Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Anatomy Test 3 Lecture
Objectives for Test 3
125
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
11/09/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Subdivisions of the Skull
Definition
Neurocranium - bones that form the cranial vault
Viscerocranium - bones that make the face
Term
Cavities of the Skull
Definition
Nasal Cavity, Cranial Cavity, Oral Cavity, Orbital Cavities, Middle Ear Cavities
Term
Sinuses of the Skull
Definition
Frontal sinus, Sphenoid Sinus, Ethmoid Sinus, Maxillary Sinus
Term
Articulations Found in the Skull
Definition
Fibrous - Sutures between plates
Synovial (hinge) - Temperomandibular Joint
Term
Sutures of the Cranium
Definition
Coronal - Frontal and Parietals
Lambdoid - Parietals and Occipital
Sagittal - Divides Parietals
Term
Temperomandibular Joint
Definition
Articularion between the Mandibular Fossa of the Temporal Bone and the Condylar Process of the Mandible. Two sides work in unison to move the mandible up and down, hinge joint
Term
Cranial Fossas
Definition
Anterior Cranial Fossa - Most anterior section of the cranial vault, contains the cribiform plate
Middle Cranial Fossa - Middle step down of the cranial vault, contains the sella turcica
Posterior Cranial Fossa - The most posterior section of the cranial vault, contains the foramen magnum
Term
Bregma
Definition
Meeting of the Coronal and Sagittal Sutures
Term
Lamda
Definition
Meeting of the Sagittal and Lambdoid Sutures
Term
Pterion
Definition
Line between the sphenoid and the parietal bone, leads from the frontal bone to the temporal bone
Term
Subdivisions of the Brain
Definition
Cerebrum, Cerebellum, and brain stem
Term
Functions of the Medulla
Definition
Vital reflex center
Term
Functions of the Pons
Definition
Respiratory vital reflex
Term
Functions of the Midbrain
Definition
visual and auditory systems as well as eye movement
Term
Function of the Cerebellum
Definition
Maps out motion
Term
Branches off of the Common Carotid Artery
Definition
Internal Carotid Artery - Posterior, enters the cranial vault directly
External Carotid Artery - Anterior, Branches to the face and the meninges
Term
Proximal Branches off of the External Carotid Artery
Definition
Superior Thyroid - In the neck, supplies thyroid, larynx and neck
Lingual Artery - Just superior to the superior thyroid, supplies the tongue
Facial Artery - Comes off superior to the lingual artery, supplies the face
Occipital Artery - Comes off at nearly the same level as facial but runs posteriorly, supplies the posteror scalp and neck
Term
Terminal Branches off of the External Carotid Artery
Definition
Maxillary Artery - runs laterally across the face, supplies the teeth, rums, nasal cavity and muscles of mastication-->Gives rise to the Middle Meningeal Artery which supplie blood to the dura mater
Superficial Temporal Artery - Runs superficially and superiorly, supplies the scalp
Term
Components of the Arterial Cerebral Circle
Definition
Vertebral Areteries and Spinal Arteries--> Basaliar Artery-->Posterior Cerebral Arteries-->Posterior Communicating Arteries-->Internal Carotid-->Middle Cerebral Arteries and Anterior Cerebral Arteries-->Anterior Communicating Artery
Term
Functions of the Cranial Meninges
Definition
Protection, hold CSF, *contain venous sinus system for venous return of blood*
Term
Layers of the Cranial Meninges
Definition
Pia Mater - most intimate with the brain
Arachnoid Mater - 2nd layer, has arachnoid granulations into the sinuses
Dura Mater divided into two layers
Periostial Layer - Attached to the skull
Meningeal Layer - Has dural infoldings that allow for venous sinuses to travel through, also functions in thedivision of some parts of the brain
Term
Sinuses of the Falx Cerebri
Definition
Superior Sagittal Sinus, Inferior Sagittal Sinus, and Straight Sinus
Term
Sinuses of the Tentorium Cerebelli
Definition
Transverse Sinuses and Sigmoid Sinuses
Term
Venous Return of blood from the Brain (beginning in superior sagittal)
Definition
