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Anatomy - The Back
N/A
163
Anatomy
Graduate
01/11/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
another word for microscopic anatomy
Definition
histology
Term
anatomical position
Definition
Standing: eyes forward, toes forward, palms forward, legs together
Lying: supine, eyes up, toes up arms crossed
Term
vertical plane passing longitudinally through the body, divides right and left, intersects the midlines of the anterior and posterior surfaces of the body
Definition
median plane (midline) (midsaggital)
Term
____ = lying face up. ___ = lying face down
Definition
supine, prone
Term
___ planes are planes passing through the body parallel to the median plane.
Definition
saggital
Term
vertical planes passing through the body at a right angle to the median plane, divide anterior and posterior
Definition
coronal (frontal)
Term
planes passing through the body at right angles to the median and frontal planes, dividing the body into upper and lower
Definition
transverse planes
Term
Proximal v. distal
Definition
proximal = closer to the structure's origin, "elbow is distal to the shoulder"
Term
two sides of hand and feet
Definition
Hands: palm, dorsum
Foot: sole, dorsum
Term
Ipsilateral v. contralateral
Definition
ipsilateral: R hand, R foot
contralateral: R hand, L foot
Term
# bones in axial skeleton? # bones in appendicular?
Definition
80 ... 126
Term
# bones in axial skeleton? # bones in appendicular?
Definition
80 ... 126
Term
# bones in axial skeleton? # bones in appendicular?
Definition
80 ... 126
Term
Terms of movement: ___ decreases the angle, ___ increases the angle
Definition
flexion, extension
Term
Terms of movement: ___ describes flexion at the ankle joint, as when walking up a hill. ____ describes flexion that turns the foot or toes toward the plantar surface (standing on toes)
Definition
dorsiflexion, plantar flexion
Term
Terms of movement: ___ describes circular motion of the lower limb at the hip joint
Definition
circumduction
Term
Terms of movement: ___ describes sticking out the chin, ____ describes retraction of the chin
Definition
protrusion, retrusion
Term
Terms of movement: ___ describes shrugging the shoulders, ____ describes lowering the shoulders
Definition
elevation, depression
Term
Terms of movement: ___ describes movement of the sole of the foot away from the midline. ___ is the opposite.
Definition
eversion, inversion
Term
Terms of movement: ___ is the movement by which the pad of the first digit is brough to another digit pad. ___ describes the movement of the 1st digit back to its original position
Definition
opposition, reposition
Term
Bone marking: rounded, knuckle-like articular area, usually occuring in pairs. ex?
Definition
condyle - lateral femoral condyle
Term
Bone marking: the ridge of a bone. ex?
Definition
crest - iliac crest
Term
Bone marking: eminence superior to a condyle ex?
Definition
epicondyle - lateral epicondyle of the humerus
Term
Bone marking: smooth, flat area, usually covered with cartilage, where a bone articultes with another bone. ex?
Definition
facet. the superior costal facet on the body of a vertebra for articulation with a rib
Term
Bone marking: passage through a bone. ex?
Definition
foramen - obturator foramen in hip
Term
Bone marking: linear elevation. ex?
Definition
line - soleal line of the tibia
Term
Bone marking: rounded process. ex?
Definition
malleolus - lateral malleolus of the fibula
Term
Bone marking: projection of a bone. ex?
Definition
protuberance - external occipital protuberance (the bump in the back of your head)
Term
Bone marking: thorn-like process
Definition
spine - spine of the scapula
Term
Bone marking: large, blunt elevation
Definition
trochanter, the greater trochanter of the femur
Term
two layers of fascia in the back
Definition
superficial (fatty, subcutaneous tissue) and deep (thoraco-lumbar fascia)
Term
two layers of muscles in teh back and their functions
Definition
superficial - positioning and movement of limbs, deep - moving and positioning the axial skeleton, maintaining posture
Term
function of the deep fascia
Definition
holds groups of muscles, makes sheath around nerves and muscle
Term
6 parts of the back
Definition
fascia, muscle, vertebral column, ribs, spinal cord & meninges, nerves/blood vessels
Term
Trapezius: origin, insertion, innervation, main actions
Definition

