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Anatomy Test 2
The Integumentary System (skin, tissues, hair, nails, glands, disorders)
18
Anatomy
Graduate
10/20/2008

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Cards

Term
Skin and its functions
Definition
  • largest organ
  • accounts for 7% of body weight
  • divided into 2 layers: epidermis & dermis
  • cushions and insulates deeper organs
  • protects body from bumps, scrapes, cuts, chemicals, heat, cold
Term
Layers of the Epidermis from deepest to surface
Definition
  • stratum basale
  • stratum spinosum
  • stratum granulosum
  • stratum corneum
Term
Stratum basale
Definition
  • deepest layer of epidermis
  • attached to underlying dermis
  • cells actively divide
  • contains 2 types of cells: Merkel cells (associated with sensory nerves) and Melanocytes (secrete the pigment melanin)
Term
Stratum spinosum
Definition
  • spiny appearance
  • contains thick bundles of intermediate filaments (tonofilaments)
  • contains Langerhans cells (associates with immune system)
Term
Stratum granulosum
Definition
  • consists of keratinocytes and tonofilaments
  • tonofilaments contain keratohyaline granules (help form keratin) and lamellated granules (contain waterproofing glycolipid)
Term
Stratum corneum
Definition
  • thick layer of dead keratinocytes and thickened plasma membranes
  • protects skin against abrasion and penetration
Term
Dermis
Definition
  • second major layer of the skin (beneath the epidermis)
  • strong, flexible connective tissue richly supplied with blood vessels and nerves
  • 2 layers: Papillary (has dermal papillae) and Reticular (deeper layer, 80% of thickness of dermis)
Term
Hypodermis
Definition
  • also called superficial fascia
  • below the dermis
  • contains areolar and adipose connective tissue
  • anchors skin to underlying structures
  • helps insulate body
Term
Three pigments that contribute to skin color
Definition
  • melanin: most important pigment, made from tyrosine (white people have minimal amount)
  • carotene: yellowish pigment from carrots & tomatoes
  • hemoglobin: allows red color of blood to show
Term
Nails
Definition
  • scale-like modification of epidermis
  • made of hard keratin
  • parts of the nail: free edge (the tip), body, eponychium (cuticle), nail fold (skin above cuticle), root
Term
Hair
Definition
  • flexible strand of dead, keratinized cells
  • root: imbedded in the skin
  • shaft: projects above surface
  • a hair follicle has 3 concentric layers: medulla (central core), cortex (surrounds medulla), cuticle (outermost layer)
  • hair stands erect when arrector pili contracts
Term

Types and Growth of Hair

Definition
  1. Vellus hairs: body hairs of women and children
  2. Terminal hairs: hair of scalp, axillary and pubic area
  3. Hair thinning and baldness: due to aging, pattern in males
Term
Sebaceous Glands
Definition
  • occur over entire body except palms and soles
  • secrete sebum - an oily substance that functions to collect dirt, soften and lubricate hairs and skin
Term
Sweat glands
Definition
  • widely distributed on the body
  • a blood filtrate
  • 99% water with some salts
  • contains traces of metabolic wastes (2% urea)
Term
Two types of sweat glands
Definition
  1. Eccrine gland: most numerous; produce true sweat
  2. Apocrine gland: confined to axillary, anal, and genital areas; produce a special kind of sweat (musky odor attracts mate)
Term
Burns
Definition
  • first degree burn: only upper epidermis is damaged
  • second degree burn: upper part of dermis is also damaged (blistering, skin heals with little scarring
  • third degree burn: consumes thickness of skin; burned area appears red or blackened
Term
3 Types of Skin Cancer
Definition
  1. Basal cell carcinoma: least malignant and most common
  2. Squamous cell carcinoma: arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum
  3. Melanoma: cancer of the melanocytes; most dangerous
Term
From what parts of the embryo does the skin develop?
Definition
  • the epidermis develops from the ectoderm
  • the dermis and hypodermis develop from the mesoderm
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