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Anatomy Unit 1
Key Terms
198
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
09/14/2008

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Term
Integument
Definition
The skin.
Term
Integumentary System
Definition
Consists of the skin and the accessory organs: the hair, nails, and coetaneous glands
Term
Dermatology
Definition
the scientific study and medical treatment of integumentary system
Term
Skin
Definition

The body's largest organ: in adults covers 1.5-2.0 m^2, and accounts for 15% body weight.

 

Consists of layers: epidermis, dermis, and the hypodermis

Term
Epidermis
Definition

Top layer of skin

 

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Term
Dermis
Definition

2nd layer of skin (below epidermis)

 

Fibrous connective tissue layer

 

Lots of blood vessels and nerve endings

 

Sweat glands and hair follicles originate here and in hypodermis

 

 

Term
Hypodermis
Definition

3rd layer of skin

 

Another layer of connective tissue

 

Areolar or adipose tissue between skin and muscle

 

Term
Keratin
Definition

A tough protein pack in epidermal cells

(connects to desmosomes)

 

 

Term
Desmosomes
Definition

patch thatlinks two cells together

 

helps resist mechanical stress

 

 

 

 

Term
Keratinocytes
Definition

synthesize keratin

 

found in the stratum basale

Term
Melanocytes
Definition

synthesize the brown/black pigment melanin

 

located in stratum basale

Term
Anatomy
Definition

study of struture of body

 

observation of surface or dissection

Term
comparitive anatomy
Definition
studying structure/form by "comparing" species similarities and differences
Term
palpation
Definition
feeling with fingertips to observe
Term
aucsultation
Definition
listening to the sounds of the body
Term
percussion
Definition

tapping body and listening for abnormal sounds

(such as air or fluid pockets)

Term
inductive method
Definition
observing many and making a generalization based on all observations rather than only one
Term
scientific method
Definition

observation

hypothesis

experiment

collect data

conclusion

Term
Hypothetico-Deductive method
Definition

possible explanation

"hypothesis method"

 

 

Term
Falsifiability
Definition
using evidence that we used to prove a claim false, to give it validity
Term
placebo
Definition

substance that does not effect body

 

used for control groups

 

sometimes called "sugar pill"

Term
double-blind method
Definition
keeping results unbiased by not allowing the subject or person giving treament to know whether treatment is "real" or a placebo
Term
fact
Definition
can be tested and verified by any trained person
Term
law
Definition
prediction of how something will behave based on knowledge gathered from observations
Term
theory
Definition

statement of what is known based on data

 

"directions" for others to further study area/claim

Term
metabolism
Definition
converting intake chemically into molecules which form structure, control physiology, or provide energy
Term
anabolism
Definition
molecules made complex
Term
catabolism
Definition
molecules simplified
Term
excretion
Definition
separating wastes and getting waste out of the body
Term
homeostasis
Definition
ability to maintain stability within body by self-restoration
Term

Reference man

Reference woman

Definition

healthy

22 years old

temperature 20 degrees celcius

light physical activity

 

man: 70kg/154lbs

2800kcals

woman: 58kg/128lbs

2000kcals

Term
set point
Definition
average value
Term
negative feedback
Definition
body detects change and works to reverse it and reture to set point
Term
positive feedback
Definition

producing positive change/normal process

 

ex: labor/woman giving birth

Term
feedback loops
Definition

postive or negative loops that the body undergos during change

 

eventually reverse

Term
situs solitus
Definition
normal arrangements of organs
Term
situs inversus
Definition

organs reversed between right and left

 

(organs from right on left, vice versa)

Term
situs perversus
Definition
one organ out of place
Term
dextrocardia
Definition
heart on opposite side of body
Term
receptor
Definition
senses change in body
Term
integrating center
Definition
processes info from receptor and decides what should be done to restore to set point
Term
effector
Definition
structure that responds and restore to set point
Term
independent variable
Definition
variable that you base experiment on
Term
dependent variable
Definition
variable that changes according to independent variable
Term
histology
Definition
tissues and their arrangements/organization to make organs
Term
cytology
Definition
study of cells
Term
tissue
Definition
made up of many cells that contribute to the function of organs
Term
matrix
Definition
extracellular material that surrounds cell
Term
extracellular fluid
Definition
fluid outside of cell
Term
intracellular fluid
Definition
fluid inside the cell
Term

ectoderm

 