Superior Sagittal and Inferior Sagittal-->Inferior becomes the Straight Sinus and meets the Superior Sagittal at the Confluence of Sinuses--> Transverse Sinuses-->Sigmoid Sinuses-->Internal Jugular Vein
Term
Venous Return of Blood from the Brain (beginning in the cavernous sinuses
Definition
Cavernous Sinuses-->Superior Petrosal Sinus-->transverse sinus-->sigmoid sinus-->internal jugular vein
or
Cavernous Sinus-->Inferior Petrosal Sinus-->Internal Jugular Vein
Term
Dural Sinuses versus Veins of the Face
Definition
The walls of dural sinuses are not made of the usual venous tissue but of dural tissue, dural sinuse blood does not meet the venous blood of the face while in the cranium
Term
Possible routes for arterial blood in the brain
Definition
Oxygen supply to the tissue of the brain
Production of Cerbrospinal Fluid
Term
Choroid Plexus
Definition
Modified capillary structures located within the ventricles of the brain, produce cerebrospinal fluid. Process is energy dependent and selctive
Term
Production of Cerebrospinal Fluid
Definition
Produced in the ventricles by the choroid plexus, constant production pressurizes the entire system. CSF has no Red Blood Cells, few White Blood Cells and a little protein
Term
Path of Cerebrospinal Fluid
Definition
Lateral Ventricles--> Interventricular Foramn--> 3rd Ventricle--> Aqueduct of the Midbrain--> 4th Ventricle--> Apertures in the roof of the 4th ventricle--> Cisterna Magna--> Subarachnoid Space--> Arachnoid Granules--> Venous Sinuses
Term
Hydrocephalus
Definition
"Wateron the brain" Caused by obstruction in the ventricular system, most often in small spaces such as the interventricular foramen, aqueduct of the midbrain, and apertures in the roof of the 4th ventricle
Term
Cranial Nerve I
Definition
Opthalmic Nerve, functions in the special sense of smell
Term
Cranial Nerve II
Definition
Optic Nerve, functions in the special sense of sight
Term
Cranial Nerve III
Definition
Oculomotor Nerve, innervates most muscles of the eye, proprioception of the eye, and autonomically constricts the iris
Term
Cranial Nerve IV
Definition
Trochlear Nerve, Rotates the eye
Term
Cranial Nerve V
Definition
Trigeminal Nerve, has 3 branches
Opthalmic Nerve - Sensory of upper face
Maxillary Nerve - Sensation of mid-face
Mandibular Nerve - motor to Abterior 2/3 of tongue, motor to muscles of mastication, sensation of lower teeth, cheeks, and sides of head
Term
Cranial Nerve VI
Definition
Abducent Nerve, innervates the lateral muscles of the eye, abducts the eye
Term
Cranial Nerve VII
Definition
Facial Nerve, special sense of taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue, motor innervation to the muscles of expression, Face and scalp sensory, Autonomic function of various glands (submandibular, lacrimal, nasal, etc)
Term
Cranial Nerve VIII
Definition
Vestibulocochlear Nerve, Special Sense of hearing
Term
Cranial Nerve IX
Definition
Glossopharyngeal Nerve, Motor to muscles of swallowing, sensory and taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue
Term
Cranial Nerve X
Definition
Vagus Nerve, has sensory, motor, special sense, and autonomic function, very long travels into the trunk
Term
Cranial Nerve XI
Definition
Spinal Accessory Nerve, Motor innervation to the sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius
Term
Cranial Nerve XII
Definition
Hypoglossal Nerve, Involved in movement of the tongue
Term
Differences between cranial nerves and spinal nerves
Definition
Cranial nerves can have a third function; special sense. Special sense refers to anysensory information realted to smell, sight, taste, or hearing. Cfranial Nerves also have no Sympathetic functions, only parasympathetic
Term
Occipitofrontalis Muscle
Definition
Combination of the Frontalis muscle, epicranial aponeurosis, and the Occipitalis Muscle, elevates eyebrows
Term
Zygomaticus
Definition
Smilin Muscle, connects from the corners of the mouth to the zygomatic bones
Term
Orbicularis Oris
Definition
Muscle around the mouth
Term
Orbicularis Oculi
Definition
Muscles around the eye
Term
Superficial Fascia of the face and scalp