Origin: Extemal occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae (C7-C12 (spinous processes)

Insertion: 

  • lateral third of clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula

Actions:

superior fibers: elevate pectoral girdle

middle: retracts the scapula

inferior: depress shoulders

superior & inferior: rotate scapula upward

 

innervation: accessory nerve (CN XI) and C3, C4 spinal nerves

Term
latissimus dorsi: origin, insertion, innervation, action
Definition

Origin: spinous process of inferior 6 thoracic vertebrae, thoracolumbar fascia, illiac crest, and inferior 3 or 4 ribs

INsertion: floor of intertubercular groove of humerus

Innervation: Thoracodorsal nerve (C6, C7, C8)

Action: extends, adducts, and medially rotates humerus

Term
Levator scapulae - origin, insertion, action, innervation
Definition

Origin: transverse processes of C1-C5

Insertion: medial border of scapula

Innervation: dorsal scapular & cervical nerves

Action: Elevates and rotates scapula to depress glenoid cavity

Term
Rhomboid major - origin, insertion, action, innervation
Definition

origin: spinous processes of T2-T5

Insertion: medial border of scapula from spine to inferior angle

INnervation: dorsal scapular nerve

Action: retract scapula and rotate to depress glenoid cavity, fix scapula to thoracic wall.

Term
Rhomboid Minor - origin, insertion, action, innervation
Definition

origin: nuchal ligament, spinous processes of C7 & T1

Insertion: smooth triangular area at medial end of scapular spine

INnervation: dorsal scapular nerve

Action: retract scapula and rotate to depress glenoid cavity, fix scapula to thoracic wall.

Term
Serratus Posterior Superior lies deep to ____. Inferior lies deep to ____.
Definition
rhomboids, latissimus dorsi
Term
Serratus Posterior Superior: Origin, insertion, action, innervation
Definition

Origin: nuchal ligament and C7-T3

Insertion: 2nd through 5th ribs

Action: elevate ribs

INnervation: 2nd-5th intercostal nerves

 

Term
Serratus Posterior Inferior: Origin, insertion, action, innervation
Definition

Origin: T11-L2

Insertion: 9th-12th ribs

action: depress ribs

Innervation: Intercostal nerves T9-T12

Term
The triangle of auscultation is made up by what 3 muscles?
Definition

Trapezius, latissimus dorsi, medial border of scapula

- good place to examine posterior segments of the lungs with a stethoscope - hear lung sounds.

Term
The lumbar triangle - importance and muscles that make it
Definition
can be site of lumbar hernia. latissimus dorsi, ext. obliques, illiac crest
Term
there are # vertebrae, # cervicle, #thoracic, # lumbar, # sacral, and # coccygeal.
Definition
33 - 7C - 12T - 5L - 5S - 4C
Term
THe adult vertebral column is how long?
Definition
72-75 cm
Term
the 25 cervicle, thoracic, lumbar and first sacral vertebrae articulate at ____ joints, which facilitate the vertebral column's ability to _____.
Definition
zygapophysical joints -- flex
Term
[image]
Definition

 

 

