Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Anatomy Test 1
test 1 terms
178
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
08/29/2016

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Cephalic
Definition
Head
Term
Frontal
Definition
Forehead
Term
Orbital
Definition
Eye
Term
Nasal
Definition
Nose
Term
Oral
Definition
Mouth
Term
Mental
Definition
Chin
Term
Cervical
Definition
Neck
Term
Thoracic
Definition
Chest
Term
Sternal
Definition
Mid-chest
Term
Axillary
Definition
Armpit
Term
Mammary
Definition
boob
Term
Abdominal
Definition
Broad stomach region
Term
Umbilical
Definition
Belly button
Term
Pelvic - Inguinal
Definition
Groin
Term
Pubic
Definition
Genital
Term
Acromial
Definition
Shoulder
Term
Brachial
Definition
Upper arm
Term
Antecubital
Definition
Inside of elbow
Term
Antebrachial
Definition
Forearm
Term
Carpal
Definition
Wrist
Term
Manus
Definition
Hand
Term
Pollex
Definition
Thumb
Term
Palmar
Definition
Palm
Term
Digital
Definition
Fingers
Term
Coxal
Definition
Hip
Term
Femoral
Definition
Thigh
Term
Patellar
Definition
Knee
Term
Crural
Definition
front of leg
Term
Fibular/peroneal
Definition
back of lower leg
Term
Pedal
Definition
Foot
Term
Tarsal
Definition
Ankle
Term
Metatarsal
Definition
Top of foot
Term
Hallux
Definition
Big toe
Term
Olecranal
Definition
Back of elbow
Term
Metacarpal
Definition
Back of hand
Term
Popliteal
Definition
Back of knee
Term
Sural
Definition
calf
Term
Calcaneal
Definition
Heel
Term
Plantar
Definition
Arch of foot
Term
Otic
Definition
Ear
Term
Occipital
Definition
Back of head
Term
Back
Definition
Dorsal
Term
Scapular
Definition
Back of shoulders
Term
Vertebral
Definition
Spine
Term
Lumbar
Definition
Lower back (not including vertebral section)
Term
Sacral
Definition
Tailbone
Term
Gluteal
Definition
Buttcheeks
Term
Perineal
Definition
Between anus and external genitalia
Term
Frontal plane
Definition

Aka coronal plane - divides front and back (anterior and posterior)

can be equal or unequal divisions

 

 

 
Term
Median plane
Definition

Aka midsagittal - divides down the center into right and left

Midsaggital indicates equal division

Term
Transverse plane
Definition

divides top and bottom

can be equal or unequal division

Term
Dorsal body cavity
Definition
Cranial cavity, vertebral cavity, meninges
Term
Cranial cavity
Definition
contains brain
Term
Vertebral cavity
Definition
contains spinal cord
Term
Thoracic cavity
Definition

Contains heart and lungs

Right and left pleural cavity

Mediastinum

Term
Diaphragm
Definition
Separates thoracic and abdominal cavities
Term
Abdominal cavity
Definition
Contains digestive viscera
Term
Pelvic Cavity
Definition
Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum
Term
Basic components of all tissues
Definition
Cells, extracellular matrix
Term
Four basic tissue types
Definition

1) epithelial - covering

2) connective - support

3) muscle tissue - movement

4) nervous tissue - control

Term
Epithelial Tissue: General Characteristics
Definition

-cells arranged in continuous sheets

-cells are closely packed and tightly held together (high cellularity)

-found at boundary between two different environments (interface tissue)

Term
General types of epithelium
Definition

-covering and lining epithelium: covers outer surfaces, lines inner surfaces

 

-glandular epithelium

Term

General functions of epithelium (6)

(interface tissue)

Definition

1. protection of underlying tissues

2. secretion

3. absorption

4. diffusion

5. filtration

6. sensory reception

Term
Special features of epithelia
Definition

1. high cellularity

2. specialized contacts

3. polarity (apical and basal surface)

4. support by connective tissue (basement membrane)

5. avascular

6. nervous innervation

7. regeneration

Term
2 layers of basement membrane
Definition

1. basal lamina - secreted by epithelium

2. reticular lamina - part of underlying connective tissue

Term
Classification of epithelia based on number of cell layers
Definition

1. simple

2. stratified

Term
classification of epithelia based on shape
Definition

1. squamous

2. cuboidal

3. columnar

Term
Simple squamous epithelium
Definition

Description: single layer of flattened cells with disc shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; the simplest of the epithelia