 

Definition

"outer" + "skin"

 

outer layer of primary germ layers

 

makes epidermis and nervous system

Term
mesoderm
Definition

"middle" + "skin"

 

middle of primary germ layers

 

cells are loosely organized

 

turns into mesenchyme

 

Term
endoderm
Definition

"inner" + "skin"

 

inner of primary germ layers

 

makes mucous membranes of digestive and respiratory tracks and digestive glands

Term
mesenchyme
Definition

resembles connective tissue

 

makes muscle, bone, and blood

Term

longtudinal section

(l.s)

Definition
tissue cut on long direction
Term

cross section (c.s x.s)

or 

transverse section (t.s)

Definition
cut perpendicular to l.s
Term
oblique section
Definition
cut at an angle between l.s and c.s
Term
epithelial tissue
Definition

layers of closely spaced cells

 

 

Term
simple
Definition
one layer of cells
Term
stratified
Definition
2 or more layers of cells
Term
squamous
Definition
scaley
Term
cuboidal
Definition
square or round
Term
columnar
Definition

tall, narrow

(like a column)

 

Term
pseudostratified
Definition

"fake" +"stratified"

 

not all cells touch free surface, but touch basement membrane

 

Term
goblet cells
Definition

wineglass-shaped

 

secrete mucus

Term
basement membrane
Definition

layer between epithelial tissue and connective tissue

 

anchors epithelial to connective

Term
cilia
Definition
hairlike structures
Term
apical surface "edge"
Definition

surface that faces away from basement membrane

 

"top"

 

where you look to identify types of tissues

Term
exfoliation/desquamation
Definition
separation of sqaumous cells that die and flake off
Term
keratinized
Definition

covered w/ layer of dead squamous cells packed w/ keratin (waterproofs)

 

prevents penetration of disease

and also reduces water loss

 

(top layers get no nutrients)

Term
nonkeratinized
Definition

surface that is abrasion resistant but wet/slippery

 

 

Term
connective tissue/fibroconnective tissue
Definition

more matrix than cell volume

 

support, bind, protect

Term
fibroblasts
Definition

"fiber" +"producing"

 

large, flat, slender, wispy branches

 

produce fibers and ground substance that form matrix

Term
macrophanges
Definition

"big" + "eaters"

 

move around in connective tissue

 

destroy bacteria, foreign patricles, dead cells

 

activate immune system

Term

Leukocytes

(White blood cells)

Definition

serach and react against

bacteria, toxins, and foreign agents

Term
plasma cells
Definition

synthesize antibodies

 

rarely seen in body 

Term
mast cells
Definition

create herapin for blood clots

 

create histamine to

increase blood flow by dialation of blood vessles

Term
adipocytes
Definition

fat cells

 

large, round

 

filled w/ triglycride

appear in clusters

Term
adipose tissue
Definition
tissue dominated by adipocytes "fat cells"
Term
collagenous fibers
Definition
flexible, resist stretching
Term
reticular fibers
Definition

form spongelike frame for organs

 

such as spleen/lymph nodes

Term
elastic fibers
Definition
contribute to ability of skin to "spring back"/recoil after being stretched
Term
ground substance
Definition

gel-rubbery texture

 

protects delicate cells from injury

Term
adhesive glycoproteins
Definition

bind all tissue together

 

create pathways for embroyonic cells to destination

Term
loose-connective tissue
Definition
ground substance occupies most space
Term

dense-connective tissue

 

Definition
fiber occupies more space than cells and ground substance
Term
tactile (merkel) cells
Definition

receptors for touch

basal layer

Term
dendritic (Langerhans) cells
Definition

located in statum spinosum and stratum granulosum

 

macrophanges that originate in bone marrow and then migrate to the epidermis and epithelia of oral cavity, esophagus and vagina

 

guard against toxins, microbes, and other pathogens that penetrate skin

Term
Dander
Definition
dead skin cells
Term
sebum
Definition
oil
Term
dermal papillae
Definition

boundary between epidermis and dermis

 

"upward waves"

Term
epidermal ridges
Definition

the downward waves are extensions of the dermis

 

