usually involve the membranous part, allow blood to pass from left to right ventricle
Term
what is happening during the first heart sound
Definition
closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves, ventricular systole
Term
what is happening during the second heart sound
Definition
close of aortic and pulmonary valves, ventricular diastole
Term
where do you places a stethascope to hear the tricuspid valve
Definition
5th intercostal space to the left of sternum
Term
where do you places a stethascope to hear the mitral valve
Definition
5th intercostal space, in the middle of the rib to the left side
Term
where do you places a stethascope to hear the pulmonary valve
Definition
second intercostal space to the left near the sternum
Term
where do you places a stethascope to hear the aortic valve
Definition
2nd intercostal space to the right close to the sternum
Term
heart murmur
Definition
extra heart sound usually indicating a problem
Term
stenosis
Definition
when valve cusps are thickened and passage is narrowed, forward flow is restricted
Term
regurgitation
Definition
when valve cusps do not close thigtly allowing backflow
Term
diastolic murmur
Definition
tricuspid and mitral stenosis or pulmonary and aortic regurgation
Term
systolic murmur
Definition
tricuspid and mitral regurgation or pulmonary and aortic stenosis
Term
what are the parts of the heart skeleton
Definition
4 fibrous rings, right and left fibrous trigones, membranous part of the interventricular septum
Term
what do the fibrous rings of the heart correspond to
Definition
surround 2 AV orifaces, pulmonary orifaces, and aortic orifacs
Term
what are the functions of the heart skeleton
Definition
electrical insulation, attachment to atrial and ventricular muscle fibers and to cusps of AV, aortic, and pulmonary valves, support bases of valves preventing stretching
Term
what role does the heart skeleton play in electrical insulation
Definition
electrical impulses can pass from the atria to ventricles only through the AV bundles so it seperates the myocardium of the atria from the myocardium of the ventricles to facillitate this
Term
fibrous trigone
Definition
the only opening in the fibrous heart skeleton allowing the bundle of his to pass through preserving electrical insulation
Term
cardiac muscle cells conducting abilities
Definition
do not come from a nerve, rythmically contact atria together first then ventricles
Term
why are heart transplants possible
Definition
because the muscles cells contract on their own without nerves
Term
what are the components of the conducting system of the heart
Definition
sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle and branches, subdendocardial plexus
Term
sa node location
Definition
right atrium just abode the superior vena cava at the upper crista terminalis
Term
sa node function
Definition
pacemaker, makes atrial myocardium contract
Term
av bundle location
Definition
condunation of the av node, pierces skeleton to each ventricle, at upper border of muscular part of the interventricular septum it divides into branches
Term
what is the only conductive path between the top and bottom of the heart
Definition
av bundle
Term
right branch of the bundle of his location
Definition
runs towards the apex under the endocardium of the septum to the anterior right atrium in the septomarginal teabrcula
Term
left branch of the bundle of his location
Definition
descends on the left side of the interventricular septum dividing into branches on the left ventricle along the travecular carnae becoming continous with the subcardial plexus of purkinje fibers
Term
what nerves supply the heart
Definition
the sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers of the cardiac plexus
Term
where does the sympathetic nerve innervation to the heart come from?
