Term
| what is an integral protein |
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Definition
a protein that extends into or through the lipid bilayer and is firmly embedded in it.
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Term
| What is the cytoplasm and what does it do? |
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Definition
cytoplasm is all of the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.
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Term
| 2 Components of the cytoplasm |
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Definition
| fluid matrix cytosol and organelle |
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Term
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Definition
| 75% phospholipids 20% cholestrol, 5% glycolipids |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance moves down its concentration gradient, devoid of any other energy but its own |
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Term
| What do lipids do in the plasma membrane? |
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Definition
| Act as a barrier to certain substsances |
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Term
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Definition
| Basic living structural and functional units of the body |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Cellular energy used to drive a substance up a gradient, usually used by ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| Fluid in between body cells |
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Term
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Definition
Fluids found on the outside
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Term
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Definition
| Gatekeepers to certain molecules and ions |
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Term
| Which membranes serve as cell identity markers? |
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Definition
| Glycolipids and Glycoproteins |
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Term
| Anabolic Reactions do what |
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Definition
| Increase and join of smaller molecules into larger ones |
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Term
| Cells with microvilli do what |
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Definition
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Term
| ECF of lymphatic vessels and blood vessels |
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Definition
| Lymph and blood plasma, respectively |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of chemical reactions occurring within a cell to maintain homeostasis |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of Cellular Structure |
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Term
| What does the fluid mosaic model state? |
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Definition
| The arrangement resembles a never-ending sea of lipids that are either free or subjugated. |
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Term
| Intracellular fluid (ICF) |
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Definition
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Term
| plasma membrane. what is it and where is it and what does it do |
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Definition
The plasma membrane is a flexible yet sturdy barrier that surrounds and contains the cytoplasm of a cell |
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Term
| Most integral proteins are what? |
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Definition
| They are transmembrane proteins, which means they span the entire lipid bilayer and go into both cytosol and extracellular fluid |
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Term
| Name all the functions of membrane proteins |
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Definition
They form ION CHANNELS (pores)
act as CARRIERS or TRANSPORTERS that selectively move polar substances
Form RECEPTORS as sites for cellular recognition (ligands)
Are ENZYMES that catalyze chemical reactions
Serve as LINKERS that anchor the plasma membranes of neighboring cells
Act as CELL IDENTITY markers |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| control center of the cell |
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Term
| what is Compartmentalizations |
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Definition
| isolation of specific chemicals reactions within membrane-enclosed organelles |
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Term
| What does the fluid mosaic model state? |
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Definition
| moving sea of lipids containing many types of proteins |
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Term
| peripheral proteins do what |
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Definition
support the plasma membrane and anchor integral proteins.
Help to move materials and alter the cell shape and attach cells to one another
Are a network of protein filaments support cytoplasmic side of the membrane |
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Term
| The lipid bilayer of phospholipid molecules |
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Definition
| the flexible yet sturdy selectively permeable membrane barrier |
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Term
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Definition
| a passive process, net movement from high to low concentration. it uses its own energy |
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Term
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Definition
| Passive provess, net movement of water molecules through a selectively permable membrane from an area of higher water to lower concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| passive process that is accomplished with transmembrane proteins acting as carriers. it lets large molecules fit through protein pores |
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Term
| Glucose is what to the body |
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Definition
| the bodies preferred energy source for ATP |
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Term
| all passive processes/transport |
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Definition
| simple and facilitated diffusion and osmosis |
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Term
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Definition
| integral proteins move molecules against a concentration gradient; low to high |
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Term
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Definition
| Endocytosis and exocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| materials move INTO a cell vesicle |
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Term
| transports that use their own kinetic energy |
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Definition
| simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion are passive so they ___ |
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Term
| receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Definition
| a highly selective process where a cellular protein receptor binds to ligands |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell engulfs large particles |
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Term
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Definition
| a non specific bulk phase process where ECF's are drank and taken into the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| materials move OUT of a cell by fusion of a vesicle formed inside a cell from the plasma membrane |
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Term
| what are the three types of endocytosis |
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Definition
receptor-mediated cytosis
Phagocytosis
pinocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| a mixture of dead neutrophils, macrophages, tissue cells and fluid in an infected wound |
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Term
| which processes belong to exocytosis? |
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Definition
| Secretion and Snare belong to what process |
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Term
| The cytoplasm has how many components and what are they |
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Definition
| what structure contains Cytosol and the organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| a jelly-like fluid where cellular elements are suspended |
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Term
what does the cytoplasm contain?