Term
The typical vertebra consists of what 3 parts?
Definition
body, vertebral arch, 7 processes (2 superior articular, 2 inferior articular, 2 transverse, and 1 spinous)
Term
The succession of vertebral formina in the articulated vertebral column for the _____, which contains what?
Definition
vertebral canal - spinal cord and the roots of the sminal nerves (plus fat, vessels, and meninges)
Term
The ___ are found only in cervicle vertebra and are the spaces through which the vertebral artery, vertebral veins, and autonomic nerves pass
Definition
transverse foramina
Term
Another name for C7 is? Why?
Definition
Vertebra prominens - because the bifid spinous process is long and sticks out the most
Term
The distinguishing feature of the axis is the ____, a blunt surface that projects superiorly from the body.
Definition
dens
Term
"facet jumping"
Definition
when the vertebrae of the cervical portion are dislocated so that their articular processes interlock
Term
Subluxation
Definition
incomplete dislocation (such as with slipped discs)
Term
traumatic spondylolysis of C2 (hangman's fracture)
Definition
When the chin is forced upward and the head hyperextends ONTO the neck (the neck itself does not hyperextend), resulting in a fracture of the pedicle and dens. If the transverse ligament breaks, the dens will put pressure on the spinal cord, causing paralysis and death.
Term
Fracture of the dens may be caused by what?
Definition
a horizontal blow to the head or osteopenia
Term
What is a Jefferson (burst) fracture, and what might cause it?
Definition
When a blunt force is delivered to the top of the head (such as from diving into a pool bottom), the anterior and posterior arches are crushed between the occipital condyles and the axis. If the transverse ligament is torn, the spinal cord is likely to be injured.
Term
What is the distinguishing feature of the thoracic vertebrae?
Definition
Costal facets for the ribs to attach
Term
The arc created by the interacting articular processes of the thoracic vertebrae allows for ____ of the vertebral column
Definition
rotation
Term
Movement allowed/not allowed by the lumbar vertebrae.
Definition
Allows for flexion, extension, lateral flexion. Guards against rotation
Term
How do the thoracic vertebrae limit movement in the vertebral column?
Definition
The attachment of the rib cabe combined with the verticle orientation of the articular facets and overlapping spinous processes limits flexion and extension as well as lateral flexion. See Table 4.2
Term
T_ - T_ are cervicle in nature, with longer spinous processes. T_-T_ are "typical" thoracic vertebrae, and T_-T_ are lumbar in nature.
Definition
T1-T4, T5-T8, T9-T12
Term
the largest vertebra, which carries the weight of the whole upper body
Definition
L5
Term
accessory processes extend posteriorly from the ____ of the lumbar vertebrae. Their purpose is to?
Definition
transverse processes, purpose to serve as an attachment for the medial intertransverse lumborum muscle
Term
mammillary processes are found on the posterior surface of the ____, and serve what purpose?
Definition
superior articular processes in lumbar vertebrae, serve as attachment for the multifidus and medial intertransverse muscles
Term
lumbar stenosis
Definition
possessing a narrow vertebral canal caused by narrow foramen, usually a genetic anomoly. can put pressure on nerves.
Term
the ___ is a continuation of the vertebral canal into the sacrum
Definition
sacral canal
Term
On the pelvic and posterior surfaces of the sacrum between its vertebral components are typically four pairs of ___ for the exit of the posterior and anterior rami of the spinal nerves.
Definition
sacral foramina
Term
The ____ of the sacrum is formed by the superior surface of the S1 vertebra.
Definition
base
Term
the anterior projecting edge of the body of S1 is called?
Definition
the sacral promontory
Term
The ___ is the central ridge of the sacrum and represents the fused spinous processes of the S1-S4 (S5 has no spinous process)
Definition
median sacral crest
Term
The ___ results from the lack of lamina and spinous process of S5 and sometimes S4. What is the importance of it?
Definition
sacral hiatus - used to measure pelvic length by OB
Term
The anterior foramen of the sacrum contain __ nerves, and the posterior foramen contain ____.
Definition
ventral, dorsal
Term
THe sacral canal contains?
Definition
spinal nerve roots called cauda equina
Term
The ___ represent the inferior articular processes of S5 and curve inward
Definition
sacral cornua
Term
IN living persons, the sacral hiatus is closed by the ____.
Definition
sacrococcygeal ligament
Term
How is an epidural administered?
Definition
the anesthetic is injected through the sacrococcygeal ligament and into the fatty tissue beneath that lies in the sacral hiatus.
Term
Sacralization and Lumbarization
Definition

Sacralization: when L5 is incorporated into the sacrum

Lumbarization: when S1 is incorporated into the lumbar region

Term
the ___ are the articular processes of Co 1, which interact with the sacral cornua
Definition
coccygeal cornua
Term
purpose of coccyx
Definition
attachment for the gluteus maximus and coccygeal muscles and the anococcygeal ligament
Term
Anterior longitudinal Ligament:

Extends from ___ to ___, at which point it becomes ____.

interacts with the anterior part of the body of vertebrae.