Function:allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; produces lubricating fluid in serosae

Location:kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels, lining of ventral body cavity (serosae), endothelium and mesothelium

Term
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Definition

Description:single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei

Function: secretion and absorption

Location: kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface

Term
Simple columnar epithelium
Definition

Description: single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; some cells bear cilia; layer may contain mucous-secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells)

Function: absorption; secretion of mucous, enzymes, and other substances; ciliary type propels mucous (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action

Location: non-ciliated type lines most of digestive tract (stomach to anal canal), gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus

 

Term
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Definition

Description: single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain mucus-secreting goblet cells and bear cilia

Function: secretion, particularly of mucous; propulsion of mucous by ciliary action

Location: non-ciliated type in male's sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands; ciliated variety lines the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tracts

Term
Stratified squamous epithelium
Definition

Description: Thick membrane composed of multiple cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active; surface cells are flattened (squamous); in the keratinized type, the surface cells are full of keratin and are dead; basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more superficial layers

Function: protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion

Location: non-keratinized type form the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, vagina; keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane

Term
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Definition

Description: generally two layers of cubelike cells

Function: protection

Location: largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands and salivary glands

Term
Stratified columnar epithelium
Definition

Description: several cell layers, basal cells usually cuboidal; superficial cells elongated and columnar

Function: protection; secretion

Location: rare in the body; small amounts in male urethra and in large ducts of some glands

Term
Tight junctions
Definition
impermeable junctions prevent molecules from passing through the intercellular space
Term
Desmosomes (anchoring junctions)
Definition
Bind adjacent cells together and help form an internal tension-reducing network of fibers
Term
Gap junctions
Definition
communicating junctions allow ions and small molecules to pass from one cell to another for intercellular communication
Term
Microvillia
Definition

-located on the apical surface of epithelium

-non-motile

-function to increase surface area of plasma membrane

-made up of actin filaments

Term
Cilia
Definition

-located on the apical surface of epithelium

-larger than microvilli

-function to move things along the surface of the cell

-composed of microtubules

Term
Glands
Definition

-epithelia that make and secrete a product form glands

-secretions are aqueous fluids that usually contain proteins: hormones, mucous, sweat and oils, biles and digestive enzymes, milk

-secretions are EXOCYTOSED

Term
Classification of Glands
Definition

1) Endocrine: 

-secretions = hormones

-hormones are released directly into extracellular fluid and then diffuse into bloodstream without ducts

-effector organs are far away

 

2) Exocrine

-secretions flow onto body surfaces or into cavities 

-secretions act locally; effector organ is nearby

-multicellular: multiple cells form a gland that secretes a product via a duct

-unicellular: one-celled gland (example: goblet cells)

Term
Covering and Lining Membranes
Definition

1) cutaneous membranes - skin

2) mucous membranes - lines open cavities and organs

-tubes of the respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems

3) serous membranes

-line closed cavities

-thoracic and abdominal cavities

Term
Connective Tissue categories
Definition

-most abundant and diverse tissue

 

1) Connective Tissue Proper

2) Cartilage

3) Bone

4) Blood

Term
General Characteristics of Connective Tissue
Definition

-few cells, lots of extracellular matrix (low cellularity)

 

Term
Common embryonic origin of connective tissue
Definition
mesenchyme
Term
Development of Connective Tissue Proper
Definition

1) mesenchyme

2) fibroblast

3) fibrocyte

4) connective tissue proper

5) loose connective tissue

-areolar

-adipose 

-reticular

6) dense connective tissue 

-regular

-irregular

-elastic

Term
Development of cartilage
Definition

1) mesenchyme

2) chondroblast

3) chondrocyte

4) cartilage

-hyaline

-fibrocartilage

-elastic

Term
Development of bone
Definition

1) mesenchyme

2) osteoblast

3) osteocyte

4) osseous (bone)

-compact

-spongy (cancellous)

Term
Development of blood
Definition

1) mesenchyme

2) hematopoietic stem cells

3) blood cells (and macrophages)

4) Blood

Term
Fibers present in connective tissue
Definition

1) collagen fibers

-largest

-strongest

-ropelike

-function: tensile strength

2) elastic fibers

-intermediate

-branches

-function: recoil

3) reticular fibers

-smallest

-collagen FIBRILS

-networks

-function: support

Term

Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, areolar

(most abundant type of connective tissue)

