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anatomy test 2
test 2
78
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
03/08/2013

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Term
epidermis
Definition
stratified squamous epitelium
Term
dermis
Definition
made up of connective tissue
Term
Skin
Definition
largest organ
epidermis
dermis
Term
functions of the skin
Definition
barrier: serves to protect
vitamin D synthese
sensory
thermoregulation
social
Term
Function of the skin:
Barrier: Dry/acid mantel
Definition
the surface can be a little dy and little acidic and prvent bacterial growth
Term
Function of the skin:
Barrier: UV barrier
Definition
not great
Term
Function of the skin:
Barrier: chemical barrier
Definition
to some chemicals
Term
Function of the skin:
vitamin D synthesis:
Definition
begins in keratinocytes (under the influence of UV light)
Helps maintain skeletal strength
Term
Function of the skin:
Sensory:
Definition
receptors for heat, cold, touch, vibration and pain
Term
Function of the skin:
thermoregulation:
Definition
Maintaining the correct body temperature
Term
Function of the skin:
social:
Definition
facial expression, nonverbal communication, appearance
Term
Stratum basale
Definition
deepest layers of the epidermis, only one thick layer
cell division happening here (mitosis)
Term
stratum spinosum
Definition
keratinocytes
dendritic cells: help with protection again pathogens
membrane-coating vesicles: helps with waterproofing
Term
stratum granulosum
Definition
the first waterproofing from outside actually happens. it stops the water from getting any deeper
keratinocytes
dendritic cells
water proofing
Term
stratum lucidum
Definition
looks like translucent layer in lab. just above the granulosum and below cornium only found in thick skin
eleidin (protein) forms a good barrier for protection
no nucleus/organelles
Term
stratum corneum
Definition
most superficial layer (top Layer)
dead, scaly
exfoliation
Term
Stratum basale
Cell types
Definition
keratinocytes: help with forming a barrier
Term
Stratum basale
Cell types
Definition
melanocytes: deals with producing melanin (skin pigmentation). the more active they are, the darker the pigment of the skin
Term
Stratum basale
Cell types
Definition
merkel cells
Term
dust mites
Definition
like to feed on dead skin
Term
Dermis
composition:
Definition
main tissue is areolar connective tissue. you have glands, receptors, blood vessels, and hair follocles
Term
Layers of Dermis
Definition
Papillary layer: gives rise to fingerprint
reticular layer: the layer that everything else is found in (glands, etc) stretch marks occur because of the damage to these layers
Term
Hypodermis
Definition
Below the dermis but not really part of the skin
subcutaneous tissue
Vascular: blood vessels
Term
functions of the hypodermis
Definition
protection
heat/thermal generation
Term
Skin pigmentation
Hemoglobin
Definition
found in the blood -> red
the more blood that goes to the surface, the redder it gets
Term
skin pigmentation:
Carotene
Definition
color being more yellow in color
thick skin can store carotene and become more yellow over time
Term
skin pigmentation:
melanin
Definition
darker versus lighter skin colors
Term
Abnormal skin colors
cyanosis:
Definition
blue
decrease in oxygen/bloodflow
Term
Abnormal skin colors
erythema:
Definition
red
increase in blood flow
Term
Abnormal skin colors
jaundice
Definition
yellow
accumulation bilirubin, dealth with by the liver
Term
Abnormal skin colors
bronzing
Definition
brown
decrease glucocorticoid hormone
addisons disease: where your body does not produce enough cortisol by genetics
hormone issue
Term
Abnormal skin colors
pallor
Definition
pale
decrease in blood flow
Term
Abnormal skin colors
albinism
Definition
white
no melanin
Term
Abnormal skin colors
hematoma
Definition
visible clotted blood
bruise is most common form but more referred to as a lump
Term
Skin markings
hemangiomas (birthmarks)
Definition
most fade over time
Term
Skin markings
freckles and moles
Definition
can increase with the more sun you are exposed to
Term
Skin markings
friction ridges
Definition
fingerprints
Term
Skin markings
flexion creases
Definition
lines on your hand
Term
Structure of hair:
filament of keratinized cells
Definition
shaft/root
medulla, cortex, cuticle (inner to outer)
Term
structure of hair:
follicle
Definition
Bulb: where mitosis occurs
vascular tissue (papilla)
Term
Hair:
Forms
Lanugo:
Vellus
Terminal
Definition
premature infants
hair on arms
any other hair on the body
Term
Hair color: pigment in cells of cortex
Definition
determined by protien
eumelanin: found more in darker hair
phenomelanin: red hair
blonde hair can have both eumelanin and phenomelanin
grey hair had no pigment
Term
Hair cycling stages:
Anagen
Definition
6-8 years
stem cells(hair bulb) ->epithelial root sheath-> hair matrix-> hair cells
Term
Hair cycling stages:
catagen
Definition
2-3 weeks
apoptosis
programs cells death
Term
hair cycling stages:
telogen:
Definition
1-3 months rest stage for hair
not actively growing or actively dying
Term
Hair types/functions
Definition
body hair
scalp hair
beard, pubic, and axillary hair: develops at puberty
guard hairs (vibrissae): eye lashes and nose hairs, they are guarding an opening
eyebrows: more to do with social contexts (communicating with other rather than protection)
Term
Apocrine:
where?
