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Anatomy unit 1: chapter 2
Cells Chapter 2
172
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
06/25/2020

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Term
what is an integral protein
Definition

a protein that extends into or through the lipid bilayer and is firmly embedded in it.

Term
What is the cytoplasm and what does it do?
Definition

cytoplasm is all of the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. 

Term
2 Components of the cytoplasm
Definition
fluid matrix cytosol and organelle
Term
Membrane composition
Definition
75% phospholipids 20% cholestrol, 5% glycolipids
Term
Passive process
Definition
A substance moves down its concentration gradient, devoid of any other energy but its own
Term
What do lipids do in the plasma membrane?
Definition
Act as a barrier to certain substsances
Term
Cell
Definition
Basic living structural and functional units of the body
Term
Catabolic reactions
Definition
Break down
Term
what do monomers do?
Definition
Build new acids
Term
Active process
Definition
Cellular energy used to drive a substance up a gradient, usually used by ATP
Term
Interstitial fluids
Definition
Fluid in between body cells
Term
Extracellular fluids
Definition

Fluids found on the outside

 

Term
Proteins act as what?
Definition
Gatekeepers to certain molecules and ions
Term
Which membranes serve as cell identity markers?
Definition
Glycolipids and Glycoproteins
Term
Anabolic Reactions do what
Definition
Increase and join of smaller molecules into larger ones
Term
Cells with microvilli do what
Definition
Increase surface area
Term
ECF of lymphatic vessels and blood vessels
Definition
Lymph and blood plasma, respectively
Term
Metabolism
Definition
Process of chemical reactions occurring within a cell to maintain homeostasis
Term
Cytology
Definition
Study of Cellular Structure
Term
What does the fluid mosaic model state?
Definition
The arrangement resembles a never-ending sea of lipids that are either free or subjugated.
Term
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
Definition
The fluid in cells
Term
plasma membrane. what is it and where is it and what does it do
Definition

The plasma membrane is a flexible yet sturdy barrier that surrounds and contains the cytoplasm of a cell

Term
Most integral proteins are what?
Definition
They are transmembrane proteins, which means they span the entire lipid bilayer and go into both cytosol and extracellular fluid
Term
Name all the functions of membrane proteins
Definition

They form ION CHANNELS (pores)

act as CARRIERS or TRANSPORTERS that selectively move polar substances

Form RECEPTORS as sites for cellular recognition (ligands)

Are ENZYMES that catalyze chemical reactions

Serve as LINKERS that anchor the plasma membranes of neighboring cells 

Act as CELL IDENTITY markers

Term
Scillia does what
Definition
aids with movement
Term
nucleus?
Definition
control center of the cell
Term
what is Compartmentalizations
Definition
isolation of specific chemicals reactions within membrane-enclosed organelles
Term
What does the fluid mosaic model state?
Definition
moving sea of lipids containing many types of proteins
Term
peripheral proteins do what
Definition

support the plasma membrane and anchor integral proteins.

Help to move materials and alter the cell shape and attach cells to one another

Are a network of protein filaments support cytoplasmic side of the membrane

Term
The lipid bilayer of phospholipid molecules
Definition
the flexible yet sturdy selectively permeable membrane barrier
Term
simple diffusion:
Definition
a passive process, net movement from high to low concentration. it uses its own energy
Term
osmosis
Definition
Passive provess, net movement of water molecules through a selectively permable membrane from an area of higher water to lower concentration
Term
facilitated diffusion
Definition
passive process that is accomplished with transmembrane proteins acting as carriers. it lets large molecules fit through protein pores
Term
Glucose is what to the body
Definition
the bodies preferred energy source for ATP
Term
all passive processes/transport
Definition
simple and facilitated diffusion and osmosis
Term
active transport
Definition
integral proteins move molecules against a concentration gradient; low to high
Term
all active transports
Definition
Endocytosis and exocytosis
Term
endocytosis
Definition
materials move INTO a cell vesicle
Term
transports that use their own kinetic energy
Definition
simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion are passive so they ___
Term
receptor-mediated endocytosis
Definition
a highly selective process where a cellular protein receptor binds to ligands
Term
Phagocytosis does what
Definition
a cell engulfs large particles
Term
Pinocytosis is what
Definition
a non specific bulk phase process where ECF's are drank and taken into the cell
Term
exocytosis
Definition
materials move OUT of a cell by fusion of a vesicle formed inside a cell from the plasma membrane
Term
what are the three types of endocytosis
Definition

receptor-mediated cytosis 

Phagocytosis 

pinocytosis 

Term
what is pus
Definition
a mixture of dead neutrophils, macrophages, tissue cells and fluid in an infected wound
Term
which processes belong to exocytosis?
Definition
Secretion and Snare belong to what process
Term
The cytoplasm has how many components and what are they
Definition
what structure contains Cytosol and the organelles
Term
what is the cytosol
Definition
a jelly-like fluid where cellular elements are suspended
Term

what does the cytoplasm contain?