Definition
Very loose as compared to the rest of the body, no deep fascia
Term
Layers of the Scalp (SCALP)
Definition
Skin, Connective Tissue (superficial Fascia, Epicranial Aponerosa, Loose layer (Loose CT), Periosteum
Term
General Sensory Function of the Facial Cranial Nerve VII
Definition
Posterior Ear and Soft palate
Term
Motor Function of the Facial Cranial Nerve VII
Definition
Muscles of Expression
Term
Special Sense of the Facial Cranial Nerve VII
Definition
Taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
Term
Buccinator Muscle
Definition
A:Pteygomandibular Raphe
B: angle of mouth
Action - keeps food between teeth
Term
Mentalis Muscle
Definition
A: anterior point of the mandible
B: skin of chin
Action - raises the skin of the chin
Term
Platysma Muscle
Definition
A: Pectoralis Major and Deltoid
B: lower border of the mandible
Action - relieve pressure around the neck, forced expiration
Term
Temperomandibular Joint
Definition
Gliding/ Hinge joint between the Temporal bone and the Mandible; main joint of mastication
Term
Masseter Muscle
Definition
Lateral Side of jaw, closes and protracts the mandible
Term
Temporalis Muscle
Definition
Lies on the temple, closes and retracts the mandible
Term
Lateral Pterygoid Muscle
Definition
Superior Pterygoid, between the lateral pterygoid plate and the mandible, opens and protracts the jaw
Term
Medial Pterygoid Muscle
Definition
Inferior Pterygoid, between the lateral pterygoid plate and the mandible, closes and protracts the mandible
Term
Opthalmic Division (V1)
Definition
General Sensation to cornea, globe of the eye, forehead, nose and the meninges
Branch: Supraorbital Branch--> Supreaorbital Foramen-->orbit-->superior orbital fissure
Term
Maxillary Division (V2)
Definition
General sensory to cheeks, lateral nose, nasopharynx, upper arcade of teeth and gums, and meninges
Branch: Infraorbital Branch-->Infraorbital foramen-->orbit-->foramen rotundum-->trigeminal ganglion-->brainstem
Term
Mandibular Division (V3)
Definition
Motor innervation to the muscles of mastication. Sensory to mucus membranes of the mouth, lower arcade of teeth and gums, skin of the mandible, temperomandibular joint, ear drum, and meninges
Branches: Lingual - Sensory to anterior 2/3 of the tongue
Inferior Alveolar Nerve--> mental foramen --> mental nerve
*Only motor control of Trigeminal CN V*
Term
Relations between CN V and CN VII
Definition
Branches that control general sensory and special sense taste information run together until the chorda tympani splits off to rejoin the rest of CN VII
Term
Posterior Triangle of the Neck
Definition
Boundaries - Trapezius to Sternocleidomastoid
Important Contents - Scaleneus Muscles, Spinal Accessory Cranial Nerve XI, Cervical Plexus, Brachial Plexus, Phrenic Nerve
Term
Anterior triangle of the Neck
Definition
Boundaries - Sternocleidomastoid to midline
Important Contents - Thyroid gland, Carotid Arteries, Jugular Veins, Vagus Cranial Nerve X, Sympathetic trunk, Hyoid Muscles
Term
Sternocleidomastoid Muscle
Definition
Attach to the sternum and clavicle and the mastoid process, innervated by Spinal Accessory Cranial Nerve XI, flex cervical spine, draw head to shoulder, rotate head
Term
Scalene Group
Definition
Floor of posterior triangle of the neck, innervated by cervical spinal nerves, stabilize head, aid in respiration, lateral neck flexion
Term
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Definition
Increase pressure placed o nthe brachial plexus between the anterior and middle scalene muscles
Term
Neurovascular bundle in the Neck
Definition
Neurovascular bundle - bundle of similarly travelling vessels and nerves
Internal Jugular Vein, Internal and External Carotid Arteries, Vagus Cranial Nerve X
Term
Hyoid Muscles
Definition
Muscles of the anterior triangle of the neck, used in swallowing and speaking. Attach to the Mandible, skull, hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, and the sternum
Term
Sternohyoid Muscle
Definition
Sternum to hyoid bone, inn: cervical plexus, depresses the hyoid bone
Term
