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Anatomy Terms & Terminology
All terms
188
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
11/16/2010

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Term
Abduction
Definition
movement of a body part away from the midline of body
Term
Accessory Motion
Definition
subtle gliding movement that occurs within and between the joint's inert structures; also known as joint play
Term
Acromioclavicular joint
Definition
irregular joint between the acromion process of the scapula and the distal clavicle
Term
Active Motion
Definition
motion performed without assistance from an external source such as equipment or another individual
Term
Acute
Definition
used to describe an injury or illness with sudden onset and short duration
Term
Acute Muscle Soreness
Definition
soreness or pain felt during and immediately after an exercise bout
Term
Adduction
Definition
movement of a body part toward the midline of body
Term
Afferent Nerves
Definition
sensory division of the peripheral nervous system, carrying impulses toward the central nervous system
Term
Analgesic
Definition
pain-reducing agent
Term
Anatomical position
Definition
In this position, the body is erect and face forward, with palms facing forward
Term
Anatomy
Definition
study of the structure of humans
Term
Anesthesia
Definition
loss of sensation resulting from pharmacologic depression of nerve function or from neurologic dysfunction; may be local, topical, general, or regional, depending on the affected area
Term
Anterior
Definition
denoting the front surface of the body; often used to indicate the position of one structure relative to another, i.e., situated nearer the front part of the body. SYN: ventral
Term
Antipyretic
Definition
Fever-reducing agent
Term
Apophysis
Definition
A bone outgrowth to which muscles attach
Term
Apprehension Sign
Definition
When a patient reacts to or limits motion due to a fear or sensation of impending joint dislocation or stress
Term
Approximation
Definition
to bring two structures near or in contact with one another
Term
Arthrokinematic
Definition
term that describes small amplitude motions of bones at joint surface; the way in which adjoining joint surfaces move in relation to each other
Term
Articulation
Definition
a union between two bones. SYN: joint
Term
Assessment
Definition
a procedure through which an athletic trainer determines the severity, irritabiity, nature, and stage of an injury. SYN: evaluation
Term
Atrophy
Definition
wasting away or decrease in the size of a muscle or other tissue or organ
Term
Avulsion
Definition
a tearing away
Term
Axilla
Definition
armpit
Term
Balance
Definition
the ability to maintain stable posture
Term
Bilateral
Definition
related to, or having, two sides
Term
Bilateral Comparison
Definition
comparison of an injured side with an uninjured side
Term
Brachial
Definition
pertaining to the arm
Term
Break Test
Definition
an efficient test for strength obtained by applying isometric resistance while the joint is in a neutral midrange position
Term
Bursa
Definition
a padlike sac found in connecting tissue usually in the vicinity of joints. It is filled with synovial fluid that reduces friction between structures like tendon, bone and ligament.
Term
Callus
Definition
A composite mass of tissue that forms at a fracture site to establish continuity between the bone ends; it is composed initially of uncallused fibrous tissue and cartilage, and ultimately of bone
Term
Capsule
Definition
A fibrous tissue layer enveloping an organ, joint, or a neoplasm
Term
Carpal
Definition
pertaining to the wrist
Term
Cauda equina
Definition
a bundle of spinal nerve roots that arise from bottom end of the spinal cord
Term
Caudal
Definition
meaning away from the head
Term
Cephalad
Definition
meaning toward the head
Term
Chondromalacia
Definition
softening and degeneration of articular cartilage
Term
Chronic
Definition
used to describe an injury or illness with long onset and long duration
Term
Circumduction
Definition
composite movement that combines flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction in which the body segment describes a cone
Term
Closed Chain
Definition
a segment where the distal end is fixed or in contact with the ground
Term
Collagen
Definition
main supportive protein in connective tissue
Term
Comminuted
Definition
to break into pieces or multiple fragments
Term
Connective Tissue
Definition
e.g., skin, bone, ligament, muscle, tendon
Term
Concussion
Definition
a clinical syndrome characterized by immediate & transient impairment of neural function due to mechanical forces
Term
Condyle
Definition
a rounded articular surface at the extremity of a bone
Term
Contraindication
Definition
A condition that could be adversely affected if a specific modality is used.
Term
Contralateral
Definition
relating to the opposite side, as when pain is felt or paralysis occurs on the side opposite to that of the lesion
Term
Coronal Plane
Definition
imaginary plan that separates the body into front and back. SYN: frontal plane
Term
Costal
Definition
pertaining to the ribs
Term
Crepitus
Definition
a crackling feel or sound
Term
Cryotherapy
Definition
application of cold for treatment purposes
Term
Cutaneous
Definition
of or pertaining to the skin
Term
Deep
Definition
term used to describe that a structure is located away from the body's surface (i.e., far below body's surface)
Term
Depression
Definition
return of movement from an elevated position, displacement of a part downward or inward
Term
Dermatome
Definition
an area of skin innervatedby a single spinal nerve root
Term
Diaphysis
Definition
shaft or middle part of a long bone
Term
Dislocation
Definition
a bone is forced out and stays out until surgically or manually replaced, or reduced
Term
Distal
Definition
near the free end of an extremity; on the trunk, the point farther from the midline or from the point of reference
Term
Dorsal
Definition
posterior; pertaining to the back
Term