 

Definition
what contains cytoskeleton, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, proteins , lipids, atp, and waste products
Term

Organelles are what

 

Definition
specialized structures of the cell that have specific shapes and perform essential functions; can be enclosed by a membrane
Term
what are the non-membranous organelles
Definition

cytoskeleton

centrosome

centriole 

Term
what is the cytoskeleton
Definition
provides cellular infrastructure and movement
Term
what is the centrosome
Definition
area near nucleus composed of centrosome matrix and centrioles
Term
centrioles are what
Definition
paired cylindrical bodies that are composed of 27 9 clusters of 3 microtubules
Term
cilia and flagella are what
Definition
motile projections in the movement of substances over cell surfaces
Term
cilia does what
Definition
functions in movement of substances over cell surfaces
Term
what is flagella
Definition
it propels sperm, only found in sperm
Term
cilia is paralyzed by what
Definition
the nicotine in cigarette smoke paralyzes what
Term
oocytes are what
Definition
something that is swept towards the uterus
Term
what are ribosomes
Definition
they function at the site of protein synthesis
Term
where are ribosomes produced
Definition
they are produced in the nucleus
Term
free ribosomes synthesize what
Definition
soluble proteins used in cytosol are synthesized by what
Term
membrane-bound ribosomes synthesize what
Definition
proteins for insertion in the PM of secretion the cell are synthesized by what
Term
Ribosomes are what
Definition
Constructed in the protein and ribosomal rna
Term
What is the endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
a network of membrane channels (cisternae)
Term
Rough ER RER is what
Definition
is an ER with attached ribosomes and is continuous with the nuclear envelope
Term
what does the rough ER synthesize and what are their products transferred into
Definition
Synthesizes glycoproteins and phospholipids. products are transferred into organelles, inserted to the plasma membrane, or secreted during exocytosis
Term
what is the smooth ER
Definition
an ER with no ribosomes and is continuous with the RER
Term
what does the smooth er synthesize and what does it do
Definition
it synthesizes fatty acids and steroids. is also inactivates and detoxifies drugs and harmful substances.
Term
what does the smooth er store and what does it remove
Definition
stores calcium ions and it removes phosphate groups from glucose-6-phosphate
Term
where does protein assemble
Definition
it assembles on the rough endoplasmic reticulum
Term
describe the protein assembly on the RER
Definition
they bind to the rough ER then the growing peptides enter is cisterna, a signal sequence is removed, proteins elongate, sugar groups may be added, then the complete protein detaches, and then finally transport vesicles are bud off
Term
what dies SER detoxify, and what sedative
Definition
SER detoxifies some drugs like the sedative phenobarbital
Term
SER is connected to what
Definition
Drug tolerance is connected to what
Term
What happens to SER if drugs are taken repeatedly
Definition
If taken repeatedly individuals develop changes in the SER of their liver cells
Term
Prolonged administration leads to what
Definition
Increased tolerance comes from
Term
increased SER leads to
Definition
higher and higher doses needed to achieve original effect is because an increase in what
Term
Glolgi complex resembles what
Definition
Packaging and shipping resembles what complex
Term
secretory vesicles do what
Definition
sends processed proteins via exocytosis comes from what
Term
membrane vesicles do what
Definition
what vesicle sends new molecules to plasma membrane c
Term
transport vesicles do what
Definition
this vesicle carries molecules to other organelles (lyosomes)
Term
where do the products of RER move to
Definition
products of RER moves to the golgi's convex CIS side to the convex's TRANS side
Term
Lysosomes are what
Definition
membrane vesicles are ___
Term
what do lysosomes do
Definition
this membrane vesicle digests substances that enter a cell by endocytosis and transports products of digestion into the cytosol
Term
Autophagy is the
Definition
the process where damaged organelles, proteins, internal membranes are digested
Term
