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Anatomy Test II
Ch 6 -
68
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
09/22/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What are the 2 regions of the skin?
Definition

1. Epidermis

2. Dermis

Term
What is the hypodermis?
Definition
A deep layer of connective tissue that connects the skin to underlying muscle tissue
Term
What are the 7 functions of the integumentary system?
Definition

1. Protection

2. Sensation

3. Thermoregulation

4. Metabolic function

5. Excretory

6. Absorption

7. Regeneration

Term
What does the integumentary system protect the body against? (6)
Definition
  1. UV light
  2. Dehydration
  3. Mechanical (damage to internal organs)
  4. Thermal (heat and cold)
  5. Chemical insults
  6. Invasion of microorganisms (bacteria)
Term
What does the integumentary system help absorb?
Definition
Some drugs, hormones
Term

What are the major layers of epidermis?

(5)

Definition
  1. Stratum Corneum
  2. Stratum Lucindum
  3. Stratum Granulosum
  4. Stratum Spinosum
  5. Stratum Basale
Term
Where is your skin the thickest? (2)
Definition
Bottom of feet and palms
Term

Dermis

Location

Definition

Inderneath epidermis

Vascular

connective tissues and nerves

Term
What does postmitotic mean?
Definition
After mitosis; losing the ability to undergo mitosis
Term
Epidermis as a berrier
Definition
Made out of stratified squamous epithelial cells- tightly bound by junctional complexes so it is a berrier to external things
Term

Excretory fuction for skin

(3)

Definition
When we sweat, we excrete oils, wastes, water
Term
Keratinocytes in the epidermis
Definition
  • Most common cells in epidermis
  • Produce keratin
  • Begins synthesis of vitamin D using UV light for calcium homeostasis - converts 7-dihydrocholesterol to D3

 

Term
Melanocytes
Definition
  • Produce melanin, packages it, and exports into keratinocyte to protect the nucleus from uv rays
  • Found in stratum basale and hair follicles (gives you the color of your hair; if your hair is white, you have no or little melanin)
Term
Langerhan's cells
Definition
  • APC (Antigen presenting cell)- Phagocytic that engulfs bacteria, which breaks it apart, sending pieces of it to membrane (wants to tag itself to make the immune systems cells aware of what it engulfed)
  • When stimulated, they migrate via the dernal lymphatics to nearby lymph nodes
  • Present antigen to T cells
Term
Merkel Cells
Definition
Serve as sensory receptors
Term
Dermis
Definition

- Dense irregular connective tissue

- Type I collagen

- Networks of elastic fibers

- Blood vessels

- Nerves and nerve endings

Term
What happens to the dermis in old age?
Definition
Cross-linking of fibers increase and number of elastic fibers decrease
Term

Something that causes an immune response (most of the time a protein)

Definition
Antigen
Term
Autoimmune cell
Definition
Immune cells attack your own body 
Term
Why are blood vessels in the skin important?
Definition
They regulate blood temperature and blood pressure 
Term
What part of the dermis is vascular?
Definition
The entire part
Term
What are dermal papillae?
Definition

- Interdigitations ("finger-like" projections sticking out of papillary layer) of the dermis and the epidermis which counteract shearing force betweek the two layers

- Prominent in areas that grip or experience friction

- Ex. Finger tips, palms, soles of feet, etc

Term
Papillary layer
Definition

- Composed of loose connective tissue

- Vasuclar

- Meissner's Corpuscles (very prominent on fingertips- ridges)

 

Term
Reticular Layer
Definition

- Consists of dense irregular connective tissue

      - Does have loose connective tissue, but arent as prominent

- Cells are mainly fibroblasts/fibrocytes (makes matrix and fibers)

- Pacinian corpuscles- deeper in dermis and is meant for deep pressure

Term
What does the junction between epidermis and dermis consist of?
Definition

- Downward folds of epidermis - rete ridges

- Upward projections of dermis - dermal papilla

- Arrangement enhances adhesion of the skin

- Fingerprints

Term
What is the purpose of Meissner's corpuscles?
Definition

- Allows us to pick up things (ex. turn pages, pick up earring)

- Light descriminatory touch

- prominent on fingertips

Term

Downward growth of the stratum basale

Definition
Hair Follicle
Term
Pacinian corpuscles
Definition

deeper in dermis and is meant to sense deep pressure

- In skin, joints, connective tissues of organs, etc

Term
Rete Ridges
Definition
Downward folds of epidermis
Term
Dermal papilla
Definition
Upward projections of dermis
Term
[image]
Definition

1. Meissner's corpuscle

2. Dermal papilla

3. Rete ridge

Term
Hair characteristics
Definition

- Produced by hair follicles

- Consists mostly of dead, keratinized cells

- 2 chief regions- shaft and root

- Hair structure- 3 concentric layers of keratinized cells (medulla, cortex, and cuticle)

- Hair pigment

Term
What are the 2 chief regions of the hair?
Definition
Shaft and root
Term
Shaft
Definition
Protrudes from the skin
Term
Root
Definition
Embedded in the skin
Term
What are the 3 concentric layers of keratinized skin in the structure of the hair?
Definition