Definition
cervical and upper thorasic sympathetic trunk
Term
where does the parasympathetic innervation come from
Definition
vagus nerve
Term
what does sympathetic stimulation do to the heart
Definition
increased heart rate and force of contraction, dilation of coronary sinuses
Term
what does parasympathetic stimulation do the the heart
Definition
reduction of heart rate and froce of contraction, constriction of coronary sinuses
Term
what do the sensory fibers off the vagus nerve relay
Definition
cardiac reflexes
Term
what do the sensory fibers off the sympathetic nerves relay
Definition
pain sensation, referred to down arm inside and upper chest due to T1-T4 association
Term
medistanium
Definition
middle part of the thorasic cavity, thorasic outlet to the diaphragm, divided into superior and inferior
Term
what are the divisions of hte inferior medistinum
Definition
anterior, middle, posterior
Term
what is the border bwterrn the superior and inferior mediastinum
Definition
plane drawn by sternal angle
Term
what is in the middle area of the mediastinum
Definition
heart and pericardial sac
Term
what marks the anterior border of the mediastinum
Definition
between the sternum and pericardium
Term
where is the thymus located
Definition
superficial, sits high, mostly in the superior medistinum, can be more inferior when youner because it is bigger
Term
what is the function of the thymus
Definition
primary lymphoid organ, where lymphoid stem cells mature into t cells
Term
talk about the size and shape of the thymus
Definition
largest at puberty and shrinks with age becoming replaced with fat, three lobes
Term
how is the thymus held together
Definition
connective tissue
Term
what forms the bracheocephalic veins
Definition
internal juggular and subclavian join
Term
what veins empty into the baracheocephalic veins
Definition
the interthyroid veins, azygous vein (at the joining for form the superior vena cava)
Term
compare the left and right bracheocephalic veins
Definition
the right is shorter and more verticle, the left is more oblique
Term
what do the right and left bracheocephalic veins join together to form
Definition
the superior vena cava
Term
what marks the location of the begining of the superior venacava
Definition
the 1st costal cartilage
Term
where does the inferior vena cava pierce the diaphragm
Definition
T8
Term
where is the acending aorta located
Definition
within pericardial sac, leads from heart to aortic arch
Term
where is the descending aorta located
Definition
in the thorasic and abdominal cavity begining at the sternal angle
Term
what arteries come off the aorta
Definition
right and left coronary arteries
Term
what arteries come off of the aortic arch
Definition
bracheocephalic trunk, left caroted, left subclavian
Term
what does the bracheocephalic split into
Definition
right caroted and right subclavian
Term
where is the ligamentum arterosium located
Definition
runs from the pulmonary trunk at the bifurcation and attaches to the underside of the aortic arch
Term
what runs along the ligamentum arterosium
Definition
vagus nerve, left recurrant laryngeal nerve
Term
how did the ligamentum arterosium form
Definition
remnent of the ductous arterosis from the fetus (a lung bipass) that closes at birth leaving a ligament
Term
what happens if the ductous arterosis does not close
Definition
pressure is higher in the aorta and blood flows back into the pulmonary arteries leading to pulmonary hypertension
Term
how can you diagnose if someone's ductous arterosis did not close
Definition
they have a big murmur
Term
aortic hiatus
Definition
hole the descending aorta goes through at T12
Term
what branches off of the descending aorta
Definition
posterior intercostal arteries (9), subcostal arteries, esophageal arteries, broncieal arteries, pericardial branches, superior phrenic arteries
Term
what was the function of the ductus arterosis as a fetus
Definition
carries blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta bypassing the lungs
Term
what do the superior phrenic arteries supply
Definition
the posterior surface of the diaphragm
Term
where does the phrenic nerve branch from
Definition
the cervical plexus, the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord C3-C5 roots
Term
where does the right phrenic nerve run
Definition
follows the right bracheocephalic and superior vena cava, passes between lung and pericardium down to the pericardial sac
Term
where does the left phrenic nerve run
Definition
to the left of the aortic arch, down between the heart and lungs, to the diaphragm