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Definition
| what contains cytoskeleton, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, proteins , lipids, atp, and waste products |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized structures of the cell that have specific shapes and perform essential functions; can be enclosed by a membrane |
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Term
| what are the non-membranous organelles |
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Definition
cytoskeleton
centrosome
centriole |
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Term
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Definition
| provides cellular infrastructure and movement |
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Term
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Definition
| area near nucleus composed of centrosome matrix and centrioles |
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Term
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Definition
| paired cylindrical bodies that are composed of 27 9 clusters of 3 microtubules |
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Term
| cilia and flagella are what |
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Definition
| motile projections in the movement of substances over cell surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
| functions in movement of substances over cell surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
| it propels sperm, only found in sperm |
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Term
| cilia is paralyzed by what |
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Definition
| the nicotine in cigarette smoke paralyzes what |
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Term
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Definition
| something that is swept towards the uterus |
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Term
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Definition
| they function at the site of protein synthesis |
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Term
| where are ribosomes produced |
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Definition
| they are produced in the nucleus |
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Term
| free ribosomes synthesize what |
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Definition
| soluble proteins used in cytosol are synthesized by what |
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Term
| membrane-bound ribosomes synthesize what |
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Definition
| proteins for insertion in the PM of secretion the cell are synthesized by what |
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Term
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Definition
| Constructed in the protein and ribosomal rna |
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Term
| What is the endoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
| a network of membrane channels (cisternae) |
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Term
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Definition
| is an ER with attached ribosomes and is continuous with the nuclear envelope |
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Term
| what does the rough ER synthesize and what are their products transferred into |
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Definition
| Synthesizes glycoproteins and phospholipids. products are transferred into organelles, inserted to the plasma membrane, or secreted during exocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| an ER with no ribosomes and is continuous with the RER |
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Term
| what does the smooth er synthesize and what does it do |
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Definition
| it synthesizes fatty acids and steroids. is also inactivates and detoxifies drugs and harmful substances. |
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Term
| what does the smooth er store and what does it remove |
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Definition
| stores calcium ions and it removes phosphate groups from glucose-6-phosphate |
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Term
| where does protein assemble |
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Definition
| it assembles on the rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
| describe the protein assembly on the RER |
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Definition
| they bind to the rough ER then the growing peptides enter is cisterna, a signal sequence is removed, proteins elongate, sugar groups may be added, then the complete protein detaches, and then finally transport vesicles are bud off |
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Term
| what dies SER detoxify, and what sedative |
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Definition
| SER detoxifies some drugs like the sedative phenobarbital |
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Term
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Definition
| Drug tolerance is connected to what |
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Term
| What happens to SER if drugs are taken repeatedly |
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Definition
| If taken repeatedly individuals develop changes in the SER of their liver cells |
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Term
| Prolonged administration leads to what |
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Definition
| Increased tolerance comes from |
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Term
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Definition
| higher and higher doses needed to achieve original effect is because an increase in what |
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Term
| Glolgi complex resembles what |
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Definition
| Packaging and shipping resembles what complex |
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Term
| secretory vesicles do what |
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Definition
| sends processed proteins via exocytosis comes from what |
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Term
| membrane vesicles do what |
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Definition
| what vesicle sends new molecules to plasma membrane c |
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Term
| transport vesicles do what |
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Definition
| this vesicle carries molecules to other organelles (lyosomes) |
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Term
| where do the products of RER move to |
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Definition
| products of RER moves to the golgi's convex CIS side to the convex's TRANS side |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane vesicles are ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| this membrane vesicle digests substances that enter a cell by endocytosis and transports products of digestion into the cytosol |
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Term
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Definition
| the process where damaged organelles, proteins, internal membranes are digested |
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Term