Function?
Definition

Extends from the anterior surface of the sacrum to the anterior process of C1, at which point it extends to the occipital bone and becomes the anterior atlanto-occipital membrane.

 

function: limits hyperextension

Term
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament:

Located in front of ____ on the posterior surface of the body of vertebrae from ____ to ____.

Function?
Definition

Located in front of the spinal cord on the posterior surface of the body of vertebrae from the sacrum to C2.

 

Function - limit hyperflexion.

 

Also, contains lots of nerve endings - is what hurts when a disk slips

 

Term
____ ligaments are thin, weak, membranous ligaments located between spinous processes
Definition
interspinous ligaments
Term
The ___ ligament covers the tips of spinous processes up to ____, at which point it becomes ____.
Definition
Supraspinous -- up to C7 -- becomes the Nuchal ligament after C7
Term
The ligament that holds 2 lamina togheter. Is thickest in the ____ area. Extends from ___ to ___, at which point it becomes _____.
Definition

Ligamentum Flava - thickest in lumbar area -- extends from sacrum to C1 at which point it becomes the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane

 

Yellow ligament

Term
All ligaments in the spine prevent hyperflexion except for _____, which prevents hyperextension.
Definition
anterior longitudinal ligament
Term
How does a lumbar puncture work?
Definition
The person bends forward, creating more space between the vertebrae. A needle is inserted through the ligamentum flava in the lumbar region.
Term
The _____ joint is formed between the condyles of the occipital bone and the anterior facet of the atlas. Function?
Definition
Atlanto-occipital joint -- function: nodding ("yes" motion)
Term
The 3 ____ joints are formed between the atlas and axis. There are 2 ___ and 1 ___. It is surrounded by the cruciate ligament (made up of ___, ___, and ___) and the alar ligament. Function?
Definition

Atlanto-axial joints. 2 lateral joints and 1 medial joints.

Cruciate ligament = superior longitudinal band, inferior longitudinal band, and the transverse ligament of the atlas.

Function - "no" movement

Term
How does whiplash happen?
Definition
Hyperflexion of the posterior longitudinal ligament and hyperextension of the anterior longitudinal ligament
Term
In adults, the spinal cord is about __-__ centimeters in length. It typically ends at the level of the __/__ intervertebral disk
Definition
42-45 centimeters. ends at the L1/L2 intervertebral disk
Term
The spinal cord begins at the ____.

At birth, it ends at the __/__ intervertebral disk.

In adults, it ends at the __/__ intervertebral disk.

Why the difference?
Definition

Begins at foramen magnum.

Birth: L3/L4

Adults: L1/L2

 

The difference is because beginning in the 3rd trimester, the spinal cord doesn't grow as fast as the vertebral column

Term
The spinal cord is covered by 3 meninges:
Definition

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater (internal and external)

 

The pia mater is remnants of the neural tube

Term
Conus Medullaris
Definition
Tapering of the spinal cord at the L1/L2 I/V disk
Term
a delicate strand of fibrous tissue, about 20 cm. in length, proceeding downward from the apex of the conus medullaris. It gives longitudinal support to the spinal cord. It is formed by the surrounding ____.
Definition
Filum terminale - formed by pia mater
Term
Cauda Equina
Definition
"Horse Tail" - all spinal nerve roots extending down from the conus medullaris (below L2) and out the intervertebral foramen - nerve roots are in pairs (bilateral)
Term
How do you name the spinal nerves?
Definition
Cervical nerves are named for the inferior vertebra, all others are named for the superior vertebra
Term
Explain how a lumbar puncture works
Definition
A needle is inserted through the ligamentum flava between L3 & L4 (or L4&L5), into the lumbar cistern, where it collects CSF
Term
There are __ spinal segments, which means there are __ pairs of spinal nerves.

