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Anatomy Test #1
First test of second semester- Test Date 2/26/10
57
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
02/23/2010

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Integumentary System consists of...
Definition

skin and accessory structures.

(hair, nails, glands, muscles, & nerves)

Term

Function of the integumentary system 

(3)

Definition

1) barrier b/t body's external and internal environment

2) body temp. regulation

3) sensation of ex. environment

Term

The skin is an organ & is the largest in the entire body!

 

What are the 2 layers of the skin?

Definition

Epidermis: lining or covering membrane)

Dermis: connective tissue part below the epidermis derived from the mesoderm

Term

What is keratin?

 

keratin= cytoskeleton= intermediate filaments= stratum corneum

Definition

Tough fibrous protein that forms an extracellular matrix that protects the body from heat, microbes, infection, & chemicals. 

 

Term
4 cell types of the epidermis
Definition

keratinocytes:make up 90% of epi. ; produce keratin & protect

melanocytes: produce pigment melanin Protect the DNA FROM UV RADIATION.

Langerhan cells: immune cells 

Merkel cells: light touch sensation

Term

5 layes of the epidermis

(from deepest to most surface)

Definition

Stratum Basale

Stratum Spinosum

Stratum Granulosum

Stratum Lucidum

Stratum Corneum

Term
Stratum Basale
Definition

 

-contains stem cells which produce new keratinocytes at a high rate (30 day lifespan)
-keratinocytes contain tactile disks (Merkel's cell - sensory organ- most sensitive mechanical receptor in skin b/c closest to outer surface = "light touch"), Langerhans, and melanocytes

 

Term

Stratum Spinosum

(thickest layer)

Definition

- stratified layer of plump keratinocytes 8-10 cells thick


- contains Langerhans cells & melanocytes (pigment & dendrites)

Term
Stratum Granulosum
Definition

- strat. layer of keratinocytes 3-5 cells thick

- cells in layer are dying by a process of programmed cell death (apoptosis)

- distinguished by dark staining granules in the cytoplasm

- space is filled with lipid rich material that functions as a water repellent & sealant - (secreting oils)


Term

Stratum Lucidum

 

Definition

-(not in all skin- present in finger tips, palms, and soles that are areas of high friction)

-helps reduce abrasions


Term
Stratum Corneum
Definition

- contains cell membranes, keratin, and lipids

- the keratin extracellular matrix which is derived from intermediate filaments of dead cells

- dead cells of this layer are constantly shed and most be replaced by cells from the deeper layers

Term

Dermis

(2 layers)

Definition

1)Papillary Region- under the epidermis (responsible for fingerprints)

2) Reticular Region- next to hyperdermis

Term
Papillary Region
Definition

- contain blood vessels: b/c help maintian body temp.

-sensory nerves for - light touch = Merkel

 

  • touch called Meissner corpuscles
  • temp, pain, tickling, & itching = free nerve endings
  • pressure = Paccinian corpuscles

 

Term
Reticular Region
Definition

- collagen fiber bundles arranged in a dense irreg. array w/ elastic fibers interspersed to provide strength & elasticity

- contains accessory organs: adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, oil glands, & sweat glands

Term
What develops from epidermis?
Definition

Accessory Structures of the skin

(hair, glands, & nails)

Term
Hair functions
Definition

-Protection from UV radiation, & foreign particles in eyes and nostrils.

- Aid the sensation of light touch

Term
Each hair is composed of:
Definition

- root with bulb: extends from dermis to epidermis

- base of the bulb contains papilla where blood vessels enter the hair

- the matrix, contains stem cells of the stratum basale which undergo cell / to supply new cells for hair growth

- hair shaft which begins w/ a root in the bulb & goes through the epi. & extends beyond the surface

- follicle invagination of epi. surrounding the bulb

Term
Structures associated with hair include:
Definition

1) Sabaceous glands (oil glands)

2) apocrine sweat glands

3) smooth muscle (erector pili)

4) nerve endings (hair root plexuses) which sense shaft movement (touch)

Term

Exocrine glands of the skin:

 

  1. Sebaceous (oil)
  2. Sudoriferous (sweat)
  3. Ceruminous
  4. Mammary

 

Definition

 

  1. Sebaceous (oil)- an oil which moistens hair & skin, prevents water evaporation, & inhibits bacteria growth
  2. Sudoriferous (sweat)- 2 types: (1) Eccrine glands- open a pore  on the surface of the skin. Function: lower body temp. (2) Apocrine Sweat glands- open on a hair follicle. Emotional highs and lows. (Associate through emotional states: fear, love, & embarrassment) hormonal = puberty enduced
  3. Ceruminous- produce wax
  4. Mammary- secrete milk (has proteins added to it)

 

Term
Nails
Definition

- plates of tightly packed hard  keratinized epidermal cells

- "plate of hair"

- nails hard b/c of how keratin is composed

Term
Functions of the skin
Definition

 

  1. Thermoregulation- (temp. regulation)
  2. Protection- barrier function
  3. Sensation- touch, pressure, vibration, itching, temperature, & pain
  4. Excretion & Absorption-  passage of substances into & out of the body including water, heat, & small amounts of salts & wastes. 
  5. Synthesis of Vitamin D = calcitrol; - UV rays convert a cholesterol derivative in skin which is modified first in liver then in kidney to its active form, calcitrol, for calcium homeostatis.

