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Anatomy Test 1
N/A
154
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
02/25/2013

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Term
Anatomy
Definition
The study of body structure
Term
Physiology
Definition
The study of functions
Term
Structure and Function
Definition
________ and _________ of the body are closely related.
Term
Mirrors
Definition
Structure _______ Function.
Term

Sensory input

Integration

Homeostasis

Mental Activity

Controls of Muscles and Glands

Definition
Functions of the  Nervous System.
Term

Brain

Spinal Cord

Nerves

Sensory Receptors

Definition
What are the components of the Nervous System?
Term

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

 

Definition

What are the subdivisions of the Nervous System?

 

Term
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Definition
All nervous tissue outside the CNS.
Term

Central Nervous System (CNS)

 

Definition
Brain and spinal cord.
Term
Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
Definition
Contains somatic and special sensory receptors and somatic sensory neurons (which are voluntary and within the skeletal muscle).
Term

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

 

Definition
Contains autonomic sensory receptors and autonomic sensory neurons (which are involuntary); it is also divided into two sections the parasympathetic and the sympathetic (which can be found in the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands).
Term
Enteric Nervous System (ENS)
Definition
Contains enteric motor neurons, enteric sensory receptors, and enteric sensory neurons (which are involuntary and located in the GI tract and enteric plexuses; also known as the smooth muscle glands, and endocrine cells of the GI tract).
Term

Temperature

Pain

Touch

Pressure

Light

Sound

Odors

Definition
What are the sensory receptors of the PNS?
Term
Nerve
Definition

A bundle of axons and their sheaths that connects CNS to sensory receptors, muscles, and glands.

 

Term
Cranial Nerves
Definition
Originates from the brain; contains 12 pairs.
Term
Spinal Nerves
Definition
Originates from the spinal cord; contains 31 pairs.
Term
Ganglion
Definition
small masses of nervous tissue, consisting primarily of neuron cell bodies, there are located outside of the brain and spinal cord.  They are closely associated with cranial and spinal nerves.
Term
Plexus
Definition
Extensive networks of neurons located in the walls of organs of the gastrointestinal tract; the neurons of these plexuses help regulate the digestive system.
Term
Sensory (afferent)
Definition
transmits action potentials from receptors to CNS.
Term
Motor (efferent)
Definition
transmits action potentials from CNS to effectors (muscles, glands).
Term
Somatic Nervous System
Definition
from CNS to skeletal muslces; voluntary; single neuron system; also contains a synapse.
Term
Synapse
Definition
junction of a nerve cell with another cell.
Term
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Definition
from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and certain glands; subconscious or involuntary control.
Term

First from CNS to ganglion

Second from ganglion to effector

Definition
What is the two neuron system for the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?
Term
Smypathetic
Definition
prepares body for physical activity.
Term
Parasympathetic
Definition
regulates resting or vegetative functions such as digesting food or emptying of the urinary bladder.
Term
Enteric
Definition
plexuses within the wall of the digestive tract.
Term
Neuroglia or Glial Cells
Definition
support and protect neurons.
Term
Neurons or Nerve cells
Definition
Cells that recieve stimuli and transmit action potentials.
Term

Cell Body or Soma

Dendrites (which are input)

Axons (which are output)

Definition
The organization of the Neuron or Nerve Cell.
Term
Nissil Bodies
Definition
Chromatophilic Substance; Rough E.R. (which is the primary site of protein synthesis.
Term
Dendrites
Definition
short, often highly branched.
Term
Dendritic Spines
Definition
little protuberance where axons synapse with dendrite.
Term
Axons
Definition
can branch to form collaterals.
Term
Axon Hillock
Definition
cone-shaped elecation that often joins to the cell body.
Term
Trigger Zone
Definition
Site where action potentials are generated.
Term
Initial Segment
Definition
Beginning of Axon.
Term
Axoplasm
Definition
the cytoplasm of an axon.
Term
Axolemma
Definition
plasma membrane that surrounds the axoplasm.
Term
Presynaptic Terminals
Definition
the axon and its collaterals end by dividing into these many fine processes.
Term
Synaptic Vesicles
Definition
tiny membrai-enclosed sacs contained within synaptic end bulbs and varicosities.
Term