Omohyoid Muscle
Definition
Superior border of the scapula to hyoid bone, inn: cervical plexus, depresses and retracts the hyoid bone
Term
Sternothyroid Muscle
Definition
Sternum to Thyroid Cartilage, inn: cervical plexus, depresses the thyroid cartilage
Term
Thyrohyoid Muscle
Definition
Thyroid cartilage to hyoid bone, inn: cervical plexus, depresses the hyoid bone or elevates the thyroid cartilage
Term
Stylohyoid Muscle
Definition
Styloid process to the hyloid bone, inn: facial cranial nerve VII, raise and retract hyoid bone
Term
Mylohyoid Muscle
Definition
Mandible to hyoid bone, inn: Mandibular Nerve V3, Raises tongue
Term
Anterior Belly of the Digastricus Muscle
Definition
Mandible to hyoid bone/ tendon, inn: mandibular nerve V3, Opens Mouth
Term
Posterior Belly of the Digastricus Muscle
Definition
Hyoid bone/ tendon to mastoid process, onn: facial cranial nerve VII, raises the hyoid bone
Term
Geniohyoid Muscle
Definition
Genial Tubercles to the hyoid bone, inn: cervical spinal nerves, elevates the hyoid bone and the base of the tongue
Term
Pharynx
Definition
Mucus membrane covered area behind the nasal cavity and oral cavity and superior to the trachea
Term
Nasopharynx
Definition
Base of skull to soft palate
Term
Oropharynx
Definition
soft palate to epiglottis
Term
Laryngopharynx
Definition
Epiglottis to inferior larynx
Term
Muscles of the Pharynx
Definition
Superior, Middle, and Inferior Constrictors, inn: by Vagus Cranial Nerve X
Term
Pharyngeal Plexus
Definition
Motor innervation and general sensory to the pharynx, Cranial Nerves IX and X
Term
Tonsils
Definition
Immune tissue in the pharynx, pharyngeal tonsils located superior and posterior to the nasal cavity. Palatine Tonsils located between the arches at the back of the mouth
Term
Arches of the Pharynx
Definition
Palatoglossal Arch - mucus membrane over the Palatoglosseus Muscle
Palatopharyngeal Arch - Mucus Membrane over the Palatopharyngeus Muscle
Term
Pattern Generator
Definition
Series of independent muscle contractions, that, when put together, result in a fluid motion, ie swallowing
Term
Problems Associated with Swallowing
Definition
Must close off the nasopharynx and must close of the trachea
Term
Closing of the nasopharynx
Definition
Tensor Palati and Levator Palati muscles pull the soft palate up and allow it to seal off the nasopharynx
Term
Closing the trachea
Definition
Suprahyoids pull the trachea up and forward, closing it off with the epiglottis
Term
Opening the Auditory Tube
Definition
During, the Levator Palati pulls the soft palate up, this muscle is also attached to the wall near the auditory tube opening. this action therefore opens the tube
Term
Stages of Swallowing
Definition
Oral Cavity to oropharynx, oropharynx to laryngopharynx, laryngopharynx to esophagus
Term
Functions of the Larynx
Definition
Protective sphincter of the trachea,
Increase intraabdominal pressure (Valsala maneuver
Term
Cartilages and bone of the Larynx
Definition
Epiglottic Cartilage - Makes up the epiglottis
Hyoid Bone - most superior "ring"
Thyroid Cartilage - shiled-like large cartilage, adam's apple
cricoid cartilage - directly below the thyroid cartilage, most inferior "ring"
Arytenoid Cartilage - cartilage withing the larynx that attaches to the vocal cords
Term
Articulations of the Larynx
Definition
Cricoid Cartilage/ Artytenoid Cartilage - Arytenoid Cartilages pivot on top of the cricoid cartilage to control the size of the rima glotiddis
Thyroid Cartilage/ Cricoid Cartilage - Thyroid cartilage can pivot forward on the cricoid cartilage to control the quality of sounds produced
Term
Cricothyroid Muscles
Definition
Cricoid Cartilage to thyroid cartilage, inn: external laryngeal nerve, pulls thyroid cartilage down to tense the vocal cords
Term
Arytenoideus Muscles
Definition
Muscles between the two Arytenoid Cartilages, inn: recurrent laryngeal nerve, close rima glottidis
Term
Thyroarytenoideus (superior) and Vocalus (inferior)
Definition
Thyroid Cartilage to Arytenoid Cartilage, inn: Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve, relax vocal cords
