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Anatomy Test 4
Cardiovascular and Respiratory
24
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
12/05/2011

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Term
Functions of Blood
Definition
1.Transport of gases, nutrients and waste products; e.g. oxygen
2.Transport of processed molecules; e.g., precursor of vitamin D from skin to liver then kidneys
3.Transport of regulatory molecules; e.g., hormones
4.Regulation of pH and osmosis (normal pH of most body tissues between 7.35 and 7.45)
5.Maintenance of body temperature; e.g., warm blood shunted to the interior of the body
6.Protection against foreign substances; e.g., antibodies
7.Clot formation
Term
Composition of Blood
Definition
Recall that connective tissue consist of cells separated from each other by extracellular matrix.
 
Blood – a type of connective tissue consisting of a liquid matrix containing cells and cell fragments
Plasma is the liquid matrix
Formed elements are the cells and cell fragments
Term
Plasma
Definition
Liquid part of blood
Pale yellow color
91% water
9% other substances
7% proteins – albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen
2% other solutes – ions, nutrients, waste products, gases, regulatory substances
Term
Plasma Proteins
Definition
Albumins: 58% of the plasma proteins; regulates movement of water between tissues and blood; bind and transport molecules in blood (e.g., fatty acids, bilirubin, thyroid hormone)
 
Globulins: 38% of plasma proteins; transports lipids, carbohydrates, hormones, ions, antibodies, and involved in immunity
 
Fibrinogen: 4% of plasma proteins; responsible for formation of blood clots
Term
Plasma Solutes
Definition
Ions: involved in osmosis, membrane potentials, and acid-base balance
 
Nutrients: glucose, amino acids, triacylglycerol, cholesterol, vitamins
 
Waste Products:
Breakdown products of protein metabolism (e.g., urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonia salts)
Breakdown product of RBCs (bilirubin)
End product of anaerobic respiration (lactic acid)
 
Gases: oxygen, carbon dioxide, and inert nitrogen
 
Regulatory substances: hormones, enzymes
Term
Formed Elements
Definition
95% of volume of formed elements is made up of red blood cells, or erythrocytes
5% of volume of formed elements is made up of
White blood cells, or leukocytes
Platelets, or thrombocytes
Term
Production of Formed Elements
Definition
Hematopoiesis: process of blood cell production
 
Stem cells: All formed elements derived from single population
 
Proerythroblasts: Develop into red blood cells
Myeloblasts: Develop into basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils
Lymphoblasts: Develop into lymphocytes
Monoblasts: Develop into monocytes
Megakaryoblasts: Develop into platelets
Term
Hematopoiesis
Definition
process of blood cell production
Term
Stem cells
Definition
All formed elements derived from single population
Term
Proerythroblasts
Definition
Develop into red blood cells
Term
Myeloblasts
Definition
Develop into basophils,
 neutrophils, eosinophils
Term
Lymphoblasts
Definition
Develop into lymphocytes
Term
Monoblasts
Definition
Develop into monocytes
Term
Megakaryoblasts
Definition
Develop into platelets
Term
Hematopoiesis
Definition

The presence or absence of different growth factors determines the type of formed element derived from the stem cells and how many are produced.

Term
White Blood Cells
Definition
Protect body against microorganisms and remove dead cells and debris
 
Form a thin, white layer of cells between the plasma and the red blood cells when the components of blood are separated from each other
 
Two main types with additional subtypes:
1.Granulocytes-  large cytoplasmic granules and lobed nuclei; types include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
2.Agranulocytes – appear to have no granules although they in fact have small granules not easily seen with a light microscope; types include lymphocytes and monocytes
Term
Granulocytes
Definition
large cytoplasmic granules and lobed nuclei; types include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Term
Agranulocytes
Definition
appear to have no granules although they in fact have small granules not easily seen with a light microscope; types include lymphocytes and monocytes
Term
WBCs – Granulocytes
Definition
Neutrophils: Usually first WBCs to response to infection; stay in circulation 10-12 hours then move into other tissues; account for 60-70% of the WBCs.
 
Eosinophils: Leave circulation and enter tissues during inflammatory response; prevalent in allergic reactions; destroy inflammatory chemicals like histamine; account for 2-4% of the WBC.
 
Basophils: Leave circulation and migrate through tissues; contain large amounts of histamine which they release within tissues to increase inflammation; account for less than 1% of the WBC.
Term
Neutrophils
Definition
Usually first WBCs to response to infection; stay in circulation 10-12 hours then move into other tissues; account for 60-70% of the WBCs.
Term
Eosinophils
Definition
Leave circulation and enter tissues during inflammatory response; prevalent in allergic reactions; destroy inflammatory chemicals like histamine; account for 2-4% of the WBC.
Term
Basophils
Definition
Leave circulation and migrate through tissues; contain large amounts of histamine which they release within tissues to increase inflammation; account for less than 1% of the WBC.
Term
WBCs – Agranulocytes
Definition
Lymphocytes: produced in red bone marrow but then migrate to lymphatic tissues and proliferates; responsible for antibody production; account for 20-25% of the WBC.
 
Monocytes: Leave circulation and become macrophages where they phagocytize bacteria, dead cells, cell fragments, and other debris; account for 3-8% of the WBC.
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