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Anatomy Unit 2 vocab
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181
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
09/23/2011

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Term
Rectus abdominus
Definition
O:pubic crest/symphysis
I: Xiphoid process/costal cartilages
A: Flexes the trunk
Term
Gluteus maximus
Definition
O: Ilium/sacrum/coccyx
I: Gluteal tuberosity of femur
A: Extends the hip
Term
Biceps femoris
Definition
O:Long head: ischial tuberosity
Short head: linea aspera
I: Head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia
A:Extends the hip/flexes the knee
Term
Semitendinosus
Definition
O: Ischial tuberosity
I: Medial, upper shaft of tibia
A: Extends the hip/flexes the knee
Term
Semimembranosus
Definition
O: Ischial tuberosity
I: Medial condyle of tibia
A: Extends the hip/flexes the knee
Term
Psoas major
Definition
O: Lumbar vertebrae
I: Lesser trochanter of femur
A: Flexes the hip and trunk
Term
Iliacus
Definition
O: Iliac fossa/ala of sacrum
I: Lesser trochanter of femur
A: Flexes the hip and trunk
Term
Rectus Femoris
Definition
O: Anterior inferior iliac spine/acetabular labrum
I: Patella/tibial tuberosity
A: Extends the knee/ flexes the hip
Term
Vastus medialis
Definition
O:Linea aspera, medial supracondylar line, Intertrochanteric line
I:Patella/tibial tuberosity
A:Extends the knee
Term
Vastus lateralis
Definition
O:Linea aspera/greater trochanter/Intertrochanteric line
I:Patella/tibial tuberosity
A:Extends the knee
Term
Vastus intermedius
Definition
O: Anterior shaft of femur
I: Patella/tibial tuberosity
A:Extends the knee
Term
Adductor magnus
Definition
O:Ischial and pubic rami/ischial tuberosity
I:Linea aspera/adductor tubercle of femur
A:Adducts the hip
Term
Gracilis
Definition
O:Inferior ramus and body of pubis/ischial ramus
I:Medial condyle of tibia
A:Adducts the hip
Term
Gastrocnemius
Definition
O:Medial and lateral condyles of femur
I:Posterior calcaneus (calcaneal tendon)
A:Plantarflexion
Term
Soleus
Definition
O:Superior tibia, fibula, and interosseous membrane
I:Posterior calcaneus (calcaneal tendon)
A:Plantarflexion
Term
Tibialis anterior
Definition
O:Lateral condyle/proximal shaft of tibia
I:Medial cuneiform/1st metatarsal
A:Dorsiflexion
Term
Sternocleidomastoid
Definition
O:Manubrium/clavicle
I:Mastoid process
A:Flexes neck/laterally rotates head
Term
Deltoid
Definition
O:Clavicle/acromion/spine of scapula
I:Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
A:Abducts the shoulder
Term
Pectoralis major
Definition
O:Clavicle/sternum/costal cartilages
I:Greater tubercle of humerus
A:Flexes/medially rotates/adducts the shoulder
Term
Biceps brachii
Definition
O:Short head: corocoid process of scapula
Long head: supraglenoid tubercle
I:Radial tuberosity
A:Flexes/supinates the elbow
Term
Triceps brachii
Definition
O:Long head: infraglenoid tubercle
Lateral head: posterior shaft of humerus
Medial head: posterior shaft of humerus
I:Olecranon process
A:Extends the elbow
Term
Define myocyte
Definition
muscle cell (skeletal, cardiac, or smooth)
Term
What is another name for a SKELETAL muscle cell?
Definition
muscle fiber
Term
Define myo-
Definition
muscle
Term
Define sarco-
Definition
flesh
Term
Define sarcolemma
Definition
plasma membrane of muscle fiber
Term
Define sarcoplasm
Definition
cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
Term
What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue?
Definition
striated, multinucleated, mostly voluntary control, involuntary control of diaphragm and reflexes
Term
What are the characteristics of cardiac tissue?
Definition
walls of the heart, striated, uninucleate, intercalated discs (gap junctions), branched cells, involuntary
Term
Describe and give locations for smooth muscle
Definition
walls of hollow organs (stomach, blood vessels, bladder, intestines), no striations, uninucleate, involuntary
Term
What are the four functions of muscle?
Definition
movement, posture, joint stabilization, and thermogenesis (heat generation)
Term
cardiac muscle moves ____
Definition
blood
Term
What are the two forms of thermogenesis?
Definition
contracting of skeletal muscles (excercise and shivering) and contraction of smooth muscle (goose bumps and dartos muscle)
Term
What are the four functional characteristics of muscle?