1. Medulla

2. Cortex

3. Cuticle

Term
Medulla
Definition

- The central core layer of the keritinized cells in the structure of hair

Term
Cortex
Definition

- The bulky layer of keritinized cells in the structure of hair

Term
Cuticle
Definition

- The single layer of keritinized cells that overlap eachother in the structure of hair

Term
Hair pigment
Definition
Made by melanocytes that produce different types of melanin
Term
Hair function
Definition

- keeps most animals warm (humans too sparse for this function)

- Hair on scalp protects against physical trauma (protection of brain), heat loss, and sunlight

- Eyelashes and eyebrows shield the eyes from debris

Term
Arector pili muscle
Definition

- Smooth muscle attached to the base of the hair follicle; when stimulated, causes hair to stand on end

- Involuntary (smooth muscle)

- Ex. Cats, porcupines 

Term
Hair growth
Definition

- Rate of hair growth varies in different body regions (ex. eye brows vs hair on head)

- Life span varies and is under the control of many genes

- Follicles have 3 phases in their growth cycles  (active phase, regressive phase, and resting phase)
- Follicles of the scalp remain active for 6-10 years vs eyebrows of 3-4 months

Term
What are the 3 phases in the growth cycle of follicles?
Definition

1. Active Phase

2. Regressive Phase

3. Resting Phase

Term

Active Phase of the follicle growth cycle

(lifespan)

Definition
May last from weeks to years
Term

Regressive phase of the follicle growth cycle

(lifespan)

Definition
Hair matrix cells die
Term

Resting phase of the follicle growth cycle

(lifespan)

Definition
Lasts from 1-3 months; after this phase, matrix proliferates again and forms new hair to replace old hair
Term
Hair baldness
Definition

- When follicles reach their limited number of cycles

- Max growth is from teens to 40's

- Occurs when hair is not replaced as fast as it is lost

      - Male Pattern baldness

      - Minoxidil

- Hair thinning can be caused by high fever, surgery, severe emotional trauma, certain drugs, protein deficiency, lactation

Term
Male Pattern Baldness
Definition
Genetically determined; cycles become so short that many hairs never emerge from the follicle before shedding
Term
Minoxidil
Definition
Stimulates hair growth in some men
Term
Merocrine
Definition

- Type of sweat gland

- Exocytosis (just product of cell)

- Found in most areas of the skin 

- Secretes watery fluid

- Thermoregulation (sweat evaporates)

Term
Apocrine
Definition

- Type of sweat gland

- Found in axillary and genital regions

- Viscus type of secretion that is discharged into the hair follicles

Term
Holocrine
Definition

- Sebaceous gland (cuboidal cells that are packed together)

- Whole cell will be destroyed and secretion will be excreted

- Associated with hair follicles

- Secretes oils into follicle

Term
Stem Cell
Definition
Replaces old cells in adults
Term
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Definition

- Originates in stratum spinosum

- Caused by enviromental factors

- Lesion appears scaly reddened elevation

- Tends to grow rapidly and metastasizes if not removed

Term

Where do most skin cancers originate?

(2)

Definition
Basale and Spinosum
Term
Melanoma 
Definition

- Most dangerous skin cancer bc its highly metastic and resistant to chemotherapy

incidence on the rise, can begin anywhere there is pigment, usually appears as a spreading brown to black patch

- Early detection is key

Term

Burns 

(definition)

Definition

- Tissue damage caused by intense heat, electricity, radiation, or certain chemicals

- Immediate threat is catastrophic loss of body fluids containing proteins and electrolytes

- Volume of fluid lost can be estimated by computing the percentage of body surface burned - rule of nines

 

Term
What is the ABCD(E) rule of burns?
Definition

Apply the ABCD(e) rule:

A- Asymmetry; one half has a different shape or pigment spots do not match on each side

B- Border irregularity- the border around the patch is oddly shaped and irregular

C- Color variation- contains several colors in different parts of the patch

D- Diameter - spot larget than 6mm (pencil eraser)

(E)- Elevation above skin surface

Term
Rule of Nines
Definition
Used to estimate amount of fluids that need to be replaced
Term
Burn treatment
Definition

- Fluids

- Thousands of extra calories per day for tissue repair - gastric/IV lines to supply supplementary nutrients 

 

Term
Burn treatment for infection
Definition

- Burned skin sterile for 24 hours; then bacteria fungi, and other pathogens invade burned area

- Immune system becomes deficient within 1-2 days after injury

Term
1st degree burn classification
Definition

- Only epidermis is damaged

- Localized redness, swelling, pain

- Sunburn

Term
2nd degree burn classification
Definition

Epidermis and upper region of dermis are affected, blisters appear, skin regeneration occurs with little or no scarring

 

Term
3rd degree burn classification
Definition

What burn classification involves full thickness of skin, the skin appears gray-white, cherry red, or blackened, and where skin grafting is necessary

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