Sensory or Afferent

Motor or Efferent

Interneurons or Association Neurons

Definition
What is the functional classification of Neurons?
Term

Multipolar

Bipolar

Unipolar

Definition
What are the Structural classification of Neurons?
Term
Sensory or Afferent
Definition
action potentials toward CNS.
Term
Motor or Efferent
Definition
action potentials away from CNS.
Term
Interneurons or Association Neurons
Definition
within CNS form one neuron to another.
Term
Multipolar
Definition
most neurons in CNS; motor neurons.
Term
Bipolar
Definition
sensory in retina of the eye and nose.
Term
Unipolar
Definition
part that extends to the periphery has dendrite-like sensory receptors.
Term
Astrocytes
Definition
Processes form feet that cover the surfaces of neurons and blood vessels and the pia mater; regulate extracellular brain fluid composition, ion nutrient and dissolved gas concentrations.  They also recycle neurotransmitters and form scar tissue after injury.
Term
Blood-brain barrier
Definition
protects neurons from toxic substances and also allows the exchange of nutrients and waste products between neurons and blood.
Term
Ependymal Cells
Definition
cells that line the brain ventricles and spinal cord central canal.  They assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring of cerebrospinal fluid.
Term
Choroid Plexus
Definition
capillary plus ependymal cells equals ______.  Some contains cillia.
Term
Microglia
Definition
specialized macrophages that remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis.
Term
Oligodendrocytes
Definition
form myelin sheaths if surround axon, and also myelinate CNS axons while providing structural framework.
Term
Schwann Cells
Definition
wrap around portion of only one axon to form myelin sheath (surround axons in PNS).  They are responsible for myelination of perpheral axons and participate in repair process after injury.
Term
Satellite Cells
Definition
surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia, provide support and nutrients, and regulate O2, CO2, nutrient, and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia.
Term
Unmyelinated axons
Definition
rest in invaginations of Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes.
Term
Degeneration of myeline sheaths
Definition
causes MS and some cases of diabetes mellitus.
Term
Myelinated Axons
Definition
protects and insulates axons from one another; speeds transmission; functions in repair of axons.  Contains Nodes of Ranvier; not continuous.
Term
White Matter
Definition
myelinated axons.
Term
Gray Matter
Definition
unmyelinated axons that contain cell bodies, dendrites, and neuroglia.
Term
Action Potentials
Definition
Cells produce _____ also known as electrical signals.
Term
Electrical Signals
Definition
transfer of information from one part of body to another.
Term
Electrical properties
Definition
things that result from ionic concentration differences across plasma membrane and permeability of membrane.
Term
Proteins
Definition
negatively charged, inside the cell, and not permeable.
Term
Chloride
Definition
negatively charged, outside the cell, and these channels are always open.
Term
Potassium
Definition
positively charged, inside the cell, and contains two channels:  nongated and voltage gated.
Term
Nongated
Definition
always open; establishes resting membrane potential.
Term
Voltage gated
Definition
repolarizes membrane
Term
Sodium
Definition
positively charged, outside the cell, voltage gated channels-depolarizes membrane.
Term

Ligand-gated

Voltage-gated

Mechanically gated

 

Definition
What are the three gated ion channels?
Term
Ligand-gated
Definition
open or close in response to stimuli.
Term
Voltage-gated
Definition
participates in the generation and conduction of action potentials in the axons of all types of neurons.
Term
Mechanically gated
Definition
opens or closes in response to mechanical stimulation in the form of vibration (such as sound waves), touch, pressure, or tissue stretching.
Term
Potential difference
Definition
unequal distribution of charge exists between the immediate inside and immediate outside of the plasma membrane: -70 to -90 mV.
Term
Resting Membrane Potential
Definition
the unequal distribution of charged molecules and ions inside and outside the cell.  Also known as the time when concentraion of potassium is inside the cell rather than outside and when sodium is outside the cell rather than inside.
Term
Graded Potential
Definition
magnitude varies from small to large depending on stimulus strength or frequency.
Term
Local potentials
Definition
potential that summate or add onto each other, spread over the plasma membrane in a decremental (not propagated) fashion, and can cause generation of action potentials.
Term

