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Anatomy Test 2
The Skeletal System 1 (Axial Division - skull, vertebral column)
35
Anatomy
Graduate
10/21/2008

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Cards

Term
The Skeleton
Definition
  • consists of bones, cartilage, joints and ligaments
  • composed of 206 bones grouped into 2 divisions:  Axial (80) & Appendicular (126) 
Term
The Axial Skeleton
Definition
  • consists of the skull, vertebral column and bony thorax
Term
The Cranium
Definition
  • encloses brain
  • provides attachment sites for some head and neck muscles
  • divided into 2 parts: the cranial vault and the base
  • internally, bony ridges divide skull into distinct fossae
Term
Facial bones serve to:
Definition
  • form framework of face
  • form cavities for the sense organs
  • provide openings for the passage of food and air
  • hold teeth in place
  • anchor muscles of face
Term
Cavities of the Skull
Definition
  • middle and inner ear cavities
  • nasal cavity
  • orbits (eyes)
  • air-filled sinuses
Term
Openings of the Skull
Definition
  • foramen, canals, fissures
  • provides openings for spinal cords, blood vessels, cranial nerves
Term

The 8 Cranial Bones

Definition
  • 2 temporal bones
  • 2 parietal bones
  • 1 frontal bone
  • 1 occipital bone
  • 1 sphenoid bone
  • 1 ethmoid bone
Term
Frontal Bone
Definition
  • forms the forehead and roofs of the orbits
  • forms superciliary arches
  • contains frontal sinuses
Term
Parietal Bones and its Sutures
Definition
  • at the top, left and right hemispheres
  • coronal suture: where they meet the frontal bone
  • squamous suture: where each one meets a temporal bone
  • sagittal suture: where the 2 meet each other at the top
  • lambdoid suture: where they meet the occipital bone
Term
Occipital Bone and its features
Definition
  • forms the posterior (back) side of the cranium
  • foramen magnum located at base
  • occipital condyles
  • hypoglossal foramen
  • external occipital protuberance
  • superior and inferior nuchal lines
Term
Temporal Bones
Definition
  • lies inferior to the parietal bones (by the ears)
  • 4 regions: squamous, temporal, petrous and mastoid regions

 

Term
Sphenoid Bone
Definition
  • spans width of cranial floor
  • contains 5 important openings: superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum, optic canal
Term

Ethmoid Bone

Definition
  • lies between the nasal and sphenoid bones
  • forms most of the bony region between the nasal cavity and orbits
Term
Facial Bones - Mandible
Definition
  • lower jawbone; largest and strongest facial bone
  • composed of 2 main parts: horizontal body and 2 upright rami
Term
Facial Bones - Maxillary
Definition
  • cheeks 
  • articulate with all other facial bones except the mandible
  • contains maxillary sinuses - largest paranasal sinuses
Term
  1. zygomatic bones
  2. lacrimal bones
  3. palatine bones
Definition
  1. lateral wall of orbits
  2. medial wall of orbits
  3. hard palate
Term
  1. nasal bones
  2. vomer
  3. inferior nasal conchae
Definition
  1. bridge of nose
  2. nasal septum
  3. lateral walls of nasal cavity
Term
Paranasal Sinuses
Definition
  • located within: frontal bone, ethmoid bone, sphenoid bone, maxillary bone
  • lined with mucous membrane
Term
Hyoid bone
Definition
  • lies inferior to the mandible
  • only bone with no direct articulation with any other bone
  • acts as a movable base for the tongue
Term

The Vertebral Column

(from head to tail)

 

Definition
  1. Cervical curvature: concave, 7 vertebrae
  2. Thoracic curvature: convex, 12 vertebrae
  3. Lumbar curvature: concave, 5 vertebrae
  4. Sacral curvature: convex, 5 fused vertebrae
  5. Coccyx: 4 fused vertebrae
Term
Intervertebral Discs
Definition
  • cushion-like pads between vertebrae
  • act as shock absorbers
  • compose about 25% of height of vertebral column
  • composed of nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosis
Term
  1. nucleus pulposus
  2. annulus fibrosis
Definition
  1. gelatinous inner sphere of disc, enables spine to absorb stresses
  2. outer sphere containing the nucleus pulposus, binds vertebrae together and also absorbs stresses
Term
Herneated Disc
Definition
  • may be caused by trauma to the spine and/or aging
  • nucleus pulposus loses cushioning properties
  • annulus fibrosis weakens
Term
Cervical Vertebrae
Definition
  • smallest and lightest vertebrae
  • C1 - C7
  • C1 = the atlas; unlike the others in structure, allows flexion and extension of neck (nodding head 'yes')
  • C2 = the axis; has same structure as others, allows rotation (shaking head 'no')
Term
Thoracic Vertebrae
Definition
  • T1 - T12 
  • all articulate with the ribs
  • allows rotation and prevents flexion and extension
Term

Lumbar Vertebrae

Definition
  • L1 - L5
  • thick and robust
  • allows flexion and extension, prevents rotation
Term
  1. Sacral Vertebrae 
  2. Coccyx
Definition
  1. S1 - S5; attached to pelvis
  2. tailbone; offers some support to pelvic organs
Term
Bony Thorax
Definition
  • forms the framwork of the chest
  • components: thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum and costal cartilage
  • protects thoracic organs
  • supports girdle and upper limbs
  • provides attachment site for muscles
Term
Sternum - 3 parts
Definition
  1. Manubrium - top part
  2. Body - bulk of the middle
  3. Xiphoid process - bottom end
Term
2 other parts of Sternum area
Definition
  1. Jugular notch - indentation at the top of the manubrium
  2. Sternal angle - ridge where the manubrium meets the body of the sternum
Term
Ribs
Definition
  • 12 of them
  • the superior 7 are true ribs (attached to sternum)
  • the inferior 5 are false ribs
  • ribs 11 and 12 are floating ribs
Term

Disorders of the Axial Skeleton

  1. Scoliosis
  2. Kyphosis
  3. Lordosis
Definition
  1. abnormal lateral curvature
  2. exaggerated thoracic curvature
  3. exaggerated lumbar curvature
Term
Initial Development of the Curvatures
Definition
  1. primary curvatures - thoracic and sacral curvatures  (infant is c-shaped at birth
  2. secondary curvatures - cervical and lumbar curvatures (develop when a baby begins to walk)
Term
Aging of the Axial Skeleton
Definition
  • water content of the intervertebral discs decreases
  • by age 55, loss of a few cm in height is common
  • thorax becomes more rigid
  • bones lose mass
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