Term
what does the phrenic nerves innervate
Definition
the diaphragm and the peritenium on the gut side, the parital pericardium, medistanial pleura, paritenial
Term
where is pain from the phrenic nerve referred to
Definition
C3-C5 dermatome, neck and sholder pain
Term
where does the vagus nerve run and branch
Definition
posterior to the lung roots, branches into the pulmonary plexus,esophageal plexus which comes back together into two trunks the anterior and posterior vagul trunks
Term
what type of nerve is the vagus nerve
Definition
parasympathetic
Term
what are the thoracic branches of the vagus nerve
Definition
left recurrent laryngeal, right recurrant laryngeal
Term
left recurrant laryngeal location
Definition
crosses left side of aorta, curves under the arch, around the ligamentum arterosium, comes back to the larynx
Term
what can lesions on the left recurrant laryngeal nerve cause
Definition
hoarsness, paralysis to left laryngeal muscles
Term
where is the right recurrant laryngeal nerve located
Definition
originates from the right vagus root at the neck and hooks around the subclavian artery and ascends to the larynx
Term
what is the function of the thorasic vagus nerve branches
Definition
carry visceral motor parasympathetic and visceral sensory fibers to the esophagus, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and heart
Term
what is the espohagus made of
Definition
muscle
Term
what structures mark the top and bottom of the esophagus
Definition
pharynx to stomach
Term
what vertebre marks the begining of the esophagus
Definition
C6
Term
in what parts of the medistinum is the esophagus located
Definition
the superior and posterior
Term
what and where is the esophageal opening
Definition
T10, passage through the diaphragm, slightly left of median
Term
what are the parts of the esophagus
Definition
cervical, thorasic, lumbar
Term
what is the esophagus between in the superior medisastinum
Definition
trachea and vertebral comumn
Term
what is the esophagus between in the inferior medistinum
Definition
pericardial sac and vertebral column
Term
why does the esophagus have a curve to it
Definition
in the posterior mediastinum it first runs along the right side of the descending aorta then it runs anterior to it
Term
what is the definition of azygos
Definition
unpaired, lacking a mate, the azygos system right and left side are not symmetrical
Term
what is the main areas the azygos system drains
Definition
thorax and abdomen body wall structures, bronchi, esophagus, pericardium
Term
where does the asygous system dump into
Definition
the posterior superior vena cava
Term
what happens if one of the vena cava is obstructed
Definition
the azygos system takes on more blood and goes around the obstruction
Term
where do the left and right branches of the azygous system connect
Definition
across the vertebral column one or more times
Term
what is the name of the right branch of the azygos system
Definition
azygous vein
Term
what is the name of the left superior left branch of the azygous system
Definition
accessory hemiazygos vein
Term
what is the name of the inferior left branch of the azygos system
Definition
hemiazygos vein
Term
what is the origin of the azygos vein
Definition
joining of the ascending lumbar and subcostal veins
Term
what structure does the azygos vein run along
Definition
the heads of the ribs
Term
which azygos system branch is longer
Definition
right, azygos vein
Term
where do the left azygos veins drain into
Definition
the azygos vein
Term
describe the location of the azygos vein before it dumps into the superior vena cava
Definition
it ascends to T4, goes over right lung root, and terminates at svc
Term
what forms the hemiazygos vein
Definition
ascending lumbar and subcostal veins
Term
what drains into the thorasic duct
Definition
all but the right upper corner of the body's lymphatic system
Term
where does the thorasic duct begin
Definition
in the abdomen at the cisterna chyli, L1/L2
Term
describe the path of the thorasic duct
Definition
abdomen, follows aorta through hiatus, runs behind the esophagus, makes a hook, drains
Term
what areas does the thorasic duct drain
Definition
all but the upper right quadrent of the body
Term
where does the thorasic duct dump into
Definition
left subclavian and left internal juggular junction
Term
what dumps into the thorasic duct just before it terminates
Definition
left juggular, left subclavian, and left bronchomedialstinal trunks (they may als drain into near by veins)
Term
what joins to make the right lymphatic duct
Definition