__ C
__ T
__ L
__ S
__ Co
Definition

31, 31 --

 

8C

12T

5L

5S

1Co

Term
The ___ portion of the spinal cord is the longest.
Definition
thoracic
Term
2 enlargements of the spinal cord
Definition

Cervical (C4-T1) - innervates the upper limbs

Lumbar (Lumbosacral) (T11-S1) - innervate the lower limbs

 

Numbers given are for the spinal cord segments, not the actual level of the spinal cord (which ends at L1/L2)

Term
The ___ horn of the spinal cord contains nerve bodies for sensory info, the ___ horn contains nerve bodies for motor info
Definition
dorsal, ventral
Term
The ___ matter of the spinal cord contains axons surrounded by a myelin sheath. The ___ matter contains cell bodies
Definition
white matter, gray matter
Term
The _____ connects the dorsal and ventral horns of the spinal cord
Definition
intermediate zone
Term
Around the thoracic and lumbar regions, ____ appear, which contain visceral motor nerves.
Definition
lateral horns
Term
Posterior = Dorsal, Anterior = ventral
Definition
Term
The ____ rami supply the back.

Muscles are supplied via ___ fibers
Skin is supplied via ____ fibers
Blood vessels supplied via ____ fibers
Definition

Dorsal rami

muscles supplied by somatic efferent fibers

skin via somatic afferent fibers

blood vessels via visceral efferent and afferent fibers

 

Term
The __ rami supplies structures in teh body wall of the thorax and abdomen, as well as the upper and lower limbs. Branching off these rami give rise to what?
Definition
ventral -- branching gives rise to various nerve plexi
Term
A given spinal nerve contains both ___ and ___ fibers
Definition
motor and sensory
Term
The __ ligament limits rotation in the neck
Definition
alar
Term
When the transverse ligament of teh atlas ruptures, the dens is set free, resulting in _____, or incomplete dislocation of the median atlantoaxial joint
Definition
atlantoaxial subluxation
Term
Movement of the vertebral column is limited by what 6 things?
Definition

1. Thickness, elasticity, and compressibility of the IV disks

2. Shape and orientaiton of the zygapophysial joints

3. Tension of the joint capsules of the zygapophysial joints

4. resistance of the back muscles and ligaments

5. attachment to the rib cage

6. bulk of surrounding tissue

Term
The thoracic and sacral curvatures are known as ____ becaus they are concave anteriorly. The cervical and lumbar curvatures are known as ____ because they are concave posteriorly
Definition
kyphoses. lordoses
Term
The thoracic and sacral curvatures are ____ that develop during the fetal period in relation to the fetal position. The cervical and lumbar curvatures are ___ that result from extension from the flexed fetal position
Definition
primary curvatures, secondary curvatures
Term
"Hunchback" is another term for excessive _____. "Swayback" is another term for excessive ____.
Definition
Kyphosis, lordosis
Term
The spinal cord begins as a continuation of the _____.
Definition
Medulla
Term
The anterior rami of the spinal nerves arising from the lumbosacral enlargment of the spinal cord make up what?
Definition
the lumbar and sacral plexuses of nerves that innervate the lower libms
Term
The portion of the spinal cord giving rise to the rootlets and roots that ultimately form one bilateral pair of spinal nerves is designated a _____.
Definition
spinal cord segment
Term
The cervical plexus.