Definition

Description: gel-like matrix with all three fiber types; cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells

Function: wraps and cushions organs; its macrophages phagocytize bacteria; plays important role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid

Location: widely distributed under epithelia of body, e.g., forms lamina propria of mucous membranes; packages organs; surrounds capillaries

Term
Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, adipose
Definition

Description: matrix as in areolar connective tissue, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplets

Function: provides reserve fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs

Location: under skin in hypodermis, around kidneys and eyeballs, within abdomen, in breasts

Term
Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, reticular
Definition

Description: network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network

Function: fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types including white blood cells, macrophages, mast cells 

Location: lympoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen)

Term
Connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense regular
Definition

Description: primarily parallel collaen fibers; a few elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast

Function: attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction

Location: tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses

Term
Connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense irregular
Definition

Description: primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast; defense cells and fat cells are also present

Function: able to withstand tension in many directions; provides structural strength

Location: fibrous capsules of organs and joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract

Term
Connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, elastic
Definition

Description: dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers

Function: allows recoil of tissues following stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration

Location: walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column; within the walls of bronchial tubes 

Term
Cartilage: hyaline
Definition

Description: amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form and imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and, when mature (chondrocytes), lie in lacunae

Function: supports and reinforces; serves as resilient cushion; resists compressive stress

Location: forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx 

Term
cartilage: elastic
Definition

description: similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic fibers in matrix

function: maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility

location: supports the external ear (pinna); epiglottis

Term
Cartilage: fibrocartilage
Definition

Description: matrix similar to but less firm than hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate

Function: tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock

Location: intervertebral discs; pubic synthesis; discs of knee joints 

Term
Bone (osseous tissue)
Definition

Description: Hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae. Very well vascularized

Function: Supports and protects (by enclosing); provides levers for the muscles to act on; stores calcium and other minerals and fat; marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)

Location: Bones

Term
Connective tissue: blood
Definition

Description: Red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)

Function: Transport respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances 

Location: contained within blood vessels

Term
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells, RBCs)
Definition

Function: transports respiratory gases

-Biconcave disc shape

-No organelles 

Term
Muscle Tissue types
Definition

1) skeletal muscle - body

2) cardiac muscle - blood

3) smooth muscle - lots of stuff

Term
Skeletal muscle
Definition

Description: Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; obvious striations

Function: voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulation of the environment; facial expression

Location: in skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin

Term
Cardiac muscle
Definition

Description: Branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions (intercalated discs)

Function: As it contracts, it propels blood into circulation; involuntary control

Location: The walls of the heart

Term
Smooth muscle
Definition

Description: spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei; no striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets

Function: Propels substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby) along internal passageways; involuntary control

Location: Mostly in the walls of hollow organs

Term
What does smooth muscle look similar to?
Definition
Dense regular connective tissue proper
Term
Nervous tissue is the main tissue of which organs?
Definition

1) brain

2) spinal cord

3) nerves

Term
Nervous tissues contain what two types of cells?
Definition

1) neurons - functional cells

2) neuroglia (glial cells) - helps support functional cells 

Term
Nervous tissue
Definition

Description: neurons are branching cells; cell processes that may be quite long extend from the nucleus-containing cell body; also contributing to nervous tissue are nonconducting supporting cells, neuroglia 

Function: Transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands) that control the activity of the effector organs

Location: Brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Term
Regenerative Capacity of Tissues
Definition

-Good regenerators: epithelium, bone

-Poor regenerators: skeletal muscle, cartilage

-Almost no regeneration: cardiac muscle, nervous tissue

Term
What is the integumentary system composed of?
Definition

1) Skin (integument)

2) Accessory organs 

-nails

-hair

-sweat/oil glands

Term
2 Regions of the skin
Definition

1) epidermis

2) dermis

(and hypodermis - not a layer of skin)

Term
5 functions of the skin
Definition

1) thermoregulation

2) protection

3) sensory reception

4) excetion

5) vitamin D production

Term
Epidermis general characteristics
Definition

-most superficial layer of skin

-avascular

-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

-contains 4 principle types of cells (kertainocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells, merkel cells)

Term
4 types of cells in epidermis
Definition

1) keratinocytes (>90%)

2) Melanocytes

3) Langerhans cells (dendritic cells)

4) Merkel cells (tactile epithelial cells)