Definition
Contractibility, excitability, extensibility, elasticity
Term
Muscles only ____
Definition
pull
Term
What are the CT components of skeletal muscle?
Definition
Epimysium (surrounds entire muscle), perimysium (surounds fascicles), and endomysium(surrounds individual myocytes); tendon, aponeurosis, and fascia
Term
Define tendon
Definition
CT attachment of a skeletal muscle to a bone's periosteum
Term
Define aponeurosis
Definition
broad, flat, tendon
Term
Define fascia
Definition
dense sheet of CT that covers the body wall and limbs
Term
What is the point of muscle attachment on the less movable bone?
Definition
the origin
Term
What is the point of musce attachment on the more movable bone?
Definition
insertion
Term
Where can you find capillaries in relation to muscle tissue?
Definition
around each individual myocyte
Term
What are the two components of sarcoplasm?
Definition
glycogen and myoglobin
Term
What is the predominant organelle in the skeletal muscle?
Definition
myofibril
Term
What is the characteristic that differentiates pictures of muscle TISSUES from muscle CELLS?
Definition
nuclei; if nuclei are present it is a cell
Term
What are the the proteins that constitute myofibrils?
Definition
contractile (actin and myosin), regulatory (tropomyosin and troponin), and structural proteins (titan and dystrophin)
Term
What is the hierarchy of muscle fiber composition?
Definition
myofilaments-->myofibrils-->muscle fiber
Term
What are the two types of contractile myofilaments?
Definition
actin (thin) and myosin (thick)
Term
What are the five components of the sarcomere?
Definition
Z discs, A band, I band, H zone, and M line
Term
What is the sarcomere?
Definition
the basic unit of contraction in skeletal muscle
Term
What are Z discs?
Definition
the boundary of each sarcomere
Term
What is an A band?
Definition
region where thin and thick filaments overlap
Term
What are I Bands?
Definition
area on either side of an A Band that contains only thin filaments
Term
Define H zone
Definition
central part of A band where no filaments reach
Term
What is the M Line?
Definition
center of the H zone that contains rods that hold thick filaments together
Term
Define myofibril
Definition
contractile organelles of the muscle fiber; help give muscle cell its striped appearance
Term
What are the two types of regulatory proteins?
Definition
Tropomyosin and troponin
Term
Define tropomyosin
Definition
chord-like protein covering myosin binding sites on actin molecues
Term
Define and state the purpose of troponin
Definition
protein complex attached to tropomyosin; binds with Ca and pulls tropomyosin OFF binding sites
Term
What are the two structural proteins?
Definition
dystrophin and titin
Term
Define dystrophin
Definition
protein that anchors the myofibrils to the sarcolemma
Term
Define titin
Definition
elastic proteins that anchor the thick filaments to the z discs and resists overstretching
Term
Define T-tubules
Definition
invaginations of sarcolemma
Term
Define sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
Definition
membranous sacs that encircle each myofibril
Term
myofilaments ____ shorten
Definition
DO NOT
Term
What are the components of a motor unit?
Definition
a single somatic motor neuron and all its muscle fibers
Term
fine movements have ____ per motor unit
Definition
few fibers
Term
gross movements have ____ per motor unit
Definition
many fibers
Term
Define and give another name for axon terminals
Definition
the enlargements at the end of the tiny branches of the motor neuron
Term
What are the components of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)?
Definition
Axon terminal, sarcolemma of the muscle fiber, and the synaptic cleft
Term
What are the three types of muscle fibers?
Definition
Slow Oxidative (type 1), Fast Ox-Glycolytic (type IIa), fast glycolytic (type IIb/IIx)
Term
the ___ muscle fibers present means the ___ time you can use them
Definition
more; less
Term
What are the four types of fascicle arrangement?
Definition
convergent, parallel, circular, and pennate
Term
Define and provide an example of a convergent fascicle
Definition
triangular/ fan-shaped
Pectoralis major
Term
Define and provide an example of a parallel fascicle
Definition
Fusiform (large belly in the middle) and strap-like (no large belly)
biceps brachii and sartorious
Term
Define and provide an example of a circular fascicle
Definition
circular rings
orbicularis oris; sphincters
Term
Define and provide an example of a pennate fascicle
Definition
feather-like; unipennate, bipennate, multipennate
extensor digitorum longus; rectus femoris; and deltoid
Term
Which parts of the skeletal system are the fulcrum and which parts are the lever?
Definition
Fulcrum: joint
Lever: bone
Term
What is the most common lever-type in the human body?