Dorsiflexion

 

Definition

movement of the top of the foot upward

[image]

Term
Ecchymosis
Definition
black and blue skin discoloration due to hemorrhage
Term
Edema
Definition
an accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in cells or tissues
Term
Efferent Nerves
Definition
the motor division of the peripheral nervous system, carrying impulses from the CNS toward the periphery
Term
Elevation
Definition
upward movement of the shoulder girdle
Term
End Feel
Definition
the quality of the feel or sensation felt by the evaluator when applying pressure to the joint at the end of the range of motion
Term
Environmental Physiology
Definition
study of the effects of environment (e.g., heat, cold, altitude, hyperbaria) on the function of the body
Term
Epiphysis
Definition
end of a long bone; growth center of a long bone
Term
Epiphysitis
Definition
inflammation of an epiphysis
Term
Epiphysitis
Definition
Inflammation of the epiphysis; an example location is at the medial epicondylar epiphysis of the elbow.
Term
Erythema
Definition
redness of the skin
Term
Etiology
Definition
study of what causes a disease or condition
Term
Evaluation
Definition
the systematic process that allows the clinician to make a clinical judgement. SYN: assessment
Term
Eversion
Definition
turning of sole of the foot outward
Term
Excessive Training
Definition
training in which volume, intensity or both are too great or are increased too quickly without proper progression
Term
Exotosis
Definition
excess calcium formation resulting in increased prominence of a bone surface
Term
Extension
Definition
return of a body limb from a flexed position, and the act of bringing the distal portion of a joint in continuity with the long axis of the proximal portion
Term
Fascia
Definition
a fibrous membrane covering that supports muscle; it may connect the skin with underlying tissue
Term
Female Athlete Triad
Definition
three interrelated disorders (disordered eating, menstrual dysfunction, bone mineral density) to which some felame athletes are prone
Term
Flat bones
Definition
skeletal structures that are largely flat in shape, e.g., the scapula
Term
Flexion
Definition
bending of a joint
Term
Frontal Plane
Definition
plane that runs from side-to-side, and divides the body into front and back. SYN: coronal plane
Term
Glenohumeral joint
Definition
ball and socket joint in which the head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula
Term
Goniometry
Definition
the measurement of joint angles
Term
Guarding
Definition
a protective, voluntary muscle spasm in an effort to protect an injured area
Term
Hamstrings
Definition
group of muscles that includes biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus
Term
Hemarthrosis
Definition
blood in a joint cavity
Term
Hematocele
Definition
rapic blood accumulation within the membrane surrounding the testicle
Term
Hematoma
Definition
mass of dead cells and accumulated blood outside of blood vessels
Term
Herniation
Definition
protrusion of an anatomic structure (e.g., intervertebral disc) from its normal anatomic position
Term
History
Definition
A carefully taken record of past and current events that aid in diagnosis of an injury or illness
Term
Horizontal Plane
Definition
plane that runs from side-to-side and divides the body into upper and lower portions SYN: transverse plane
Term
Hyaline (articular) cartilage
Definition
Thin layer of dense connective tissue firmly fixed to the joint surfaces; capable of withstanding pressure or tension
Term
Hyperextension
Definition
continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position
Term
Hypermobility
Definition
excessive motions in one or more planes
Term
Hypertrophy
Definition
an increase in the size of a muscle or other tissue or organ
Term
Hyphema
Definition
bleeding in the anterior chamber of the eye
Term
Impingement
Definition
to collide or strike; to encroach or trespass
Term
Indication
Definition
A condition that would benefit from a specific modality.
Term
Inferior
Definition
term used to describe that a structure, surface or side is situated nearer the soles of the feet in relation to a specific reference point. OPPOSITE: Superior
Term
Inflammation
Definition
the basic response of vascularized tissue to injury, whether the source is physical, bacterial, thermal or chemical
Term