right juggular, right subclavian, right bronchomediastinal lymph trunks
Term
where does the right lymphatic duct terminate
Definition
junction of right subclavian and right internal juggular
Term
what does the right lymphatic duct drain
Definition
the right upper quarter of the body
Term
how many ganglia does the sympathetic trunk have
Definition
10-11
Term
why is there a variation in the number of ganglia the sympathetic trunk has
Definition
the first cervical ganglia often fuses with the inferior cervical ganglia
Term
describe the location and shape of ganglia
Definition
connected in a chain and running down heads of ribs in the upper thorasic and the sides of the vertebral bodies in the lower thorasic, posterior to parietal pleura
Term
what connects the ganglia together
Definition
intercostal nerves
Term
where doe the intercostal nerves that connect ganglia together come from
Definition
the white and gray communicating rami
Term
what is special about the upper 4 ganglia
Definition
they give off postganglionic fivers to the thoracic viscera of the heart, aorta, lungs, esophagus
Term
where do the splanchnic nerves originate
Definition
lower thoracc sympathetic trunk (5th ganglia and below)
Term
what do the splachnic nerves pierce
Definition
diaphragm
Term
where do the splanchnic nerves end
Definition
abdomen
Term
where do splanchnic nerve preganglionic sympathetic fibers terminate
Definition
prevetrebal ganglia in abdomen
Term
what is the function of the visceral sensory fibers of the splanchnic nerves
Definition
carry pain sensaion from abdominal organs
Term
where does the greater splanchnic nerve originate
Definition
from ganglic 5-9
Term
where does the lesser splanchnic nerve originate
Definition
ganglia 9-10 or 10-11
Term
where does the least splanchnic nerve originate
Definition
lowest thoracic ganglion, sometimes absent
Term
ganglia
Definition
cell bodies of nerons from PNS
Term
neurons
Definition
cell bodies of neurons from CNS
Term
somatic
Definition
innervates skeletal muscle
Term
autonomic
Definition
innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, an glands
Term
how many neurons are involved in the somatic pathway
Definition
1 neuron
Term
where are somatic cell bodies located
Definition
nucleus of the brainstem or spinal cord
Term
what is the location and destination of a somatic axon
Definition
leaves CNS in a cranial or spinal nerve and innervates ma variable number of muscle fibers
Term
how many neurons are involved in a autonimic pathway
Definition
2 neurons
Term
where is an autonomic preganglonic cell body
Definition
nucleus of the brainstem or spinal cord
Term
what is the location and destination of the autonimic preganglonic axon (fiber)
Definition
leaves the CNS in a cranial or spinal nerve but and travels to a ganglion
Term
what are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system
Definition
sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric
Term
describe the relationship between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
Definition
antagonistic, both in thorax, abdomen, pelvis, head, ad vessels
Term
what is happening inside an autonomic ganglion (PNS)
Definition
preganglonic axon synapses with a second postganglionic neuron
Term
where is the cell body of an autonomic post ganglion neuron
Definition
in the autonomic ganglion (PNS)
Term
what is the location and destination of the autonimic postganglonic axon
Definition
leaves the ganglion and innervates smooth or cardiac muscle or a gland
Term
where are visceral targers
Definition
body walls and limbs, head, vessels, sweat glands, arrector pilli
Term
what are sympathetic visceral targets
Definition
vessels. sewat glands, arrector pilli
Term
what are parasympathetic visceral targets
Definition
head and body cavities
Term
where are the only places the parasympathetic innervates
Definition
head and body cavities
Term
what nervous system will cause increased heart rate and blood pressure
Definition
sympathetic
Term
what nervous system will cause rdistribution of blood to the brain, heart, and muscle
Definition
sympathetic
Term
what nervous system will cause inhibition of peristalsis and the GI tract
Definition
sympathetic
Term
what nervous system is more active in the day
Definition
sympathetic
Term
what nervous system will conserve and store energy
Definition
parasympathetic
Term
what nervous system will cause decreased heart rate and blood pressure
Definition
parasympathetic
Term
what nervous system will cause increased peristalsis and GI tract functions
Definition
parasympathetic
Term