Definition
third-class lever
Term
Define agonist
Definition
muscle that contracts to cause action (prime movers)
Term
Define antagonists
Definition
stretches and yields to the effects of th agonist
Term
In the upper body, coronal muscles _____ and posterior muscles ____
Definition
flex; extend
Term
What is the arrangement of a first-class lever?
Definition
load, fulcrum, effort
(muscles behind the neck)
Term
What is the arrangement of a second-class lever?
Definition
fulcrum, load, effort
(standing on your heel)
Term
What is the arrangement of a third-class lever?
Definition
load, fulcrum, effort
(biceps)
Term
Effector organs are always ___ and ____
Definition
glands and muscles (any type)
Term
What are the two components of the central nervous system?
Definition
brain and spinal cord
Term
Define ganglia
Definition
nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS
Term
What are the four characteristics of neurons?
Definition
conduction, longevity, lack of division, and high metabolic rate
Term
How long do neurons typically last?
Definition
a lifetime
Term
What are the six main parts of a neuron?
Definition
dendrites, soma, axon hillock, initial segment of axon, axon, and terminal bouton
Term
What are the STRUCTURAL classifications of neurons?
Definition
multipolar (most common), bipolar (rare), and unipolar/pseudopolar (somatic sensory neurons)
Term
What are the three functional classifications of neurons?
Definition
afferent (sensory), efferent (motor), and interneurons (association)
Term
Define afferent
Definition
toward the CNS
Term
Define Efferent
Definition
away from the CNS
Term
Define interneurons
Definition
within the CNS
Term
What are the four types of CNS neuroglia?
Definition
astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, and oligodendricytes
Term
What are the two types of PNS neuroglia?
Definition
satellite cells and schwann cells
Term
What type of cell are ependymal cells?
Definition
simple cuboidal epithelium (ciliated)
Term
Where can you find nerves?
Definition
in the PNS
Term
Where do you find tracts (bundle of axons)?
Definition
CNS
Term
_____ cover neuronal somal in the PNS
Definition
satellite cells
Term
_____ form myelin sheaths in the PNS
Definition
schwann cells
Term
____ is a multilayered lipoprotein structure that wraps pieces of axons
Definition
myelin
Term
What are Nodes of Ranvier?
Definition
gaps in the myelin sheath that let Na+ into the cell
Term
What are neurilemma?
Definition
the outermost layer of the myelin sheath that is the cytoplasmic layer of the Schwann cell
Term
myelinated axons are ___ while unmyelinated axons are _____
Definition
multilayered; unilayered
Term
a ____ acts as a tunnel that connects one end of a damaged axon to the other end
Definition
regeneration tube
Term
True or false:
the white matter in the brain is centrally located
Definition
True
Term
True or false:
the grey matter in the spinal cord is centrally located
Definition
true
Term
Define ganglion
Definition
cluster of soma in the PNS
Term
Define nucleus*
Definition
cluster of soma in the CNS that perform a specific function
Term
What gives white matter its color?
Definition
the myelin
Term
____ is a cluster of axons in the PNS
Definition
nerve
Term
_____ is a cluster of axons in the CNS
Definition
tract
Term
What is the most important component of grey matter?
Definition
cell bodies of interneurons
Term
What is the cable-like organ of the PNS?
Definition
the nerve
Term
____ are many parallel axons arranged in bundles
Definition
fascicles
Term
within each nerve, each axon is covered by ______
Definition
Schwann Cells
Term
What are the three CT components of nerves?
Definition
Endoneurium, Perineurium, and Epineurium
Term
What are the five components of a reflex?
Definition
Receptor, Sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, and effector
Term
Which of the five components is ALWAYS part of the reflex arc?
Definition
the integration center
Term
What are the two types of reflexes?
Definition
monosynaptic and polysynaptic
Term
Define rostral
Definition
towards the snout
Term
Define caudal
Definition
towards the tail
Term
Rostral and caudal compare parts in the ___ ____
Definition
same plane
Term
What are the four major divisions of the brain?
Definition
Cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and the brain stem
Term
What are the five ventricles we need to know?
Definition
lateral ventricles, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle, and the central canal
Term
Define ventricle
Definition
space in the brain
Term
What is contained within the brain ventricles?
Definition
CSF
Term
What are the three protective coverings of the CNS?
Definition
skull, vertebrae, and meninges
Term
What are the three types of meninges?
Definition
dura mater (most superficial meninx), arachnoid mater (middle meninx), and pia mater (adheres to brain/spinal cord surfaces)
Term
____ separates the cerebral hemispheres
Definition
falx cerebri
Term
______ ______ separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum
Definition
Tentorum cerebelli
Term
Define dural venous sinuses
Definition
space between the two layers of dura mater
Term
What is the cerebral cortex?