Innervation
Definition
the supply of motor and sensory nerve function to a specific organ or region of the body
Term
Instability
Definition
abnormal or excessive joint laxity or excursion. SEE ALSO: laxity
Term
Intra-articular
Definition
term used to describe a location within the joint capsule
Term
Inversion
Definition
turning of sole of the foot inward
Term
Ipsilateral
Definition
on the same side, with reference to a given point, e.g., a dilated pupil on the same side as an extradural hematoma
Term
Isokinetic
Definition
the generation of muscular force where the speed of movement is fixed & resistance is accommodating
Term
Isometric
Definition
force is created without movement
Term
Isotonic
Definition
as force is created there is a change in muscle length
Term
Joint
Definition
a union between two bones. SYN: articulation
Term
Kinesiology
Definition
study of muscles and human movement
Term
Lateral
Definition
term used to describe that a structure, surface or side is farther away from median or midsagittal plane
Term
Laxity
Definition
hypermobility or increased joint movement. SEE ALSO: instability
Term
Leukocytes
Definition
proteins critical for removal of waste (macrophages) and those that stimulate healing (granulocytes)
Term
Ligament
Definition
band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone
Term
Long bones
Definition
skeletal structures consisting of a long shaft with bulbous ends, e.g., the femur
Term
Longitudinal axis
Definition
imaginary line around which rotation in the transverse plane occurs
Term
Malingering
Definition
pretending to be injured
Term
Medial
Definition
term used to describe that a structure, surface or side is closer to the median or midsagittal plane
Term
Mediastinum
Definition
cavity that houses the heart, thoracic parts of the great vessels, the trachea, the left and right bronchi, and related structures
Term
Meniscus
Definition
Interarticular cartilage of cresent shape; gristle-like cartilage
Term
Modality
Definition
Any agent used to facilitate removal of physical barriers to healing, suchas edema, redness and loss of function
Term
Motor unit
Definition
a single motor neuron and the group of muscle fibers innervated by it
Term
Myotendinous Unit
Definition
a unit composed of both contractile (muscle) and noncontractile (tendon and fascia) connective tissues that work together to move one body segment on another
Term
Myotome
Definition
a muscle or muscle group that is innervated by a single nerve root
Term
Neuroma
Definition
thickening of a nerve, or "nerve tumor," secondary to chronic irritation and inflammation
Term
Neuropraxia
Definition
nerve damage without disruption of the nerve or sheath
Term
Open Chain
Definition
a segment where the distal end is not fixed or in contact with the ground
Term
Opposition
Definition
when the thumb is approximated to the fifth digit (little finger)
Term
Osteoarthritis
Definition
condition that results from a wearing down of hyaline cartilage
Term
Osteokinematic
Definition
term that describes the gross movement of bones at joints; the way in which bones move in space without regard for joint surfaces
Term
Pain
Definition
The sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage
Term
Palpable
Definition
detectable by touching or feeling
Term
Paresthesia
Definition
A transient sensation of tickling, tingling, burning, pricking or numbness.
Term
Passive Motion
Definition
motion performed without the assistance of the patient (i.e., by the hand of another person)
Term
Patellofemoral joint
Definition
articulation between the patella and the femur
Term
Pathology
Definition
study of all aspects of a disease or condition, including (but not limited to) cause, development of abnormal conditions, the structural and functional changes that result
Term
Pectoral
Definition
pertaining to the chest or breast
Term
Periosteum
Definition
double-layered membrane covering covering bone except at its articular surface; tendons attach to the outer layer, and the inner layer participates in new bone formation if an injury occurs
Term
Phalanges
Definition
bones of the fingers and toes
Term
Physiology
Definition
study of chemical and physical processes of humans
Term
Plantar
Definition
pertaining to the sole of the foot
Term
Plantar flexion
Definition

movement of the sole of the foot downward

[image]