what nervous system is more active at night
Definition
parasympathetic
Term
what nervous system is described as fight or flight
Definition
sympathetic
Term
what nervous system is described as rest and digest
Definition
parasympathetic
Term
what vertebre does the sympathetic division correspond with, what is this called
Definition
T1-L2, intermediolateral cell column, or thoracolumbar outflow/ division
Term
in what part of the gray matter is the nucleus of the sympathetic division located
Definition
lateral horn
Term
where are sympathetic cell bodies located
Definition
in the paravertebral or prevertebral ganglia (sympathetic chain ganglia), closer to the CNS, associated with the abdominal aorta
Term
which autonomic system has longer preganglonic fibers
Definition
parasympathetic
Term
which autonomic system has longer postganglionic fibers
Definition
sympathetic
Term
describe the location of the sympathetic chain ganglia
Definition
two chains on both sides of the spinal cord that meet inferiorly
Term
what structure foes the sympathetic chain ganglia run along
Definition
the abdominal aorta
Term
where do the nerves from the parasympathetic system come from
Definition
brainstem nuclei of cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X, sacral parasympathetic nuclei
Term
what does the craiosacral outflow / division include
Definition
all the parasympathetic nerves
Term
what does the sacral parasymathetic nucleus refer to
Definition
spinal cord gray matter from S2-S4 of the parasymathetic nerves
Term
in what neurotransmitters is acetocholine used
Definition
preganglonic fibers of the sympathetic and parasympathetic
Term
in what neurotransmitters is norepinepherine used
Definition
neurotransmitters of postganglionic in the sympathetic and parasympathetic except sweat glands
Term
what neurotransmitters do post ganglionic neurons is sweat glands use
Definition
acetylcholine
Term
what determines the effect of a neurotransmitter
Definition
the receptor
Term
what nerves have white communicating rami, why
Definition
only the T1-L2 spinal nerves because they have cell bodies of the preganglionic sympathetic rami
Term
where do sympathetic fibers that ascend in the trunk synapse
Definition
with a postganglionic neuron of a higher sympathetic ganglion
Term
where do sympathetic fibers that descend in the trunk synapse
Definition
with a postgnglionic neuron of a lower sympathetic ganglon
Term
how is it possible for a preganglionic fiber to leave the trunk and synapse immediatly
Definition
it synapses with the sympathetic ganglion at its own level
Term
what happes when a sympathetic fiber passes through the trunk without synapsing
Definition
it continues to an abdominopelvic splanchnic nerve to reach the prevertebral ganglia
Term
what to splanchnic nerves innervate
Definition
the pelvis and abdomen
Term
what do sympathetic fibers leave the spinal nerve in to get to the trunk
Definition
white communicating rami of T1-L2
Term
why is the white communicating rami white
Definition
it is myleniated
Term
what parasympathetic fibers innervate the head
Definition
cranial nerves III, VII, XI
Term
what does cranial nerve III innervate
Definition
oculomotor
Term
what does cranial nerve VII innervate
Definition
facial
Term
what does cranial nerve IX innervate
Definition
glossopharyngeal
Term
what is cranial nerve X called
Definition
vagus nerve
Term
what does the vagus nerve innervate
Definition
thoracic and abdominal organs
Term
what nervous system does the vagus nerve work for
Definition
parasympathetic
Term
what do the pelvic splanchnic nerves innervate
Definition
abdominal nerves not supplied by the vaugs
Term
where do pelvic splanchnic nerves come from
Definition
sacral parasympathetic nerves
Term
what nervous system does the enteric belong to
Definition
autonomic
Term
what does the entric nervous system innervate
Definition
the walls of the GI from esophagus to rectum
Term
how many neurons does the entric nervous system have
Definition
over 100 million (as many as spinal cord)
Term
what tyes of neurons does the entric nervous system have
Definition
motor, sensory, interneurons
Term
what is the entric nervous system usually regulated by
Definition
parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems
Term
when the entric nervous system is not being regulated by parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system what runs it
Definition
itself
Term
functions does the entric nervous system provide
Definition
gut motility, secretion, absorption
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