Autolyisis is the
Definition
process of the digestion of the entire cell, is known as
Term
Extracellular digestion is the
Definition
Fusion with vesicles containing substances for degradation (bacteria and viruses) is known as
Term
this is an inherited disorder known as tay sachs disease, what does it do
Definition
what is the disorder that is caused by an absence of a lysosomal enzyme called Hex A
Term
Hex A does what
Definition
this lysosomal enzyme breaks down ganglioside, a membrane glycolipid that is prevalent in nerve cells
Term
if Hex A is not present what happens
Definition
resulting from the absence of an enzyme, excess ganglioside accumulates, nerve cell functions are less efficient which causes seizures and muscle rigidity, blindness, dementia, is a result. dead before 5
Term
peroxisomes are what
Definition
these are membrane walled sacs of oxidase enzymes
Term
enzymes do what
Definition
what cell neutralizes free radicals and degrade toxic substances
Term
oxidases does what
Definition
oxidizes organic and toxic substances like alcohol is caused by what provess
Term
what is decomposed by catalse and superoxide by superoxide dismutase
Definition
toxic byproducts od metabolism and hydrogen peroxide is decomposed by what
Term
what happens without peroxisomes, what would accumulate
Definition
without this membrane walled sac, metabolism would accumulate which causes cellular death
Term
peroxiomes break down what
Definition
this enzyme breaks down fatty acid chains
Term
peroxisomes are numerous where
Definition
this enzyme is numerous in the liver and kidneys
Term
proteasomes are what
Definition
these enzymes are tiny Barrell shaped protein structures that contain protease enzymes that break down unneeded, damaged, or faulty cytosolic proteins
Term
Alzheimer's and Parkinsons result from what
Definition
these two diseases are caused by a failure of proteasomes to degrade abnormal proteins
Term
Mitochondria transfer what to where
Definition
this powerhouse transfers energy in nutrient molecules into ATP
Term
cristae increase the surface of what
Definition
increased by this mitochondrion for cellular respiration
Term
matrix is the what
Definition
this is the central fluid-filled cavity enclosed by the inner mitochondrial membrane
Term
Self replicate is due to what
Definition
this is due to increase cellular energy from cell division
Term
self replication is abundant in what
Definition
this process is abundant in energy requiring cells like muscle and sperm
Term
self replication contains dna from who only
Definition
this process contains dna from mother only
Term
the nucleus is what
Definition
this is the control center and largest organelle
Term
the nucleus contains what
Definition
this organelle contains DNA, which is the genetic material that directs cell activity
Term
what is the nuclear envelope
Definition
this is the parallel membrane separated by fluid-filled space
Term
nuclear pores do what
Definition
this allows large molecules to pass in and out of the nucleus
Term
the nucleolus is the what
Definition
site of ribosome production that contains parts of several chromosomes
Term
genome is the
Definition
this is the total genetic information carried in a cell or organism
Term
there are 20k genes in what
Definition
the human genome contains how many genes
Term
paring based of dna is what
Definition
A+T AND C+G is the pairing base of what
Term
chromatin is what
Definition
this is the dna molecule wrapped around proteins
Term
what is a nucleosome
Definition
this is a cluster of DNA plus histone proteins
Term
what is chromatin composed of
Definition
this molecule is composed of DNA and histone proteins
Term
condensed chromatin is what
Definition
is the inactive form of chromatin and stains darkly due to tightly coiled strands of DNA
Term
Extended chromatin is what
Definition
Uncoiled strands of DNA in the active region that is also for gene transcription
Term
Histones are wrapped with
Definition
this protein is wrapped around with DNA helixes
Term
a nucleusome is what
Definition
a cluster of DNA and histones is known as
Term
chromosomes are the
Definition
this is the highest level of chromatin organization
Term
describe interphase
Definition

this is the state of high metabolic activity and consists of 3 phases G1 S AND S3.