Term
Plexus
Definition
a network of interjoining nerves, blood, or lymphatic vessels
Term
Plyometrics
Definition
exercises that utilize the myotatic (stretch) reflex; used to develop power
Term
Posterior
Definition
denoting the back surface of the body; often used to indicate the position of one structure relative to another, i.e., situated nearer the back part of the body. SYN: dorsal
Term
Pronation
Definition
palms-downward position; and a motion that combines dorsiflexion, eversion and abduction
Term
Prone
Definition
lying face down
Term
Prophylactic
Definition
pertaining to prevention, preservation, or protection. SYN: preventative
Term
Proprioception
Definition
unconscious perception of movement & spatial orientation arising from stimuli within the body itself; the sense of understanding without thinking exactly where your limb is and what it is doing
Term
Proximal
Definition
near the articulation of an extremity with the trunk; on the trunk the point closest to the midline
Term
Q Angle
Definition
angle formed by line drawn from ASIS through patella to tibial tubercle
Term
Quadriceps
Definition
group of muscles that includes rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius
Term
Range of Motion
Definition
the arc of motion through which a body segment moves in a specific cardinal plane of motion
Term
Rotation
Definition
pivoting of a body part on its own central or longitudinal axis
Term
Rotational (angular) motion
Definition
force creating rotation around a central point
Term
Rotator cuff
Definition
group of tendons of subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor, which attach to the humeral head
Term
SOAP Notes
Definition
Documentation of subjective findings, objective findings, overall assessment, and subsequent plan for the athlete based on an assessment.
Term
Sagittal plane
Definition
plane that runs from front-to-back, and divides the body into right and left
Term
Short bones
Definition
small, cubical skeletal structures, including the carpals and tarsals
Term
Sign
Definition
evidence of injury that is observed or can be objectively measured
Term
Spasm
Definition
involuntary muscle contraction
Term
Spondylolysis
Definition
fracture in the pars interarticularis
Term
Sprain
Definition
stretching or tearing of a ligament or capsular structure
Term
Strain
Definition
stretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon
Term
Stress Test
Definition
A method of applying force to a structure to evaluate its integrity
Term
Subluxation
Definition
a bone is forced out but goes back into place
Term
Superficial
Definition
term used to describe that a structure is located near the surface
Term
Superior
Definition
term used to describe that a structure, surface or side is situated nearer the top of the head in relation to a specific reference point. OPPOSITE: Inferior
Term
Supination
Definition
palms-upward position; and a motion that combines plantar flexion, inversion, and adduction
Term
Supine
Definition
lying face up
Term
Symptom
Definition
a subjective complaint or an abnormal sensation described by the patient that cannot be directly observed
Term
Synovial fluid
Definition
clear, slightly yellow liquid that provides lubrication inside the articular capsule at synovial joints
Term
Tendon
Definition
band fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone
Term
Tendonitis
Definition
inflammation of a tendon
Term
Thermotherapy
Definition
application of heat for treatment purposes
Term
Tibiofemoral joint
Definition
dual condyloid articulations between medial and lateral condyles of tibial and femur composing the main hinge joint of the knee
Term
Translational (linear) motion
Definition
force creating motion along a straight or curved line
Term
Transverse Plane
Definition
plane that runs from side-to-side and divides the body into upper and lower portions SYN: horizontal plane
Term
Transverse axis
Definition
imaginary line around which rotation in the sagittal plane occurs
Term
Tuberosity
Definition
a rounded elevation or eminence on a bone
Term
Valgus
Definition
term to describe an angle in which the bone distal to the joint deviates laterally from the longitudinal axis of the proximal bone, and from the midline of the body, when the subject is in anatomic position.
Term
Valgus Stress
Definition
a medially directed force applied to the lateral aspect of a joint to cause gapping of the medial joint and test the integrity of the medial joint structures
Term
Varum
Definition
term to describe an angle in which the bone distal to the joint deviates medially from the longitudinal axis of the proximal bone, and toward the midline of the body, when the subject is in anatomic position.
Term
Varus Stress
Definition
a laterally directed force applied to the medial aspect of a joint to cause gapping of the lateral joint and test the integrity of the lateral joint structures
Term
Vasoconstriction
Definition
narrowing of blood vessel
Term
Vasodilation
Definition
widening of blood vessel
Term
Volar
Definition
pertaining to the palm of the hand or the sole of the foot
Term
Jones Fracture
Definition
transverse fracture of shaft of 5th metatarsal within 1.5 cm of tuberosity
Term
ORIF
Definition
open reduction, internal fixation
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