Term
Different types of epidermal thickness
Definition

1) thin skin - areas of skin where little friction develops

-most of the body

-FOUR epidermal layers

 

2) thick skin - areas of skin where friction commonly develops

-palms, feet, fingertips

-FIVE epidermal layers

Term
how to tell the difference between thick and thin skin
Definition

-thick has no hair follicles

-thick has stratum lucidum

Term
List the layers of thin epidermis
Definition

1) stratum corneum 

2) stratum granulosum

3) stratum spinosum

4) stratum basale

Term
List the layers of thick epidermis
Definition

1) stratum corneum

2) stratum lucidum

3) stratum granulosum

4) stratum spinosum

5) stratum basale

Term
Stratum corneum
Definition
Most superficial layer; 20-30 layers of dead cells represented only by flat membranous sacs filled with keratin. Glycolipids in extracellular space
Term
Stratum granulosum
Definition
one to five layers of flattened cells, organelles deteriorating; cytoplasm full of lamellar graunules (release lipids) and keratohyaline granules
Term
Stratum spinosum
Definition
several layers of keratinocytes unified by desmosomes. cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin
Term
Stratum basale
Definition
deepest epidermal layer; one row of actively mitotic stem cells; some newly formed cells become part of the more superficial layers. See occasional melanocytes and dendritic cells
Term
What 3 pigments impart varying colors and tones to skin and hair?
Definition

1) melanin

2) carotene

3) hemoglobin

Term
Melanin ratio (2 factors)
Definition

1) pheomelanin - imparts yellow to red colors, particularly noticeable in hair

2) eumelanin - imparts a brown to black color

Term
Albinism
Definition
inherited inability to produce melanin
Term
What is the dermis made of? (4)
Definition

1) connective tissue (tough)

2) blood vessels

3) lymphatic vessels

4) nerves

Term
2 primary regions of the dermis
Definition

1) papillary (nipple) layer

2) reticular layer

Term
What are the smallest living units in our bodies?
Definition
cells
Term
How many types of cells are in the human body?
Definition
over 200
Term
Basic cellular survival functions (3)
Definition

1) obtain and use nutrients

2) dispose of wastes

3) replicate/regenerate/repair

 

-these functions carried out by the cell's organelles

Term
Main structural components of the cell (3)
Definition

1. nucleus

2. cytoplasm

3. plasma membrane

Term
Plasma membrane structure - what model?
Definition
Fluid Mosaic Model - sea of phospholipids and a few proteins
Term
Types of membrane lipids (3)
Definition

1) phospholipids

2) cholesterol

3) glycolipids

Term
Membrane lipid: Phospholipids
Definition

-amphipathic

-dynamic arrangement

Term
Membrane lipids: Cholesterol
Definition

-Found among the lipid TAILS of the bilayer

-structural integrity of the plasma membrane

Term
Membrane lipids: glycolipids
Definition

-Only found in layer facing extracellular fluid

-Cellular adhesion and recognition (name tag)

Term
Principle Functions of the Plasma Membrane (3)
Definition

1. Protective barrier

2. Cellular communications (via receptor proteins)

3. Regulates movement of substances in and out (membrane transport)

Term
Membrane Transport - general characteristics
Definition

-The plasma membrane is selectively permeable

-some solutes simply diffuse across the lipid bilayer (no proteins or ATP needed)

-integral proteins act as transporters and channels to assist in the entrance of impermeant molecules

-carriers = passive

-pumps = active

Term
Simple diffusion
Definition
fat-soluble molecules move directly through the phospholipid bilayer down their concentration gradient (passive mode of transport)
Term
Osmosis
Definition

Diffusion of water through the lipid bilayer through aquaporin (passive mode of transport)

-looks more like facilitated than simple diffusion

Term
Facilitated Diffusion
Definition
an integral protein that spans the plasma membrane enables the passage of a particular solute across the membrane
Term
Active transport
Definition
some transport proteins use ATP as an energy source to actively pump substances across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradient
Term
Vesicular membrane transport: endocytosis (3 types)
Definition

1) phagocytosis - used to eat large molecules; pseudopods; non-specific

2) pinocytosis - "drinking"; pseudopods; non-specific

3) receptor-mediated endocytosis; highly specific; no pseudopods

Term
Vesicular Membrane Transport: Exocytosis (give example)
Definition
Example: axon terminals, neurotransmitters
Term
Components of the cytoplasm (3)
Definition