Term
Lateral Cricoarytenoid
Definition
Cricoid Cartilage to Arytenoid Cartilage (more lateral), inn: recurrent laryngeal nerve, adduct adduct vocal cords
Term
Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle
Definition
Cricoid Cartilage to Artenoid Catilage (more posterior), inn: recurrent laryngeal nerve, abduct vocal nerves
Term
Rima Glottidis
Definition
Opening between the vocal cords, the size of the structure controls the sound produced
Term
Abduction and Adduction of the Vocal Cords
Definition
Laryngeal muscles (posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid) pivot the aretynoid cartilage on the cricoid cartilage, changing the size of the opening
Term
Nerve Supply to the Larynx
Definition
Superior Laryngeal Nerve - Cricothyroid Muscles
All other laryngeal muscles - Recurrent Laryngeal Nerves
Sensory to the larynx - inferior laryngeal nerve
Term
Folds of the Larynx
Definition
Vocal Folds - most inferior folds, true vocal cords
Vestibular Folds - middle folds of the larynx, false vocal cords
Aryepiglottic folds - Most superior folds of the larynx
Ventricle of the Larynx - between the vestibular folds and the vocal folds
Term
Membranes and ligaments of the Larynx
Definition
Thyrohyoid Ligament - membrane between the hyoid and thyroid cartilage
Cricothyroid Ligament - ligament linking the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage
Cricotracheal Ligament - links the cricoid cartilage to the 1st tracheal ring
Quadrangular Membrane - Membrane between the Artepiglottic ligament and vestibular ligament
Cricovocal Membrane - Vocal ligaments to the cricoid cartilage to form the vocal fold
Term
Steps in Speech
Definition
Air from lungs, Phonation (creation of raw sound in the larynx, Resonance in the pharynx, Articulation (teeth, tongue, lips, and mouth)
Term
Layers of the Eye
Definition
Fibrous Layer, Vascular Layer, internal
Term
Parts of the Fibrous Layer of the Eye
Definition
Posterior 5/6 - Sclera white
anterior 1/6 - cornea
Term
Parts of the Vascular Layer of the Eye
Definition
Posterior - Choroid
Anterior - Ciliary Body
Most Anterior - Iris
Term
Accomodation
Definition
Cilliary muscles contract--> suspensory ligaments of the lens loosen--> lens becomes fatter--> see closer
Term
Conjunctiva
Definition
Protective layer over the front of the eye
Term
Nerve Supply to the Extraoccular muscles
Definition
Most muscles controlled by Occulomotor Cranial Nerve III, Trochlear Cranial Nerve IV controls the superior oblique, which rotates the eye in and down, and Abducent Cranial Nerve VI controls the lateral muscles
Term
Lacrimal Gland
Definition
Produces tears to keep the cornea moist and debris off of the eye, sensory from the Opthalmic Division of Trigeminal Cranial Nerve V and parasympathetic from Facial Cranial Nerve VII
Term
Characteristics of the Cerebrum
Definition
Sulci and Gyri, hemispherical dominance, crossover. and arragned somatotopically
Term
Functions of the Cerebrum
Definition
receiveing, processing, storing, and generating information
perception - recognizing and interpreting sensory information
cognition, motor activities, emotion, personality, memory, and language
Term
Frontal Lobe
Definition
Upper motor neurons, primary motor cortex, voluntary movement, somatotopically organized, personality, judgement, planning
Term
Parietal Lobe
Definition
Primary sensory cortex, somatic afferent informationsomatotopically organized
Term
Temporal Lobe
Definition
Learning and memory, hearing, and recognition
Term
Occipital Lobe
Definition
visual functions
Term
Gray matter of the brain
Definition
Mainly external but some located deep, controls movement and movement refinement
Term
White Matter of the Cerebrum
Definition
Association Fibers - connect the lobes of same hemisphere
Comissural Fibers - Connect hemispheres, corpus callosum
Projection fibers - Connect cerebrum with the brain stem and spinal cord
Term
Functional Localization
Definition
Different areas of the brain specialize in certain functions
Supporting users have an ad free experience!