 

Term
papillary layer
Definition

thin areolar tissue near/in dermal papillae

 

allows defense against organisms

Term
reticular layer
Definition

deeper and thick

 

made up of dense irregular connective tissue

 

contains collagen

Term
striae
Definition
stretch marks formed by tearing of collagen fibers
Term
subcutaneous fat
Definition

hypodermis made up of mostly fat cells

 

energy reservoir and thermal insulator

Term
melanin
Definition
skin color
Term
carotene
Definition

yellow pigment

 

acquired from egg yoks and yellow/orange veggies

Term
cyanosis
Definition
blueness of skin due to lack of oxygen
Term
erythema
Definition

redness of skin

 

occurs from sunburn,  hot weather, anger, etc.

Term
pallor
Definition

pale or ashen color of skin

 

occurs when there is little blood flow through skin 

Term
albinism
Definition
genetic lack of melanin that results in white hair, pale skin, and pink eye
Term
jaundice
Definition
yellowing of skin and whotes of the eyes resulting from high levels of bilirubin in the blood
Term
bilirubin
Definition
hemoglobin breakdown product
Term
bronzing
Definition

golden-brown skin

 

due to addison's disease

 

JFK had it

Term
friction ridges
Definition
markings on fingertips that leave distinctive oily fingerprints on surfaces
Term
flexion lines
Definition
lines on flexible surfaces
Term
freckles
Definition
flat melanized patches
Term
mole/nevus
Definition
elevated patch of melanized skin
Term
hemangiomas
Definition
birthmarks
Term
pilus
Definition
hair
Term
elastin
Definition
protein that allows strech/recoil
Term
lanugo
Definition
fine, downy, unpigmented hair that appears on the fetus the last 3 months of development
Term
vellus
Definition

"guard hairs"

 

similarly fine, unpigmented hair

 

present at birth

Term
terminal hairs
Definition

longer, coarsers, pigemented hair

 

 

Term
chondroblast
Definition

cells in cartilage

 

secrete matrix

 

trapped in lacunae

 

 

Term
osteocytes
Definition
mature bone cells
Term
excitable tissue
Definition
nervous and muscular tissue
Term
nervous tissue
Definition
made up of neurons and lots of neuroglia/glial cells
Term
neuroglia/glial cells
Definition
protects and help neurons
Term
neurons
Definition

nerve cells

 

detect stimuli

respond quickly

transmit coded info to other cells

 

Term
muscular tissue
Definition

elongated cells that contract when stimulated

 

job: exert physical force

 

Term
skeletal muscle
Definition

type of muscle

 

long, cylindrical cells

 

attach to bones

 

multiple nuclei adj. to plasma membrane

striated

Term
striations
Definition

overlapping pattern of cytoplasmic protein filaments that cause contractions

 

make alternating light/dark bands

Term
cardiac muscles
Definition

in the heart

 

striated

 

short cells, called myocytes

 

1 nucleus in center

Term
myocytes
Definition
muscle cells
Term
voluntary
Definition
conscious control
Term
involuntary
Definition
not under conscious control
Term
intercalated disk
Definition

 

join cardiac myocytes together

 

keep myocytes from pulling apart during contraction

 

 

 

Term
smooth muscle
Definition

involuntary

 

no striations

 

thickc in middle, tapered at ends

 

short

 

1 central nucleus

Term
visceral muscle
Definition

small amount of smooth muscle in iris of eye and in skin

 

form layers in walls

 

 

Term
intercellular junction
Definition

connection between cells

 

enables cells to resist stress communicated

Term
tight junction
Definition

encircles epithelial cell and joins to neighboring cells

 

don't allow things between cells

Term
desmosome
Definition
patch that holds cells together and resist mechanical stress
Term
gap junction
Definition

formed by connexon

 

passes nutrients from cell to cell

 

found in intercalated discs

 

 

Term
glands
Definition
cell/organ secretes substance for use in body or elim. from body
Term
exocrine gland
Definition

maintain contact w/ surface by duct

 

releases secretion to surface

 