 

Term
Functions of skeletal system
Definition

 

  1. support- provide a framework for the rest of the body
  2. protection- of vital organs (flat bone - sternum, ribs, skull, hips)
  3. movement- point of attachment for muscles via tendons
  4. mineral homeostasis-calcium crucial to the body
  5. blood cell production (hemopoiesis)- occurs in red bone marrow & produces both red and white cells
  6. triglyceride storage (fat)- occurs in yellow bone marrow which consists mainly of adipocytes; "compact bone"

 

Term

Types of Bone

(5)

Definition

 

  1. Long bone: longer than they are wide; "digits" & function as weight bearing support structures (ex= femur & humerus)
  2. Short bone: cube shaped; ex= found in wrist & ankle
  3. Flat bone: thin flat bones functions as protection; ex= in sternum, ribs, & scapula
  4. Irregular bone: complicated shaped bones; ex= shpenoid, ethmoid, vertebrae, & hip bones
  5. Sesmoid bone:bones embedded in tendons; function to stabilize tendon; an ex = the patella

 

Term
a-ho
Definition
the hoe you love so much
Term
Long Bone Structural Elements
Definition

- Diaphysis: main section;  yellow marrow

- Epiphysis:ends of the bone; core of spongy bone containing red marrow-->hemopoises

- Metaphyses: found b/t the diaphysis & epiphysis; contains the epiphyseal plate = elongation center & eventually fuses (know if a bone has been through puberty); core of spongy bone containing red marrow

- Articular cartilage: forming a joint; joint surface

- Periosteum: around the bone (outer CT layer)

- Medullary or Marrow Cavity: space within the diaphysis; yellow marrow

- Endosteum: inner CT lining; contains bone forming cells


Term

Cells

*osteogenic cells>

osteoblasts>osteocytes>

osteoclasts are unrelated

Definition

 

  1. osteogenic cells= stem cells
  2. osteoblasts- "bone building cells" = build matrix; synthesize & secrete collagen, function in mineral deposition & matrix hardening for calcification (mineralization)
  3. osteocytes: "mature bone cells"; maintains bones structure
  1. osteoclasts: "bone destroyers"; located in endosteum w/ spongy bone; functions in resorption, the breakdown of bone matrix; releases Ca2+; replace old bones; liberate calcium

 

Term
2 types of bone tissue
Definition

Compact bone

Spongy bone

Term

Compact Bone

 

 

Definition

C- contains few spaces in the bone matrix = hard bone, forms external layer of all bones, provides protection and support, the structural unit of compact bone = osteon--> structural units:

- concentric lamellae:rings (minerals/ collagen)

-central canal: contain blood/ lymph vessels

-perforating canal: contain central canal to periostium/ endosteum via blood/ lymph vessels

-lacunae: osteocytes/ cavity b/t lamellae

-canaliculi: ECF (extracellular fluid) + cytoplasmic processes of osteocytes

 


Term
Control of bone growth
Definition

-bone growth is stimulated by growth hormone & insulin like growth factors (IGF) & requires insulin & TSH

- at puberty sex steroids estrogen & androgens accelerate bone growth--> growth spurt

 

***estrogen stops bone growth.

low dose- slower stop

        high dose- faster stop

Term
Bone Repair
Definition

- Hematoma formation: clot around break


- Fibocartilaginous Callus Formation: clot replaced w/ collagen & cartilage


- Bony Callus Formation: fibrocartilage--> spongy bone


- Bone Remodeling: compact bone to surfaces

Term
Homeostasis in bones...
Definition

- occurs when bone breakdown & renewal are balanced

- constant remodeling of bone allows bone adaptation to increased of decreased stress (gravity and muscle pull) by realigning lamellae & changing thickness.

- use it or loose it ---> if bones are not in a weight bearing situation for an extended period, bone mass is lost

Term
Calcium as a 2nd messenger
Definition

- higher outside than inside of a cell

- allows it to be a triggor to other activity throughout the body

** Ca2+ charge allows it to want to come in

**Liver, skin, kidneys (and sometimes your gut) helpt Vit. D. --> calcitrol (an active protein which increase blood calcium through the action on both kidneys & small intestine, main main action = enable the absorption of Ca 2+ in the small intestine (enables Ca2+ to be transported out of the intestine lumen & into the blood)

Term
Bone Growth
Definition

Elongation (height) : stops b/c estrogen

Appositional: <---> (width); ability to change throughout life

Term
Early Development
Definition

Intramembraneous ossification-

flat bone; no cartilage

 

Endochondral ossification- 

long bone; cartilage

Term
Spongy Bone
Definition

S- contains extensive space b/t bone matrix, matrix is composed of lamellae arranged in columns called trabeculae (structural unit of spongy bone), spaces b/t trabeculae containred marrow (hemopoiesis),