|
Definition
| process of the digestion of the entire cell, is known as |
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Term
| Extracellular digestion is the |
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Definition
| Fusion with vesicles containing substances for degradation (bacteria and viruses) is known as |
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Term
| this is an inherited disorder known as tay sachs disease, what does it do |
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Definition
| what is the disorder that is caused by an absence of a lysosomal enzyme called Hex A |
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Term
|
Definition
| this lysosomal enzyme breaks down ganglioside, a membrane glycolipid that is prevalent in nerve cells |
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Term
| if Hex A is not present what happens |
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Definition
| resulting from the absence of an enzyme, excess ganglioside accumulates, nerve cell functions are less efficient which causes seizures and muscle rigidity, blindness, dementia, is a result. dead before 5 |
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Term
|
Definition
| these are membrane walled sacs of oxidase enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| what cell neutralizes free radicals and degrade toxic substances |
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Term
|
Definition
| oxidizes organic and toxic substances like alcohol is caused by what provess |
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Term
| what is decomposed by catalse and superoxide by superoxide dismutase |
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Definition
| toxic byproducts od metabolism and hydrogen peroxide is decomposed by what |
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Term
| what happens without peroxisomes, what would accumulate |
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Definition
| without this membrane walled sac, metabolism would accumulate which causes cellular death |
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Term
| peroxiomes break down what |
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Definition
| this enzyme breaks down fatty acid chains |
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Term
| peroxisomes are numerous where |
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Definition
| this enzyme is numerous in the liver and kidneys |
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Term
|
Definition
| these enzymes are tiny Barrell shaped protein structures that contain protease enzymes that break down unneeded, damaged, or faulty cytosolic proteins |
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Term
| Alzheimer's and Parkinsons result from what |
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Definition
| these two diseases are caused by a failure of proteasomes to degrade abnormal proteins |
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Term
| Mitochondria transfer what to where |
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Definition
| this powerhouse transfers energy in nutrient molecules into ATP |
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Term
| cristae increase the surface of what |
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Definition
| increased by this mitochondrion for cellular respiration |
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Term
|
Definition
| this is the central fluid-filled cavity enclosed by the inner mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
| Self replicate is due to what |
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Definition
| this is due to increase cellular energy from cell division |
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Term
| self replication is abundant in what |
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Definition
| this process is abundant in energy requiring cells like muscle and sperm |
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Term
| self replication contains dna from who only |
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Definition
| this process contains dna from mother only |
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Term
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Definition
| this is the control center and largest organelle |
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Term
| the nucleus contains what |
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Definition
| this organelle contains DNA, which is the genetic material that directs cell activity |
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Term
| what is the nuclear envelope |
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Definition
| this is the parallel membrane separated by fluid-filled space |
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Term
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Definition
| this allows large molecules to pass in and out of the nucleus |
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Term
| the nucleolus is the what |
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Definition
| site of ribosome production that contains parts of several chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| this is the total genetic information carried in a cell or organism |
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Term
| there are 20k genes in what |
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Definition
| the human genome contains how many genes |
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Term
| paring based of dna is what |
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Definition
| A+T AND C+G is the pairing base of what |
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Term
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Definition
| this is the dna molecule wrapped around proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| this is a cluster of DNA plus histone proteins |
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Term
| what is chromatin composed of |
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Definition
| this molecule is composed of DNA and histone proteins |
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Term
| condensed chromatin is what |
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Definition
| is the inactive form of chromatin and stains darkly due to tightly coiled strands of DNA |
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Term
| Extended chromatin is what |
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Definition
| Uncoiled strands of DNA in the active region that is also for gene transcription |
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Term
| Histones are wrapped with |
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Definition
| this protein is wrapped around with DNA helixes |
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Term
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Definition
| a cluster of DNA and histones is known as |
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Term
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Definition
| this is the highest level of chromatin organization |
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Term
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Definition
this is the state of high metabolic activity and consists of 3 phases G1 S AND S3.