Definition
outer grey matter
Term
What is the function of it fissure?
Definition
It separates the right and left halves of the brain
Term
Where is the insula located?
Definition
beneath the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain
Term
What is the function of the precentral gyrus?
Definition
primary motor cortex
Term
What is the function of the postcentral gyrus?
Definition
primary somatosensory cortex
Term
What are the three components of cerebral white matter?
Definition
commisural fibers, associational fibers, and projection fibers
Term
What is the largest commissural fiber?
Definition
corpus collosum
Term
What is another name for basal ganglia?
Definition
pink nuclei
Term
What is the function of the basal ganglia?
Definition
initiates and terminates body movements; suppresses unwanted movements
Term
What are the three components of the diencephalon?
Definition
Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
Term
The Thalamus is a _____ station
Definition
Relay
Term
the hypothalamus controls ______
Definition
homeostasis
Term
What are the three components of the midbrain?
Definition
cerebral peduncles, cerebral aqueduct, and the corpora quadrigemina
Term
Define cerebral peduncles
Definition
composed mostly of motor tracts from the cortex to the cerebellum and spinal cord
Term
What are the nuclei that form 4 bumps on the dorsal midbrain?
Definition
corpora quadrigemina; superior colliculi control visual reflexes and the inferior colliculi control auditory reflexes
Term
Define pons
Definition
the bridge between the brainstem and the cerebellum
Term
What is the ventral brain structure of transversely running fibers?
Definition
the pons
Term
What part of the brain is it impossible to live without?
Definition
the medulla
Term
What are pyramids?
Definition
motor tracts that form bulges on the anterior surface of the medulla
Term
What are olives?
Definition
nuclei that form bulges just lateral to the pyramids (sensory relay station)
Term
What are the three major tracts entering/exiting the cerebellum?
Definition
superior, middle (largest), and inferior cerebellar peduncles
Term
What are the functions of the cerebellum?
Definition
coordinates and smoothes motor movements, equilibrium and balance, some cognition
Term
What is the purpose of the flocculonodular lobe?
Definition
Balance and equilibrium
Term
What are the functions of the anterior and posterior lobes?
Definition
motor coordination
Term
What are the three functions of the spinal cord?
Definition
sensory and motor innervation of the whole body, two-way conduction between the brain and body; major integration center for reflexes
Term
Where does the spinal cord stop?
Definition
The L1 or L2 vertebra
Term
What are the five major components of the spinal cord?
Definition
conus medillaris, cauda equina, filum terminale, cervical enlargement, and lumbar enlargement
Term
Why doesn't the spinal cord reach the entire length of the spinal column?
Definition
the spinal column grows faster than the spinal cord
Term
Spinal nerves are _____ nerves
Definition
mixed; motor and sensory
Term
What is the arrangement of white matter and grey matter in the spinal cord?
Definition
white matter: external
grey matter: internal
Term
What is another name for funiculus?
Definition
column
Term
What part of the spine helps you see which side is the front and which is the back?
Definition
dorsal root ganglion
Term
somatic neurons are in _____ _____
Definition
ventral horns
Term
Interneurons are in the ___ ____
Definition
dorsal horns
Term
spinal cord white matter is both ____ and ___
Definition
sensory and motor
Term
The ascending white matter tracts are "_____" while the descending ones are "____"
Definition
blue; red
Term
What are the characteristics of the cervical enlargement?
Definition
Largest amount of white matter and large amount of grey matter
Term
Define junctional folds
Definition
small invaginations in the sarcolemma that function to increase surface area; ACh receptors
Term
Describe and provide the function for Slow Ox fibers
Definition
Aerobic, red, small fiber diameter; functions to maintain posture and endurance activities
Term
Describe and provide the function for Fast Ox-Glyc fibers
Definition
Aerobic and anaerobic, pink, intermediate fiber diameter; used for walking or sprinting
Term
Describe and provide the function for Fast-Glyc fibers
Definition
Anaerobic, white, large fiber diameter; used for rapid intense movements of short duration
Term
What is the most abundant CNS neuroglia?
Definition
astrocytes
Term
What are the defensive cells of the CNS?
Definition
microglia
Term
Where can you find ependymal cells?
Definition
lining CSF-filled cavities
Term
What cells have processes that form myelin sheaths around axons in the CNS?
Definition
oligodendrocytes
Term
What type of information gets "relayed" to the thalamus?
Definition
sound, olfactory, and somatosensory
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