what?
how?
Definition
axillary and groin region
fatty acid composed solution
exocytosis
Term
Sebeceous gland:
where?
what?
structure
how?:
Definition
next to hair follicle (scalp axilary pubic)
sebum (oily, solution)
flask shapes
through the hair follicle and releases dead cells
Term
ceruminous gland
where?
what?
structure
functions:
Definition
ear canal
earwax
tubular
waterproofs, fights pathogens
Term
Skin cancer:
basal cell carcinoma
Definition
stratum basale -> dermis
rarely metastasizes
Term
skin cancer:
squamous cell carcinoma
Definition
stratum spinosum
can metastasize to lymph nodes
Term
malignant melanoma
Definition
melanocytes:
ABCD: Asymmetry, border, color, diameter
Term
Burns:
result in:
Definition
fluid loss, infection, eschar
Term
Burns:
1st degree
Definition
epidermis only (red, painful, edema)
Term
burns:
2nd degree:
Definition
part of dermis (blister)
Term
3rd degree:
Definition
all of the dermis
Term
Treatment for burns
Definition
fluid replacement/ infection control
debridement
Term
Functions of the skeleton:
Definition
support
protection
movement
blood formation
mineral reservior (calcium phosphate)
pH balace (physiological pH is 7.4)
detoxification
Term
typical long bone:
Diaphysis (shaft)
Definition
compact bone surrounding a medullary cavity
Term
Long bone:
Epiphysis (ends):
Definition
spongy bone
Term
long bone
Articular cartilage
Definition
surrounds epiphysis; present at joints
Term
long bone
periosteum:
Definition
surrounds the diaphysis; connects muscle/tendons to bone
Term
long bone:
epiphyseal plate:
Definition
epiphysis and diaphysis meet; lengtheing of long bone. epiphyseal plate -> epiphyseal line when growth stops
Term
Typical flat bone:
Definition
compact, spongy, compact
Term
Cells of osseous tissue:
osteogenic cells:
Definition
stem cells (found in the periosteum and bone cells)
Term
cells of osseous tissue:
osteoblasts:
Definition
form bone
Term
cells of osseous tissue:
osteo cytes:
Definition
"typical" bonecells; trapped in matrix
Term
cells of osseous tissue:
osteoclasts:
Definition
break down bone
Term
Matrix:
organice matter:
Definition
1/3 of bone
collagen
proteoglycans
glycoprotiens
Term
organic matter
Definition
2/3 of bone
hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate)
calcium carbonate
Term
Compact bone:
Osteon
Lamellae:
Definition
concentric rings of matrix
Term
osteon:
canaliculi:
Definition
canals that connect osteocytes
Term
Volkmann canals:
Definition
canals that contain blood vessels and nerves
Term
spongy bone
trabeculae?

light and strong
Definition
bone marrow (within spaces)
Term
Bone marrow
red marrow:
Definition
hemopoietic (making blood cells
adults: head of femus and humerus in axial skeleton
children: all over (in bones)
Term
yellow marrow:
Definition
fatty
Term
gelatinous marrow:
Definition
aging persons
Term
intermembranous ossification (flat bone formation)
Definition
1st: osteogenic cell
3rd: "holes"= marrow activity formed by osteoclasts
4th: osteoblasts
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