lingands binding to receptors

changing in charge across membrane

mechanical stimulation

temperature changes

spontaneous change in permeability

Definition
Local Potentials result from?
Term
Action Potential
Definition
a local potential causes depolarization of membrane to threshold.
Term
All-or-none principle
Definition
When an action potential either occurs completely or it does not occur at all.
Term
Deopolarization
Definition
more positive
Term
Repolarization
Definition
more negative (may get after-hyperpolarization)
Term
Resting membrane potential
Definition
a voltage-gated Sodium channel and voltage-gated Potassium channel are closed (the activation gates are closed and the inactivation gates are open).
Term
Depolarization
Definition
Voltage-gated Sodium channels are open because the activation gates open; the voltage-gated Potassium chanels also start to open.  This results because the inward diffusion of Sodium is much greater than the outward diffusion of Potassium.
Term
Repolarization
Definition
Voltage-gated Sodium channels are closed because the inactivation gates close; voltage-gated Potassium channels are now open.  Sodium diffusion into the cell stops and Potassium diffuse out of the cell causing this to happen.
Term
After-hyperpolarizing phase
Definition
Voltage-gated Sodium channels are closed, and also voltage-gated Potassium channles remain open for a short time and then close.
Term
Resting Membrane Potential
Definition
the resting membrane potential is reestablished after the voltage-gated Potassium channels close.
Term

Absolute

Relative

Definition
What are the two types of Refractory Periods?
Term
Absolute
Definition
Complete insensitivity, from beginning of action potential until near end of repolarization.
Term
Relative
Definition
A stronger-than-threshold stimulus can initiate another action potential.
Term
Action Potential Frequency
Definition
Number of potentials produced per unit of time to a stimulus.
Term
Threshold stimulus
Definition
causes a local potential that is great enough to initiate an acton potential.
Term
Subthreshold Stimulus
Definition
does not cause a local potential that is great enough to initiate an action potential.
Term
Maximal Stimulus
Definition
just strong enough to produce a maximum frequency of action potentials.
Term
Submaximal Stimulus
Definition
all stimuli between threshold and the maximal stimulus strength.
Term
Supramaximal Stimulus
Definition
any stimulus stronger than a maximal stimulus.  These stimuli cannot produce a greater frequency of action potentials than a maximal stimulus.
Term
Speed of Conduction
Definition
faster in myelinated than in non-myelinated.
Term
Insulation
Definition
In myelinated axons, lipids act as ______ forcing local currents to jump from node to node.
Term
Speed
Definition
In myelinated, speed is affected by thickness of myelin sheath.
Term
Diameter of axons
Definition
large-diameter conduct more rapidly than small-diameter.  Large have greater surace area and more voltage-gated Sodium channels.
Term
Temperature
Definition
increased temperature equals increased speed.
Term

Type A

Type B

Type C

Definition
Three types of Nerve Fiber Types.
Term
Type A
Definition
large-diameter, myelinated.  Conduct at 15-120 m/s.  Motor neurons supplying skeletal and most sensory neurons.
Term
Type B
Definition
medium-diameter, lightly myelinated.  Conduct at 3-15 m/s.  Part of ANS.
Term
Type C
Definition
small-diameter, unmyelinated.  Conduct at 2 m/s or less.  Part of ANS.
Term
Synapse
Definition
junction between two cells where action potentials in one cell cause action potentials in another cell.
Term

Presynaptic

Postsynaptic

Definition
Two types of cells in synapse.
Term
Presynaptic Neuron
Definition
refers to a nerve cell that carries a nerve impulse toward a synapse; cell that sends a signal.
Term
Postsynaptic neuron
Definition
carries a nerve impulse away from a synapse or an effector cell that responds to the impulse at the synapse.
Term
Electrical Synapses
Definition
gap junctions that allow local current to flow between adjacent cells; found in cardiac muscle and many types of smooth muscle.  It is important where contractile activity among a group of cells important.
Term