-spongy bone is found in: short, flat, & irregular shaped bones; epiphysis of long bones; & around the medullary cavity of long bones

Term
Bone Matrix
Definition

  1. Water
  2. Minerals - what makes the bones hard(er)
  3. Collagen fiber - (what determines the amount of flexibility in bones)

** Want bones harder: increase mineral; decrease collagen fibers

**Want bones more flexible: decrease mineral; increase collagen fibers

Term
Gross Anatomy of Muscles
Definition

- Whole: CT- epimysium (which connects to periostrum


- Fascicle: CT- perimysium


- Fiber: CT- endomysium

1 muscle cell w/ many nuclei from fused membrane

 

**ALL RUN FROM ORIGIN TO INSERTION (LENGTH)

Term

Myofibril

 

Definition

Myofibril- chain of sarcomeres

located: inside fibers = single cell

 

titen = responsible for elastic recoil ***know the drawings!

 

**when contracts- 2 lines move together & overlap (in actin & myosin)

*only titen decrease in size!

Term
T-Tubules
Definition

  • carry AP into cell
  • wraps around SR (sarcoplasmic reticulum)
  • barrier b/t what goes into cell
  • membrane modification

Term
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Definition

  • Ca2+ reservoir in cells
  • Ca2+ pumps
  • Voltage gated Ca2+ channels

Term
Other Muscle Cell Components
Definition

  • Mitochondria--> ATP production (energy maker)
  • Myoglobin--> stores O2 in muscle cells
  • Glycogen Granules--> stored glucose

Term

Sources of Energy 

for Muscle Cells

Definition

  • Creatine Phosphate: immediate energy/ ATP can't be stored
  • Anaerobic Glycolysis: lactic acid build up (very insufficient & can only be good for 30-60 seconds)    "sprinters"
  • Aerobic Respiration: cardiovascular system beginning to work (most efficient way to generate ATP & is capable of fueling long term activity) "long distance runners"

Term
Force of Contraction
Definition

Sources: elastic recoil (comes from titen) ; actin/ myosin

 

Determine muscle force:

  1. length of sarcomere: the longer it is, the greater force will be applied (stretch recoil) & (length of actin/ myosin overlap)
  2. # of motor units: single motor neuron that synapses w/ all fibers from strength
  3. AP frequencies: how much Ca2+ released into fiber          (* causing cramps, just to much Ca2+ to relax muscle)

Term

Stop Contraction

"Exhaustion"

Definition

ACh--> 

- stop Action Potential & get rid of whats left in synapse.

- closes Voltage gates so Ca2+ can be reabsorbed & release stops

 

***Removal of ACh is done through: endocytosis; diffusion; enzymatic breakdown

Term
Isometric
Definition

  • sarcomeres shorter, muscle contract, & object doesn't move        - moving a wall but it won't move even though muscles are working correctly

Term
Isotonic
Definition

  • moving an object, sarcomeres shorten and muscles contract

concentric: moves object

eccentric: (-) reps

Term
Lymphatics
Definition

- filtration is greater than reabsorbtion

-nodes = cleans fluid

-spleen = cleans blood

Term
Filtration Organ has:
Definition

  1. tough capsule
  2. capsule
  3. affarent & efferent (large volume vs. small volume)

Term
T-Cell Maturation
Definition

- in thyroid: remove t-cells that would attack self

->getting T-cells to recognize to recognize self and foreign antigens

Term
Lymph Organs
Definition

  1. nodes- filters nymph (macrophages)
  2. spleen- filters blood; lymphocyte & immune response
  3. Thymus- does NOT filter matures T-cells
  4. MALT- mucous linements (gut, Urine tract, Reproductive tract, digestive tract, appendix, tonsils)
---> non-encapsulated, loose aggregates of lymphocytes & macrophages = nodules

Term

Immunity

 

(Non-specific)

Definition

--->Innate- an immediate response "street sweepers" system relying on:

- NK cells

- Phagocytes

- Barriers

- Acid

- Mucous-->biggest 

- Extracellular matrix always there!

Term

Specific 

 

(Immunity)

Definition

-secondary response system relying on antibodies & lymphocytes (T&B lymph) that attack specific foreign substances "rise to the occasion"

 

adaptive defenses--> humoral immunity (B Cells : bone marrow)

cellular immunity (T Cells : Thymus)

Term
Fever vs. Infammation
Definition

- Fever = systemic elevation of temperature

 

-Inflammation = localized

Symptons = redness, heat, swelling, & pain (Vasodilation- pressure pushes on nerve endings)

Blood Volume = increases in diameter

Increases Blood Flow

Term
Process of Phagocytosis
Definition

  1. Emigration
  2. Chemotaxis
  3. Adherence
  4. Injestion
  5. Digestion
  6. Exocytosis

Term
Lysis
Definition
chemical thats toxic which kills cells
Term
 To have immune response...
Definition
you must have a receptor bind to an epitope
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