Spinal nerves __-__
Innvervates:
Definition

spinal nerves C1-C4

innervates the neck and upper trunk

Term
The Brachial Plexus
Spinal nerves?
Innervates?
Definition

Spinal nerves C5-T1

Innervates the upper limbs

Term
Lumbar plexus
spinal nerves?
innervates?
Definition

spinal nerves L1-L4

innervates the groin and parts of the lower limbs

 

Term
Sacral Plexus

Spinal nerves?
Innervates?
Definition

Spinal nerves L4-S3

INnervates the buttocks and the rest of the lower limbs

Term
What is the lumbosacral plexus?
Definition
L4 is involved in both the lumbar and the sacral plexi, so they are often thought of as one lumbosacral plexus
Term
A ___ is a patch of skin innervated by a given spinal nerve
Definition
dermatome
Term
A ___ is a muscle group that is innervated by a given spinal nerve root
Definition
myotome
Term
___ is regional loss of sensory or motor function
Definition
peripheral neuropathy
Term
When the spinal cord ends, the pia mater continues as the ____.
Definition
filum terminale
Term
Which is worse, viral or bacterial meningitis?
Definition
bacterial
Term
_____ is a lack of or decrease in blood flow to the spinal cord, which compromises typical neurological functions of the body.
Definition
spinal cord ischemia
Term
4 possible ways to damaage the spinal cord
Definition

1. Fracture or dislocation of vertebrae causing laceration or compression of SC

2. penetrating injury (bullet)

3. overstretching of cord

4. vascular problem causing infarct

Term
Complete v. incomplete spinal cord injury
Definition

Complete = complete loss of motor AND sensory function below the level of the traumatic lesion.

Incomplete = variable neurological finding with partial loss of sensory and/or motor function below the lesion

Term
Injury above the T1 level results in _____.
Injury below the T1 level results in _____.
Definition
quadriplegia, paraplegia
Term
What is the Lumbar cistern? What does it contain? What is it's purpose?
Definition

Enlargement of subarachnoid space from the inferior end of the spinal cord (L2) to the inferior end of the subarachnoid space or dura mater (S2)

 

Contains cauda equina, the filum terminale, and CSF

 

Site for lumbar punture and spinal anaesthesia (L4-L5)

Term
The Artery of Adamkiewicz is AKA?

What supplies this artery?

What does this artery supply?

Where is it located?

Inadvertent occlusion of this artery during thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair commonly causes ______.
Definition

the great anterior segmental medullary artery

 

arises from an inferior intercostal or upper lumbar artery

 

supplies blood to 2/3 of the spinal cord, including the lumbar enlargement

 

located on the left side in 65% of people

 

inadvertent occlusion causes post surgical ischemia

Term
Where is the epidural space located? What does it contain?
Definition

located between the periosteum and the dura mater.

 

contains fat, internal veterbrl venous plexuses, roots of spinal nerves (inferior to L2)

Term
Where is the subarachnoid space? What does it contain?
Definition

located between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater.

 

Contains CSF; radicular, segmental, medullary, and spinal arteries; veins; arachnoid trabbeculae

Term
What are the confines of the epidural space?
Definition

Superior: foramen magnum

Laterally: intervertebral foramen

Inferiorly: Sacral hiatus

Term
what is a subdural hemotoma?
Definition
Bleeding that leaks into the dura-arachnoid junction (which is commonly referred to as the subdural space)
Term
delicate fibers tha connect the arachnoid and pia mater through the subarachnoid space
Definition
arachnoid trabechulae
Term
What are the denticulate ligaments?
Definition
20-22 sawtooth ligaments that run along the spinal cord to support it. located between anterior and posterior spinal nerve roots
Term
What three longitudinal arteries supply the spinal cord? Where do these arteries begin and end?
Definition

one anterior spinal artery and two posterior spinal arteries (each have 3 associated spinal veins)

 

begin at medulla and end at medullary cone

Term
The ____ arteries arise from the anterior spinal artery and enter the spinal cord through the anterior median fissure. These arteries supply about 2/3 of the cross-sectional area of the spinal cord.
Definition
sulcal arteries
Term
The ____ arteries are located chiefly in the cervical and lumbosacral enlargements and enter the SC through the IV foramina.
Definition
anterior and posterior segmental medullary arteries
Term
The anterior and posterior roots of the spinal nerves are supplied by what arteries?
Definition
anterior and posterior radicular arteries
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