Term
duct
Definition
epithelial tube that carries secretion to surface
Term
endocrine gland
Definition

lose contact with surface

 

no ducts

 

lots of blood capillaries

 

secrete into blood---->hormones

Term
capsule
Definition
glands are enclosed in these fibrous capsules
Term
septal trabeculae
Definition
extensions off capsule that divide interior gland into lobes
Term
lobes
Definition
interior gland compartments visible to naked eye
Term
lobules
Definition
lobes divided microscopically
Term
stroma
Definition
connective tissue framework of gland
Term
parenchyma
Definition

cells that perform synthesis and secretion

 

usually simple cuboidal or columnar epithelium

Term
simple exocrine glands
Definition
single unbranched duct
Term
compound exocrine gland
Definition
branched duct
Term
tubular
Definition
duct and secretory portion are uniform diameter
Term
acinar gland
Definition
secretory cells form dilated sac
Term
acinus
Definition
dilated sac
Term
tubuloacinar gland
Definition
gland with secretory cells in tubular and acinar portions
Term
serous gland
Definition
produce thin, watery fluids
Term
mucous glands
Definition

secrete mucin

 

absorbs water and forms sticky mucus

Term
mixed glands
Definition
contain serous and mucous cells and produce mixture of secretions
Term
cytogenic glands
Definition

release whole eggs

 

(testes or ovaries)

*sperm and egg

Term
mucin
Definition
glycoprotein that absorbs water and becomes sticky mucus
Term
mucus
Definition
secretion formed by water and mucin
Term
merocrine or eccrine glands
Definition
have vesicles that release excretion by exocytosis
Term
helocrine glands
Definition

acumm. product

disintegrate---->secrete mixture

Term
cutaneous membrane
Definition

skin

 

largest membrane in body

 

dry, resists dehydration

doesn't allow harmful growth

Term
mucous membrane
Definition
lines passageways that open to exterior enviro.
Term
serous fluid
Definition

watery, from blood

produced by serous membrane

Term
serosa
Definition

composed of simple squamous epithelium on thin layer of areolar tissue

 

line body cavity

 

Term
synovial membranes
Definition

line joints of skeletal system

 

made of connective tissue

Term
hyperplasia
Definition

tissue growth through cell multiplication

 

(infants and children)

Term
hypertrophy
Definition
enlargement of existing cells
Term
neoplasia
Definition

development of tumor

 

abnormal

nonfunctional

Term
differentiation
Definition

changing types of tissues

 

develop specialized functions

Term
metaplasia
Definition
change from one type of tissue to another
Term
stem cells
Definition

undifferentiated cells

no special function

potential to differentiate

 

Term
totipotent
Definition
cells that have potential to develop into any type of human cells
Term
pluripotent
Definition
cells of inner cell mass can develop into any cell but not to pregnant organs
Term
multipotent
Definition
can develop into 2 or more cell lines
Term
unipotent
Definition

limited

can only produce 1 cell type

Term
regeneration
Definition
replacement of old cells
Term
fibrosis
Definition
damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue
Term
atrophy
Definition

shrinking of tissue due to loss in cell size/number

 

normal aging

 

not using organ

Term
neocrosis
Definition
premature death of tissue
Term
apoptosis
Definition
normal death of cells
Term
apocrine glands
Definition
basically merocrine
Term
polythelia
Definition
additional nipples
Term
gross anatomy
Definition
study of structure w/ naked eye
Term
cortex
Definition
layer of keratinized cuboidal cells
Term
cuticle
Definition
scaley dead cells that overlap around finger
Term
hair receptors
Definition
nerve fibers that respond to hair movement
Term
piloerector muscles
Definition

smooth muscle cells

 

activate by cold, fear, etc.

 

makes hair stand up

Term
hair cycle
Definition
anagen, catagen, telogen
Term

vibrissae

(guard hairs)

Definition
guard nostrils, ear canals, eyelashes
Term
sudoriferous gland
Definition
sweat gland
Term
diaphoresis
Definition
sweating/ wet skin
Term
bromhidrosis
Definition
body odor
Term
pheromones
Definition

chemical that influences behavior of others

(scent)

Term
sebaceous gland
Definition
oil gland (hair follicles)
Term
ceruminous gland
Definition
produces ear wax
Term
mammary glands
Definition
milk-producing glands
Term
cerumen
Definition
ear wax
Term
mammae
Definition
breasts
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