1) cytosol - jelly-like fluid in which all other intracellular elements are suspended

-water, enzymes, ions

2) organelles - specialized structures within a cell that have characteristic shapes and perform specific functions

3) inclusions - temporary structures

-pigments, food stores (glycogen), crystals of protein

Term
What are the nine basic organelles?
Definition

1) mitochondria

2) ribosomes

3) endoplasmic reticulum

4) golgi apparatus

5) lysosomes

6) peroxisomes

7) cytoskeleton

8) centrioles

9) nucleus

Term
Ribosomes
Definition

-functions in protein synthesis

-made of proteins + ribosomal RNA

-2 subunits 

-made in nucleolus

Term
Location of ribosomes in cell (3)
Definition

1. rough ER

2. scattered free ribosomes

3. mitochondria

Term
Endoplasmic reticulum
Definition

-network of membrane-enclosed cavities (flattened sacs or tubules) within the cytoplasm

-Rough ER: protein synthesis

-Smooth ER: lipid synthesis (making/breaking down fats) AND calcium storage

Term
Golgi Apparatus
Definition

-cis face = receiving side

-trans face = exporting side

Term
Coordination of organelles (3 pathways)
Definition

A. vesicle contents destined for exocytosis

B. vesicle to be incorporated into the plasma membrane

C. lysosome containing acid hydrolase enzymes

Term
Lysosomes
Definition

"digest things"

both things brought and "housekeeper" for things leaving

Term
Peroxisomes
Definition

"peroxide bodies"

removes toxic wastes by using special enzymes

Term
Metabolic pathway of peroxisomes
Definition
normal cellular metabolism --> (oxidase - over arrow) free radicals -->(catalase) hydrogen peroxide
Term
Mitochondria
Definition

double membrane

smooth outer membrane

highly convoluted inner membrane to increase surface area for ATP production

Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition

-elaborate network of rods running throughout the cytoplasm

-supports the cell's shape and produces movements

Term
Cytoskeleton: microfilaments
Definition
-strands made of spherical protein subunits called actin
Term
Cytoskeleton: intermediate filaments
Definition
tough, insoluble protein fibers constructed like woven ropes
Term
cytoskeleton: microtubules
Definition
hollow tubes of spherical protein subunits called tubulin
Term
Centrosome and centrioles
Definition
forms microtubules and aids in cellular division
Term
the nucleus
Definition

-double membrane

-nucleolus is non membrane-bound

-can be up to 3 or 4 nucleoli

-ribosomal subunits made in nucleolus

-ROUGH ER ORIGINATES FROM OUTER MEMBRANE OF NUCLEUS

-pores present in nuclear envelope for transport and messages

Term
Anatomy
Definition
the study of the structures of the body
Term
Physiology
Definition
the study of the function of the body
Term
Functional anatomy
Definition
anatomy which emphasizes the structural characteristics of a body part that contribute to its function
Term
Subdisciplines of Anatomy
Definition

-Gross anatomy (Greek for 'to cut apart'; dissection)

-Regional anatomy

-Systemic anatomy

-Surface anatomy: landmarks

-Microscopic anatomy (histology)

Term
Hierarchy of Structural Organization
Definition

1) chemical level - atoms combine to form molecules

2) cellular level - cells are made up of molecules

3) tissue level - tissues consist of similar types of cells

4) organ level - organs are made up of different types of tissues

5) organ system level - organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely

6) organismal level - the human organism is made up of many different organ systems 

Term
Anatomical terminology is derived from what?
Definition
ancient Greek and Latin
Term
ipsilateral
Definition
on the same side
Term
contralateral
Definition
on different sides
Term
Body membranes (2)
Definition

1) Serous membranes

2) Mucous membranes

Term
Mucous membranes
Definition

-lines cavities that are open to the outside environment

-cells secrete mucous

-oral and nasal cavities, vagina, anus

Term
Serous membranes
Definition

-lines cavities that are closed to outside environment

-cells secrete serous fluid

-thoracic and abdominal cavities

Term
Serous membranes - what is the balloon metaphor?
Definition

outer balloon wall - parietal serosa

air - serous cavity

inner balloon wall - visceral serosa 

 

Term
Two layers of the serous membrane
Definition

-continuous with each other

1) visceral layer - touches the organ

2) parietal layer - touches the body wall

Term
Serous membranes of the lungs
Definition
Pleura
Term
Serous membrane of the heart
Definition
Pericardium
Supporting users have an ad free experience!