It looks like 2 circles within each other, untouched with centrioles on touch and a visible nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
early Prophase is where chromatin fibers shorten into chromosomes, this prevents entangling. it looks like the cells are condensed together almost in half
Late prophase is where the nucleus is broken and it looks like its beginning to scatter |
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Term
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Definition
| the microtubes align in the center, it looks like a line of ants walking in a straight path |
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Term
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Definition
| the phase where centromeres begin to split, when they are separated they become chromosomes. In early anaphase, the centromeres look like theyre being pulled apart, in the late phase, they are completely apart |
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Term
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Definition
| the final stage of mitosis, chromosomal movement stops and they are now at opposite poles of the cell. it looks like two incompletely separated eggs |
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Term
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Definition
| this is the cytoplasmic division, rings form around center of the cell and divides it into two |
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Term
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Definition
| this is the two-step division that produces haploid gametes |
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Term
| how many cells in the average adult can be classified into 200 cells |
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Definition
| nearly 100 trillion cells can be classified into what |
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Term
| a cells shape is related to what |
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Definition
| a cells shape is related to its function |
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Term
|
Definition
| function is determined by what |
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Term
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Definition
| these cells make and secrete protein component of fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| these are concave shapes that provide surface area for uptake of the respiratory gases |
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Term
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Definition
| these are hexagonal shaped cells that allow a maximum number of epithelial cells to cluster |
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Term
| contractile cells are what |
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Definition
| these are skeletal muscle cells and smooth muscle cells |
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Term
| skeletal and smooth muscle cells are elongated and filled with what |
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Definition
| elongated and filled with actin and myosin |
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Term
|
Definition
| this a fat cell that stores nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell that fight disease |
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Term
|
Definition
| has a long process for sending and receiving messages |
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Term
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Definition
this is an ovum fertilized by sperm to produce a new individual
All blood cells arise from this cell and has the same genes |
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Term
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Definition
| the embryo develops and the cells specialize |
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Term
| what do structural variations reflect |
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Definition
| this reflects its functional differnece |
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Term
| group of specialized cells form what |
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Definition
| these form tissues and each tissue perform a different function |
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Term
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Definition
| diseases discerned by uncontrollable cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| this is the initiation of cancer cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Surgical removal, radiation, chemo |
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Term
|
Definition
| this is a begnin or malignant tumor |
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Term
|
Definition
| this is the study of tumors |
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Term
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Definition
| this is the growth of new networks of blood vessels |
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Term
| tumor angiogenesis factors stimulate what |
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Definition
| this is protein stimulates angiogenesis in tumors |
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Term
|
Definition
| this is a normal process accompanies by a progressive alteration of homeostatic adaptive responses to maintain normal conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| a branch of medicine for the elderly |
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Term
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Definition
| study of process and problems with aging |
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Term
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Definition
| this is the protective DNA sequences found only at the tips of each chromosome; they shorten after each cycle of cell division |
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Term
| what are the three main parts of the cell |
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Definition
| what does this belong to? plasma membrane, cyto- plasm, and nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
| this is the coat on the extracellular surface of the plasma membrane that is composed of the carbohydrate portions of membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins |
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Term
| cytosol is another name for what |
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Definition
| this is another name for itc |
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Term
| some examples of ligands that undergo recepter mediated endocytisus |
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Definition
| Transferrin, vitamins, and hormones are what type of molecules that undergo what type of endocytosis |
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Term
| Microtubules help form what |
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Definition
| this helps form the structure of the structure of centrioles, cilia, and flagella. |
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Term
| if a cell does not have a centrosome what can it NOT do |
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Definition
| if lacking a _____ it cannot undergo cell division |
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Term
| cillia move what across cell surfaces |
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Definition
| it moves fluids across cell surfaces |
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Term
| what does flagella do for a cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to large and small ribsomal subunits |
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Definition
| these are synthesized by the nucleolus of the nuclues and assembled in teh cytoplasm |
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Term
| what does the entry face do |
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Definition
| this modifies proteins from the rough ER |
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Term
|
Definition
| this face sorts, packages, and transports molecules to other destinations |
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Term
| what does mitochondrial cristae increase |
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Definition
| this molecule/organelle increases the surface area available for cehmical reactions and contains teh enzymes for ATP |
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Term
|
Definition
| this is a complex of DNA, proteins, and some RNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| this is a double stranded molecule of DNA wrapped twice around a core of 8 histones |
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Term
| dna replication occurs in which phases |
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Definition
| this occurs in the s phase and interphase |
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|
Term
| where does cytokenesis start |
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Definition
| this starts in late anaphase |
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|
Term
| what is the result of crossing over |
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Definition
| the result of this is that the four haploid gametes are genetically unlike each other and genetically unlike the starting cell that produced them. |
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Term
| sperm needs to move the most distance |
|
Definition
| does sperm need to move the most distance? |
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