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ANATOMY TEST 2
HEART, MUSCLES, VESSELS
127
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
02/22/2010

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Cards

Term
What are three types of muscle?
Definition
smooth, cardiac, and skeletal
Term
Which type of muscle is voluntary?
Definition
Skeletal
Term
Which tw types of muscle striated?
Definition
Cardiac, Skeletal
Term
What is a sphincter?
Definition
A ringlike band of smoth muscle
Term
Where are sphincters found?
Definition
Stomach, urinary tract
Term
What is a fascia?
Definition
A broad band of connective tissue which support and surround muscles
Term
What type of connective tissue is in a tendon?
Definition
Dense regular
Term
How many nuclei are in a muscle fiber?
Definition
100+
Term
What is hypertrophy?
Definition
Enlargement of existing muscle fibers
Term
What is the function of a T Tubule?
Definition
dive deep into the muscle
Term
What is the job f myoglobin?
Definition
binds oxygen molecules that diffuse to muscle fibers
Term
What does sarcoplasmic reticulum store?
Definition
Calcium
Term
What is atrophy?
Definition
Wasting away of muscles
Term
A sarcomere is between two ___ discs
Definition
Z
Term
Which band is dark?
Definition
A Band
Term
Which band is light?
Definition
I Band
Term
Which fillament has golf club heads?
Definition
Thick
Term
Which filament has troponin and tropomyosin?
Definition
Thin
Term
Which binds tropomyosin ot troponin?
Definition
Troponin
Term
What is a synapse?
Definition
A region where communication occurs between two neurons
Term
What neurotransmitter crosses the neuromuscular junction?
Definition
Acetylcholine (Ach)
Term
What enzyme breaks down acetylcholine?
Definition
Acetylcholine Sterase
Term
What rushes into a muscle cell to excite it?
Definition
Acetylcholine
Term
What are three energy sources for muscle?
Definition
Creatine, Anaerobic respiration, and aerobic respiration
Term
How long does creatine phosphate last as an energy source for muscles?
Definition
Between 45 and 90 seconds
Term
Where does aerobic respiration take place?
Definition
In the mitochndria
Term
What is anaerobic respiration?
Definition
Without Oxygen
Term
What does myoglobin store?
Definition
oxygen binding proteins
Term
A marathon runner wants to increase which type of respiration?
Definition
Aerobic
Term
What are some things which contribute to muscle fatigue?
Definition
Changes in central nercous system, inadequate release of Ca+
Term
What is wave summation?
Definition
When stimuli arrive at different times causing larger contractions
Term
How do eye muscle units differ from leg muscle motor units?
Definition
Eyes-10-20 muscle fibers Leg-2000-3000 muscle fibers
Term
What is happening during a muscle twitch latent period?
Definition
Breif Delay
Term
What is meant by recruitment?
Definition
# of active motor units is increased
Term
Why is muscle tone important for posture?
Definition
Keeps your head
Term
Which muscle type has more myoglobin and is therefore dark colored?
Definition
Slow twitch
Term
What is wrong in myasthenia?
Definition
Chronic progressive damage of the neuromuscular junction
Term
How many times does the heart beat a day?
Definition
100000+
Term
How many times does the heart beat a year?
Definition
35,000,000+
Term
What is the mediastinum?
Definition
A mass of tissue that extends from the sternum of the vertebral column between the lungs
Term
Where is the apex in the heart?
Definition
Anterior, Inferior, and to the left
Term
Where is the base of the heart?
Definition
Posterior, superior, and to the right
Term
What is the pericardium?
Definition
Membrane that surrounds and protects the heart
Term
What are the four heart chambers?
Definition
Rt. Atrium, Lt. Atrium. Rt. Ventricle. Lt. Ventricle
Term
Where do we find pectinate muscles?
Definition
Anterior wall of the rt. Atrium
Term
Where do we find trabeculae cerneae?
Definition
In the Rt. Ventricle
Term
Which AV valve is between the right atrium and the right ventricle?
Definition
Tricuspid Valve
Term
Which AV valve is between the left atrium and the left ventricle?
Definition
Mitrial Valve
Term
What are the two semilunar valves?
Definition
Pulmonic Valve (Rt side) Aortic Valve (Lt. Side)
Term
What is the job of the cordae tendineae?
Definition
To hold the valve to the papilary muscles
Term
What is the job of the papilary muscles?
Definition
To hold the cordae tendineae to the muscle around the heart.
Term
Where is the origin or the coronary arteries?
Definition
Branch from the ascending aorta
Term
Which ventricle is thicker and why?
Definition
Left. It has to pump long distances
Term
What is stenosis?
Definition
Narrowing of heart valve opening that restricts blood flow
Term
What is meant by insuffuency?
Definition
Failure of a valve to close completely
Term
Our left main artery branches into what two large arteries?
Definition
Anterior interventricular and Circumflex branches
Term
Cardiac vein drains into the coronary ____
Definition
Sinus
Term
What is angina?
Definition
Strangled chest and sever pain
Term
What is meant by the term MI?
Definition
Heart attack with complete obstruction of blood flow
Term
Where is the SA node?
Definition
Right atrial wall. (pacemaker)
Term
Where is the AV node?