It looks like 2 circles within each other, untouched with centrioles on touch and a visible nucleus 

Term
Describe prophase
Definition

early Prophase is where chromatin fibers shorten into chromosomes, this prevents entangling. it looks like the cells are condensed together almost in half

Late prophase is where the nucleus is broken and it looks like its beginning to scatter

Term
describe metaphase
Definition
the microtubes align in the center, it looks like a line of ants walking in a straight path
Term
describe anaphase
Definition
the phase where centromeres begin to split, when they are separated they become chromosomes. In early anaphase, the centromeres look like theyre being pulled apart, in the late phase, they are completely apart
Term
describe telophase
Definition
the final stage of mitosis, chromosomal movement stops and they are now at opposite poles of the cell. it looks like two incompletely separated eggs
Term
Cytokinesis
Definition
this is the cytoplasmic division, rings form around center of the cell and divides it into two
Term
meiosis
Definition
this is the two-step division that produces haploid gametes
Term
how many cells in the average adult can be classified into 200 cells
Definition
nearly 100 trillion cells can be classified into what
Term
a cells shape is related to what
Definition
a cells shape is related to its function
Term
structure determines
Definition
function is determined by what
Term
what do fibroblasts do
Definition
these cells make and secrete protein component of fibers
Term
what are erythrocytes
Definition
these are concave shapes that provide surface area for uptake of the respiratory gases
Term
epithelial cells do what
Definition
these are hexagonal shaped cells that allow a maximum number of epithelial cells to cluster
Term
contractile cells are what
Definition
these are skeletal muscle cells and smooth muscle cells
Term
skeletal and smooth muscle cells are elongated and filled with what
Definition
elongated and filled with actin and myosin
Term
what is an adipocyte
Definition
this a fat cell that stores nutrients
Term
what is a macrophage
Definition
a cell that fight disease
Term
nerve cell is what
Definition
has a long process for sending and receiving messages
Term
zygote
Definition

this is an ovum fertilized by sperm to produce a new individual

All blood cells arise from this cell and has the same genes 

Term
differentiation
Definition
the embryo develops and the cells specialize
Term
what do structural variations reflect
Definition
this reflects its functional differnece
Term
group of specialized cells form what
Definition
these form tissues and each tissue perform a different function
Term
cancer is what
Definition
diseases discerned by uncontrollable cell division
Term
carcinogenesis is the
Definition
this is the initiation of cancer cells
Term
treatments of cancer
Definition
Surgical removal, radiation, chemo
Term
a neoplasm is what
Definition
this is a begnin or malignant tumor
Term
what is oncology
Definition
this is the study of tumors
Term
what is angiogenesis
Definition
this is the growth of new networks of blood vessels
Term
tumor angiogenesis factors stimulate what
Definition
this is protein stimulates angiogenesis in tumors
Term
aging is what
Definition
this is a normal process accompanies by a progressive alteration of homeostatic adaptive responses to maintain normal conditions
Term
geriatrics is what
Definition
a branch of medicine for the elderly
Term
Gerontology is
Definition
study of process and problems with aging
Term
telomeres are the
Definition
this is the protective DNA sequences found only at the tips of each chromosome; they shorten after each cycle of cell division
Term
what are the three main parts of the cell
Definition
what does this belong to? plasma membrane, cyto- plasm, and nucleus.
Term
what is the glycolyx
Definition
this is the coat on the extracellular surface of the plasma membrane that is composed of the carbohydrate portions of membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins
Term
cytosol is another name for what
Definition
this is another name for itc
Term
some examples of ligands that undergo recepter mediated endocytisus
Definition
Transferrin, vitamins, and hormones are what type of molecules that undergo what type of endocytosis
Term
Microtubules help form what
Definition
this helps form the structure of the structure of centrioles, cilia, and flagella.
Term
if a cell does not have a centrosome what can it NOT do
Definition
if lacking a _____ it cannot undergo cell division
Term
cillia move what across cell surfaces
Definition
it moves fluids across cell surfaces
Term
what does flagella do for a cell
Definition
this moves entire cells
Term
what happens to large and small ribsomal subunits
Definition
these are synthesized by the nucleolus of the nuclues and assembled in teh cytoplasm
Term
what does the entry face do
Definition
this modifies proteins from the rough ER
Term
the exit face does what
Definition
this face sorts, packages, and transports molecules to other destinations
Term
what does mitochondrial cristae increase
Definition
this molecule/organelle increases the surface area available for cehmical reactions and contains teh enzymes for ATP
Term
chromatin is a what
Definition
this is a complex of DNA, proteins, and some RNA
Term
what is a nucleosome
Definition
this is a double stranded molecule of DNA wrapped twice around a core of 8 histones
Term
dna replication occurs in which phases
Definition
this occurs in the s phase and interphase
Term
where does cytokenesis start
Definition
this starts in late anaphase
Term
what is the result of crossing over
Definition
the result of this is that the four haploid gametes are genetically unlike each other and genetically unlike the starting cell that produced them.
Term
sperm needs to move the most distance
Definition
does sperm need to move the most distance?
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