Presynaptic terminal

Synaptic cleft

Postsynaptic membrane

Definition
What are the components of Chemical Synapses?
Term
Chemical Synapses
Definition
neurotransmitters released by action potentials in presynaptic terminal.
Term
Synaptic Vesicles
Definition
action potential causes Ca2+ to enter cell that causes neurotransmitter to be released from vesicles.
Term
Postsynaptic Membrane
Definition
when ACh binds to receptor, ligand-gated Sodium channels open.
Term
Enzymatic
Definition
acetylcholinesterase splits ACh into acetic acid and choline.
Term
Recycled
Definition
Norepinephrine recycled within presynaptic neuron.
Term
One
Definition
Neurotransmitter only "fits" in ___ receptor.
Term
Receptors
Definition
Not all cells have _____.
Term
Excitatory, Inhibitory
Definition
neurotransmitters are ______ in some cells and _______ in others.
Term
Norepineephrine
Definition
A neurotransmitter attach to the presynaptic terminal as well as postynaptic and then inhibit the release of more neurotransmitter.
Term
Excitatory postynaptic potential (EPSP)
Definition
Depolarization occurs an response stimulatory; depolarization might reach threhold producing an action potential and cell response.
Term
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)
Definition
Hyperpolarization and response inhibitory; decrease action potentials by moving membrane potential farther from threshold.
Term
Axoaxonic Synapses
Definition
axon of one neuron synapses with the presynaptic terminal (axon) of another.  Many of the synapses of CNS.
Term
Presynaptic Inhibition
Definition
reduction in amount of neurotransmitter released from presynaptic terminal.  Endorphins can inhibit pain sensation.
Term
Presynaptic Facilitation
Definition
amount of neurotransmitter released from presynaptic terminal increases.  Glutamate facilitating nitric oxide production.
Term
Neural Circuits
Definition
neurons process information when changes occur at the trigger zone through spatial and temporal summation of IPSPs and EPSPs.
Term
10,000
Definition
An average neuron recieves ______ synaptic inputs.
Term
Integration
Definition
the process accomplished by the post-synaptic neuron when it combines all excitatory and inhibitory inputs and responds accordingly.
Term
Integration
Definition
this process occurs over and over as interneurons are activated in higher parts of the brain (such as the thalamus and cerebral cortex).
Term
Neuronal network
Definition
this may contain thousnads or even millions of neurons.
Term

Diverging

Converging

Reverberating

Parallel After-Discharge

 

Definition
Types of Neural Circuits.
Term
Diverging Circuit
Definition
a small number of neurons in the brain stimulate a much larger number of neurons in the spinal cord.
Term
Converging Circuit
Definition
The opposite of a diverging circuit.
Term
Reverberating circuit
Definition
impulses are sent back through the circuit time and time again-used in breathing, coordinated muscular activities, waking up, and short-term memory.
Term
Parallel after-discharge circuit
Definition
involve a single presynaptic cell that stimulates a group of neurons, which then synpase with a common postsynaptic cell-used in precise activities such as mathematical calculations.
Term

Dura mater

Arachnoid mater

Pia mater

 

Definition
Three meninges of the Spinal cord.
Term
Tract
Definition
bundle of neuronal axons that are all located in a specific area of the white column all traveling to the same place (higher or lower in the brain or cord).
Term
Transection of the spinal cord
Definition
the ascending and descending tracts are partially or completely severed.
Term
Transection
Definition
The _________ of the spinal cord can be at the base of skull which can result in death by asphyxiation, in the upper cervical area results in quadriplegia, and between the cord enlargements results in some form paraplegia.
Term
Rami
Definition
spinal nerves branch and their branches.
Term
Plexuses
Definition
a network of axons.
Term
Cervical Plexus
Definition
formed by the anterior rami of C1-C5, serves the head, neck, and diaphragm.
Term
Brachial Plexus
Definition
formed by the anterior rami of C5-C8 and T1.  It is divided into roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and nerves.
Term
Lumbar Plexus
Definition
formed by the anterior rami of L1-L4 to supply the anterolateral abdominal wall, external genitalia, and part of the lower limbs.
Term
Sacral Plexus
Definition
formed by the anterior rami of L4-L5 and S1-S4.  It supplies the buttocks, perineum, and part of the lower limbs.  It gives rise to the largest nerve in the body, the sciatic nerve.
Term
Coccygeal Plexus
Definition
formed by the anterior rami of S4-S5 and the coccygeal nerves.
Term
Reflex
Definition
is an automatic, sudden, involuntary response to a stimulus; when integration takes place in the spinal cord, it can be called the spinal version of this.
Term
Reflex Arc
Definition
the pathway followed by nerve impulses that produce a reflex is a reflex arc.
Term

Sensory Receptor

Sensory Neuron

Integrating Center

Motor Neuron

Effector

Definition
The components of a reflex arc.
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