Definition
Septum between two atria bundles through interventricular septum toward apex
Term
Where are the purkinje fibers?
Definition
Apex toward ventricular myocardium
Term
The heart muscle is excited when what rushes in?
Definition
Na
Term
What is happening during a Pwave in an EKG?
Definition
P= Pacemaker getting excited (atrium)
Term
What is happening during a QRSwave in an EKG?
Definition
ORS= Ventricles getting excited
Term
What is happening during a Twave in an EKG?
Definition
T= Recovery phase
Term
What makes the first heart sound?
Definition
s1= AV
Term
What makes the second heart sound?
Definition
s2= semilunar
Term
What is a murmur?
Definition
Abnormal sound consisting of a clicking, gurgling noise. That may mask normal heart sounds.
Term
What are the five key coronary risk factors?
Definition
Smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, family history
Term
Which is bad cholesterol?
Definition
LDL
Term
What is coronary angiography?
Definition
Catheter used to visualize arteries and inject clot dissolving drugs
Term
What is coronary angioplasty?
Definition
Baloon squashes plaque against artery wall
Term
What is tachycardia?
Definition
rapid heart rate
Term
What is bradycardia?
Definition
Slow heart rate
Term
Innate/nonspecific defense system
Definition
Present at birth- immediate general protection
Term
Specific defense system
Definition
develop in response to contact
Term
Job of the lymphatic system
Definition
circulates bodily fluid, defends the body
Term
Where does the thorasic duct join the blood vessels?
Definition
Cisterna
Term
What cells mature in the thymus?
Definition
T-cells
Term
Where in the body is the thymus?
Definition
Between the lungs
Term
Where is the spleen?
Definition
LUQ of the abdominals
Term
What are the first line of denfence in the body?
Definition
skin and mucous membranes
Term
Are phagocytes specific?
Definition
No
Term
What are two phagocytes?
Definition
Neutrophils and macrophages
Term
What are the four signs of inflamation?
Definition
Red, hot, painful, and swollen
Term
What is chemotaxis?
Definition
Movement of phagocytes to a site of invading microbes
Term
What is an Antigen?
Definition
Foreigner that provokes the immune system
Term
What are the two MHC types?
Definition
MHCI abd MHCII
Term
Which MHC is present in all cells?
Definition
MHCI
Term
Which MHC is present in antigens?
Definition
MHCII
Term
What is cytokine?
Definition
Small protein hormones that stimulate cell functions. "cell messages"
Term
What is plasma cell?
Definition
Antibody secreting cell
Term
What are the five classes of antibodies?
Definition
IgG IgA IgM IgE IgD
Term
Which antibody is made first?
Definition
IgM
Term
Which antibody is most abundant?
Definition
IgG
Term
Which antibody is involved with alergic reactions?
Definition
IgA
Term
Classical compliment vs. Alternative compliment?
Definition
c- starts with antibodies binding to antigen. S- Lipid and carobhydrate complexes interact.
Term
Primary immune response?
Definition
Dies off after a few days
Term
Secondary immune response?
Definition
Lasts longer.. 2+ interactions
Term
Active Immunity?
Definition
Lymphocyes make antibodies
Term
Passive Immunity?
Definition
Antibodies given to you.
Term
Ex. Of passive Immunity?
Definition
Breast milk
Term
Is a vaccine Active or Passive Immunity?
Definition
Active
Term
What does attenuated mean?
Definition
Weakened or killed microbes in a vaccones to help the body get use to it.
Term
What are the two types of T Lymphocytes?
Definition
CD4 and CD8
Term
Which T lymphocyes recognize MHCI (Self)
Definition
CD8
Term
Arteries
Definition
Away
Term
Veins
Definition
In
Term
Angiogenesis?
Definition
Growth of new blood vessels
Term
Why is angiogenesis important in tumors?
Definition
Chemicals could be made to stop tumor growth
Term
Which of the three layers of a artery contains smooth muscle?
Definition
tunica media
Term
Vasoconstriction?
Definition
smooth muscle contracts, squeezing the vessel wall and narrowing the lumen
Term
Vasodilation?
Definition
Smooth muscle relaxes, increase in lumen diameter
Term
Pressure Reservoir of large elastic arteries?
Definition
store energy for a short period of time while the walls stretch to accomidate blood
Term
Varicose Veins
Definition
leaky venous veins- twisted and dialated veins
Term
What are three ways to alter blood pressure?
Definition
open/close vessels. ADH/Aldosterone.
Term
What part of the brianstem is cardiovascular center?
Definition
medulla
Term
Where are chemo and baroreceptors found?
Definition
aorta, internal arteries (neck /head), arteries (neck/chest)
Term
What do Baroreceptors do?
Definition
Regulate blood pressure
Term
ADH and Aldosteron on Blood Pressure
Definition
DON’T PEE- Increase BP
Term
Systolic Blood Pressure
Definition
Heart doing its work- ventricles squeezing
Term
Diastolic Blood Pressure
Definition
Heard relaxing- recoil of arteries
Term
Branches off of the Aortic arch
Definition
Brachiocephalic, Left common carotid artery, Left Subclavian
Term
Aneurism
Definition
weak pipe
Term
Thrombus
Definition
Fixed Clot- little clot in a thin pipe
Term
Embolus
Definition
Moving Clot.
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